Dynamics of adaptive optical systems

Dynamic (time) characteristics of adaptive systems are analyzed. A common adaptive system with a finite frequency band (or a finite response time) is described as a dynamic constant time-delay system, where time delay is to be much shorter than the time of coherence radius transfer through an optical beam by a mean wind speed. The questions of coherent beam formation are considered with use of the reference source. The analytical calculation of the Strehl parameter is made on basis of the generalized Huygens-Kirchhoff principle. An adaptive system is considered where the correcting phase is calculated with the use of both its derivatives and the signal, as well as adaptive systems using different time-predicting algorithms of the correcting signal for future time points. The use of a predicted phase front of the correcting wave allows much longer time delays. The stronger the phase distortions in the optical wave, the higher the time gain in comparison with common (with constant time delay) adaptive systems.     

Correction of static optical errors in a segmented adaptive optical system

Adaptive optical systems are designed to compensate for wave-front errors caused by atmospheric turbulence. In addition, they may also correct for wave-front errors associated with fixed optical aberrations in the host telescope. In general, however, adaptive optical systems cannot sense wave-front errors caused by imperfections in their own internal optical components. Consequently, these fixed internal errors will remain uncorrected. The problem of fixed internal aberrations has been noted in a segmented adaptive optics system designed for solar astronomy. This problem has been eliminated by measurement of the fixed errors, off line, through the use of a simple adaptation of a Hartmann test. Results from a recent experiment demonstrating the correction of the errors are presented.     

Minimization of phase distortions of transmitted radiation upon optical switching in vanadium dioxide film

We have numerically modeled transmission of radiation with a wavelength of λ=10.6 or 3.4 μm through a VO₂ film and a change in phase of the transmitted radiation upon a transition of the film material from semiconductor to metallic state. It is established that there are optimum values of the film thickness for which the phase changes tend to zero. Conditions favoring minimization of the phase distortions are determined for a single VO₂ film and a multilayer interferometer with such a film.     

电子式电能表绝缘性能对EMC抗扰度试验的影响与改进

讨论电子式电能表的绝缘性能对EMC抗扰度试验的影响及改进措施。通过增大间隙或爬电距离能使电能表的绝缘性能符合要求，从而能够通过EMC抗扰度试验，而增加的成本最低。优化后的试验流程为优先通过6kV的脉冲电压试验，然后进行各项EMC抗扰度试验，可以达到事半功倍的效果。     

Characterization and closed-loop performance of a liquid mirror adaptive optical system

A deformable mirror based on the principle of total internal reflection of light from an electrostatically deformed liquid-air interface was realized and used to perform closed-loop adaptive optical (AO) correction on a collimated laser beam aberrated by a rotating phase disk. Equations describing the resonant and oscillatory behavior of the liquid system were obtained and applied to the system under consideration. Characterization of the mirror included open- and closed-loop frequency responses, determination of rise times, the damping times of the liquid, and the influence of liquid surface motion in the absence of external optical aberrations. The performance of the AO system was determined for static and dynamic aberrations for various sets of system parameters. The predictions of the general expressions were compared to the results of the experimental realization and were found to be in good agreement.     

Simulations of turbulence-induced phase and log-amplitude distortions

A new method, to our knowledge, allowing one to simulate correlated random processes is suggested. Structure (or correlation) functions of the processes under simulation are assumed to be given. The method is based on the generation of random wave vectors that allows one to simulate processes for a wide class of structure functions. The validity of the method proposed is illustrated by simulations of the turbulence-induced log-amplitude and phase distortions.     

Modeling and analyzing ghost images for incoherent optical systems

In a previous paper [Proc. SPIEPSISDG0277-786X7428, 742807 (2009)10.1117/12.828564], a methodology was developed to model and analyze incoherent ghosts that are formed by two reflections in the paraxial regime. In this paper, we extend the previously developed methodology to model and analyze ghost images that are formed by N (even) reflections. Rather than dealing with ghosts as spots of light, we apply the concept that each ghost has a structure in the nonparaxial regime that depends on the optical system parameters. A methodology to determine the fourth-order ghost aberration function is developed. We present new key parameters for ghost image formation, namely the ghost sagittal and tangential image surfaces. An expression for the paraxial ghost image irradiance distribution of the point object at the nominal image plane is derived. Since focused ghosts are the most bothersome ghosts, tools are proposed to identify potential problematic ghosts. Simulation examples are provided and are used to validate the developed methodology.     

传输斜移对同步并行光传输系统性能的影响

针对一个具体的链路模型,通过计算机仿真分析了传输斜移对同步并行光传输系统性能的影响.光纤中的信号分析在频域中通过快速傅立叶变换(fast fourier transform,FFT)进行.分别计算了单信道误码率以及没有传输斜移和有传输斜移时并行信道总的误码率.计算结果表明,在噪声不是影响系统性能的主要因素时,传输斜移是决定并行光传输系统最大同步传输速率和传输距离的一个重要因素.     

