气辅挤出成型中气垫膜层稳定性影响因素研究进展

综述了聚合物气辅挤出成型过程中影响气垫膜层稳定性的一些因素:工艺参数(气体压力、气体温度、气体流量)、口模结构参数(口模有气辅段长度、环形缝隙)及气阀和挤出螺杆的开启顺序。要使气辅挤出过程中形成稳定的气垫膜层,气体的压力和温度与熔体的压力和温度应接近一致,并应先开启气阀,再打开螺杆进行挤出等。对未来的发展趋势进行了展望。     

L形异型材口模气辅挤出成型过程的计算机数值模拟

以L形异型材聚合物气辅挤出为例,建立了气辅挤出成型过程的理论模型,运用Polyflow软件对挤出成型过程进行了计算机数值模拟研究。结果表明,采用气辅挤出成型通过在口模内壁形成气垫膜层,使熔体在口模内的挤出过程由非滑移黏着剪切挤出转化为完全滑移非黏着剪切挤出,极大降低了口模壁面对挤出熔体的摩擦阻力,熔体的挤出速度趋于一致,剪切速率降低为零,可有效减小挤出胀大现象,应力得到松弛,从而达到简化口模设计,提高挤出制品质量,实现高速精密挤出成型的目的。     

聚合物气辅挤出的挤出胀大研究

在自行研制的气辅挤出实验装置上对气体辅助挤出过程中挤出胀大现象进行了研究，传统挤出和气辅挤出的对比实验表明，气辅挤出可以极大地减小挤出过程中的挤出胀大；研究了螺杆转速、辅助挤出气体压力和流量对挤出胀大的影响．并采用CFD有限元通用软件FIDAP分析了气辅挤出过程中口模内的速度场和压力场，表明气辅挤出过程中聚合物熔体各点的速度和压力趋于一致，可减小挤出制品在挤出时产生的内应力和变形．有利于提高制品加工精度。     

气辅挤出成型中的挤出缩小问题

对气辅挤出成型过程中存在的挤出物挤出缩小现象进行系统的分析研究。结果表明半固态熔膜现象和熔垂现象是引起气辅挤出物挤出缩小的两个重要原因。口模内的气体温度较低是产生半固态熔膜现象的本质原因,提高气体的温度或减小气辅挤出口模内气室高度可消除半固态熔膜现象;同时指出半固态熔膜的产生与聚合物熔体本身的特性相关,凡是黏度大的,黏度对温度较敏感的聚合物,都容易产生半固态熔膜现象。适当地降低熔体挤出温度可减小熔垂程度。     

气辅挤出过程中挤出胀大的实验和模拟研究

气体辅助挤出是一种新型挤出工艺,可以显著减小挤出胀大,减小口模压力降。对气辅挤出过程中的挤出胀大现象进行了实验研究和数值模拟,在实验研究中,对传统挤出和气辅挤出进行了对比实验,分析了螺杆转速、辅助挤出气体压力和流量对挤出胀大的影响,并采用CFD有限元通用软件FIDAP分析了气辅挤出过程中口模内的速度场和压力场。     

基于可压缩气辅的聚合物挤出成型非等温黏弹数值分析

基于气体具有可压缩性特点提出了可压缩气辅挤出概念,为探明气辅挤出中可压缩气体对聚合物熔体挤出成型的影响建立了熔体和压缩气体两相流模型,利用有限元计算方法对可压缩气辅的聚合物挤出成型进行了非等温黏弹数值模拟,并对比分析了传统无气辅和可压缩气辅挤出的物理场分布情况。研究表明,气辅挤出中的气体密度分布不是恒定值,而是随压力和温度空间分布变化,并且在引入气体层以及气体可压缩性后,可压缩气辅挤出与传统无气辅挤出方法相比在各物理场分布上存在较大的差异,当可压缩气体入口压力逐渐增大时熔体挤出收缩程度明显增大。该结果与实验一致,这些是传统无气辅挤出模拟无法体现出来的。     

U型件的气体辅助挤出成型工艺的数值模拟与实验研究

应用Polyflow软件将气辅挤出成型引入U型件挤出成型过程中,建立了口模?气体?熔体的三相模型,在传热情况下,对口模温度、气体温度对口模内熔体的流动速度、温度及剪切速率等进行数值计算,用origin软件进行分析,通过传统挤出和气体辅助挤出成型对U型件进行挤出成型实验,选用聚丙烯（PP）材料挤出,均能顺利挤出,在达到挤出平衡后,气辅挤出时比传统挤出时更能使试样离膜下垂现象明显减弱。PP/10 %玻璃纤维在传统挤出成型时,有明显的挤出胀大现象,纤维在U型截面的侧壁与底面分布不均匀,在U型件拐角处分层分离现象严重;气辅挤出成型时,可以很好改善挤出胀大和纤维在侧壁与底面分布不均匀的现象,同时在U型件拐角处纤维分层分离的现象也能得到部分缓解。PP/20 %玻璃纤维在气辅挤出成型下挤出的U型件时,U型件壁厚变薄严重,试样中纤维分布比较均匀,拐角处无明显的纤维分层分离现象,但是试样表面有明显的纤维组织,且U型件的开口变形严重。结果表明,气辅挤出成型可以部分的减弱试样挤出后的下垂现象,也可以改善口模内熔体的温度场;传统挤出成型时候,口模内的U型件内外壁温度随着口模的变化而变化,气辅挤出成型时熔体高温区域集中在U型槽截面的中心线位置附近;气辅挤出成型与传统挤出时的剪切速率场分布发生了较大变化,气辅挤出成型时的剪切速率最大值比传统挤出时小很多。     

聚合物挤出过程中壁面滑移现象研究

对聚合物挤出加工中引起表面质量缺陷的壁面滑移现象及其产生机理进行了总结，并对滑移产生的机理作了以下几种解释：滑移发生在口模壁面的吸附一解吸，发生在口模与熔体间润滑层的缠结一解缠，滑移既可能是口模壁面的吸附一解吸，也可能是在滑移层的缠结一解缠或两种情况同时出现，与口模材料和聚合物熔体有关。阐述了壁面滑移区域、滑移速度的测定和计算方法，介绍了用在口模与聚合物熔体之间建立气垫膜层采用气体辅助挤出等完全滑移方式挤出以提高挤出速度的几种方法。     

气辅挤出成型中挤出物直径的理论预测和实验研究

应用Polyflow软件对粘弹性聚合物熔体在气辅挤出口模内的流动进行了研究,得到了挤出物直径的挤出胀大比方程。模拟结果表明,熔体在滑移段的平均停留时间与材料松弛时间之比同挤出胀大比之间存在指数衰减关系。通过HDPE的气辅挤出成型实验,发现不同螺杆转速及挤出温度下挤出物直径的实验值与计算值达到很好的吻合,该计算方法可用于指导气辅口模设计。     

T型口模气辅段长度对挤出胀大的影响

用流体有限元分析软件Polyfl ow对T型口模挤出模型进行模拟,研究了口模内熔体的速度场和压力场,并结合熔体的速度场、压力场,着重分析了气辅段长度对挤出胀大的影响。研究发现,在气辅挤出的气辅段中,熔体的流动速度基本趋于一致;气辅挤出口模内熔体的最大压力远小于普通挤出,熔体内应力更小;当气辅段长度为10~30 mm时,挤出胀大比随气辅段长度的增加大幅度减小,当气辅段长度超过30 mm时,挤出胀大比随气辅段长度增加变化微小且逐渐趋于1。设计口模时,应根据需要设定合理的气辅段长度。     

Effect of die temperature on the flow of polymer melts. Part I: Flow inside the die

The effect of die wall temperature on the flow of polymer melts in circular capillary dies was studied. At constant flow rates, it was found that die wall temperature had a greater effect on the pressure drop than melt temperature. A capillary die with two circular channels with different diameters was designed to simulate the profile extrusion. Changes of wall temperature varied the flow rate ratio between the two channels. An implicit finite difference method was used to simulate the velocity and temperature profiles inside the die. Values predicted by this model matched well with experimental data for both dies.     

高填充性聚丙烯基纳米复合材料挤出胀大行为研究

使用毛细管流变仪考察了3种高填充聚丙烯（PP）纳米复合材料的挤出胀大行为,研究了口模温度、剪切速率、熔体压力、纳米粒子填充比例和纳米粒子形貌对PP纳米复合材料熔体挤出胀大比的影响。结果表明,3种PP纳米复合体系熔体的挤出胀大比均随口模温度的增加而减小,且大致呈线性关系;随着剪切速率的增大而增加,且随着填料填充比例的增加有减小的趋势;随着熔体压力的增大而增加,并且随着熔体压力的增加,其挤出胀大比随填料填充比例的增加而减小的幅度下降;3种颗粒形貌纳米粒子填充体系中,在相同的体积分数和温度下,片状结晶纳米氢氧化镁［Mg（OH）2］填充体系熔体挤出胀大比最小,球状纳米碳酸钙（CaCO3）填充体系熔体挤出胀大比最大,棒状粒子埃洛石纳米管（HNTs）填充体系熔体挤出胀大比介于两者之间。     

Dynamic behavior of a single screw plasticating extruder part I: Experimental study

The dynamic responses of a 2–1/2 inch single screw plasticating extruder and extrusion line were investigated. Step changes in screw speed, take-up speed, back pressure, and processing materials were used to determine the transient responses of barrel pressures, die pressure, melt temperature, and extrudate thickness. Dynamic responses of the entire extrusion line can be explained by the flow mechanism of the extruder and the logical properties of the polymer used. A capillary rheometer was also used to determine if it could simulate pressure responses in the extruder for screw speed changes. Results showed that capillary rheometer was helpful in estimating the short term pressure responses in the die.     

管壁厚度对微挤出成型的影响分析

基于Bird-Carreau黏度模型,运用有限元方法对三维等温微管挤出成型流动模型进行了数值分析,主要研究了管壁厚度对微管挤出成型过程中挤出胀大、速度分布、剪切速率和口模压降等重要指标的影响。结果表明,当熔体入口体积流率相等时,随着管壁厚度的增大,挤出物挤出胀大率和横截面尺寸变化量增大;口模出口端面上熔体的二次流动增强,但挤出速度和剪切速率减小;熔体在口模内的压力降明显下降;适当增加管壁厚度,有利于提高微管挤出质量。     

LLDPE熔体短口型挤出中胀大行为的研究

应用毛细管流变仪 ,考察了线性低密度聚乙烯 (LLDPE)熔体于短口型挤出中的胀大现象及其影响因素。结果显示 ,挤出胀大比 (B)与入口压力降 (ΔΡen)之间关系服从指数律 ;B与壁面剪切应力 (τw)之间近乎线性关系 ;B对温度的依赖性不太明显。在相同条件下 ,口型入口角为 12 0°的B值低于 90°时的B值     

Influence of poly(ethylene glycol)‐containing additives on extrusion of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene/polypropylene blend

The influence of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐containing additives on the extrusion behavior of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene/polypropylene (UHMWPE/PP) blend was studied. It was found that the addition of small amounts of PEG to UHMWPE/PP blend resulted in significant reduction of die pressure and melt viscosity, and obvious increase of the flow rate at a given die pressure, while PEG/diatomite binary additives enhanced the improvement in the processability of UHMWPE/PP blend. When pure HDPE was extruded with the die through which UHMWPE/PP/PEG blend was previously extruded, the extrusion pressure of HDPE increased with the extrusion time gradually. This meant that PEG might migrate to the die wall surface and coat it in the extrusion of UHMWPE/PP/PEG blend. FTIR spectra and SEM micrographs of the UHMWPE/PP/PEG extrudates indicated that PEG located not only at the surface but also in the interior of the extrudates. So, the external lubrication at the die wall, combined with the internal lubrication to induce interphase slippage of the blend, was proposed to be responsible for the reduction of die pressure and viscosity. In addition, an ultrahigh molecular weight polysiloxane and a fluoropolymer processing aid were used as processing aids in the extrusion of UHMWPE/PP as control, and the results showed that only minor reduction effects in die pressure and melt viscosity were achieved at their suggested loading level. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1282–1288, 2006     

熔体挤出速度对共挤吹塑型坯离模膨胀影响的数值模拟

基于三维非等温黏弹性熔体多相分层流动有限元数值模拟技术,模拟研究了熔体挤出速度对多层共挤吹塑成型环坯离模膨胀和初始温度场的影响规律,揭示了型坯离模膨胀的产生机理。结果表明,多层共挤吹塑成型环坯离模膨胀是由熔体的二次流动诱发而产生,与熔体流出机头进入自由膨胀段的二次流动强度成正比,而其二次流动强度随着熔体挤出速度的增大而增强,因而导致环坯离模膨胀随着熔体挤出速度的增加而增大;多层共挤吹塑成型熔体的二次流动强度与其第二法向应力差成正比关联关系,这与Debbaut的试验研究结论完全吻合,表明二次流动是由第二法向应力差驱动而产生。     

Enhanced flow behaviors of metallocene‐catalyzed linear low‐density polyethylene during ultrasound‐assisted extrusion

The effect of ultrasound on flow behaviors of metallocene‐catalyzed linear low‐density polyethylene (mLLDPE) melt in capillary‐like die during the extrusion is investigated in this article. The rise in die temperature is found with increasing ultrasound power, especially at lower initial die temperature. At the same die temperature, the presence of ultrasound can decrease the apparent viscosity and the viscous flow activation energy of mLLDPE melt then increase its slip velocity at the capillary wall in the die. The flow behavior of mLLDPE melt is enhanced during ultrasound‐assisted extrusion as the presence of ultrasound can enhance the mobility and the orientation of entangled segments. It is also found that ultrasound can break the dispersed phase of mLLDPE/polyolefin elastomer (POE) blend into small pieces thus improve the homogeneous dispersion of POE phase in mLLDPE matrix. A possible mechanism for enhanced flow behaviors of mLLDPE melt because of the presence of ultrasound is also proposed. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Effect of process variables on melt temperature profiles in extrusion process using single screw plastics extruder

Abstract

Melt temperature is an important parameter in the melt processing of polymers. However, it is not possible to control melt temperature directly, only to influence it using processing parameters such as processing temperature settings. It is therefore important to know the influence of controllable process parameters on melt temperature. In this work, the relationships between controllable process parameters and melt temperature have been investigated for a 50 mm S + B single screw extruder. The extruder was equipped with a thermocouple mesh at the die inlet to determine melt temperature. It was found that melt pressure, die size, feed section barrel temperature, and compression section barrel temperature had a negligible effect on the melt temperature profiles generated, while increasing the screw speed resulted in higher melt temperatures. The metering section barrel temperature had a significant effect on melt temperature, thermal conduction effects being more important than shear heating effects. Equipment wall temperatures, downstream of the screw, produced changes in the melt temperature in the melt located within 7 mm of the wall. It was found that melt temperatures can be significantly different from those set on the equipment.