Application of nonperiodic phase structures in optical systems

Wide, nonperiodic stepped phase structures are studied to correct various parameter-dependent wave-front aberrations in optical systems. The wide nature of these phase structures makes them easy to manufacture with sufficient compensation of the wave-front aberrations. Wave-front aberration correction for both continuous and discrete parameter variations are studied. An analytical method is derived for the discrete parameter variations to find the optimal phase structure. Both theoretical and experimental results show that these nonperiodic phase structures can be used to make (1) lenses athermal (defocus and spherical aberration compensated), (2) lenses achromatic, (3) lenses with a large field of view, (4) lenses with a reduced field curvature, and (5) digital versatile disk objective lenses for optical recording that are compatible with compact disk readout.     

Effects of element distortions on the performance of isoparametric elements

We discuss the effects of element distortions on the performance of displacement-based isoparametric quadrilateral finite elements. Suitable example problems for both the Lagrangian and the serendipity types of elements are used to show numerically the effects of element distortions. The effects of angular and curved-edge distortions are evaluated analytically in terms of the abilities of the elements to represent exactly various polynomial displacement fields. We then solve a plane stress problem adaptively to demonstrate the effect of element distortions on the accuracy of the stress distribution. The conclusion is that the Lagrangian elements are not affected by angular distortions and are therefore the more reliable elements for general use.     

Hot-air optical turbulence generator for the testing of adaptive optics systems: principles and characterization

A statistically repeatable, hot-air optical turbulence generator, based on the forced mixing of two air flows with different temperatures, is described. Characterization results show that it is possible to generate any turbulence strength up to CN2 Dh approximately 6 x 10(-10) m1/3, allowing a ratio of beam diameter to Fried's parameter as large as D/r0 approximately 25 for one crossing through the turbulator or D/r0 approximately 38 for two crossings. The outer scale (L0 approximately 133 +/- 60 mm) is found to be compatible with the turbulator mixing chamber size (170 mm), and the inner scale (l0 approximately 7.6 +/- 3.8 mm) is compatible with the values in the literature for the free atmosphere. The temporal power spectrum analysis of the centroid of the focused image shows good agreement with Kolmogorov's theory. Therefore the device can be used with confidence to emulate realistic turbulence in a controlled manner. A calibrated CN2 profile, both in layer altitude and strength, is necessary for the testing of off-axis adaptive optics correction (multiconjugate adaptive optics). Testing was done to calibrate the CN2 profile using the slope detection and ranging technique. The first results, with only one layer, show the validity of the approach and indicate that a multiple-pass scheme is viable with a few modifications of the current setup.     

Intensity, polarization, and phase information in optical disk systems

Digital information in optical data storage systems can be encoded in the intensity, in the polarization state, or in the phase of a carrier laser beam. Intensity modulation is achieved at the surface of the storage medium either through destructive interference from surface-relief features (e.g., CD or DVD pits) or through reflectivity variations (e.g., alteration of optical constants of phase-change media). Magneto-optical materials make use of the polar magneto-optical Kerr effect to produce polarization modulations of the focused beam reflected from the storage medium. Both surface-relief structures and material-property variations can create, at the exit pupil of the objective lens of the optical pickup, a phase modulation (this, in addition to any intensity or polarization modulation or both). Current optical data storage systems do not make use of this phase information, whose recovery could potentially increase the strength of the readout signal. We show how all three mechanisms can be exploited in a scanning optical microscope to reconstruct the recorded (or embedded) data patterns on various types of optical disk.     

The effect of visual perception on the required performance of imaging systems

Abstract

Current performance measures for infrared imagers are applicable to linear mechanically scanned systems but not to those with focal plane arrays of detector elements, because these are nonlinear due to aliasing. The performance of an imager affects the ability of an observer to perform perception tasks using it. Psychophysical trials have been undertaken in an attempt to identify more appropriate performance measures. Simple shapes degraded by various degrees of Gaussian blurring and pixelation were selected at random and displayed on a computer monitor. A correlation has been found between the probability of recognition of an image and a quantity called ‘recognition contrast’ (C _R). This is related to the shape observed and a template of the equivalently degraded alternative shape most similar to it. This quantity C _R was refined following trials in which spatial noise was added to Gaussian blurred images. C _R is calculated from information about each of the two images and is directly proportional to the sensitivity index d' obtained from probability measurements. The results described are believed to have a wide range of applications such as in defining image quality and performance measures for imaging equipment.     

Beam width and transmitter power adaptive to tracking system performance for free-space optical communication

The basic free-space optical communication system includes at least two satellites. To communicate between them, the transmitter satellite must track the beacon of the receiver satellite and point the information optical beam in its direction. Optical tracking and pointing systems for free space suffer during tracking from high-amplitude vibration because of background radiation from interstellar objects such as the Sun, Moon, Earth, and stars in the tracking field of view or the mechanical impact from satellite internal and external sources. The vibrations of beam pointing increase the bit error rate and jam communication between the two satellites. One way to overcome this problem is to increase the satellite receiver beacon power. However, this solution requires increased power consumption and weight, both of which are disadvantageous in satellite development. Considering these facts, we derive a mathematical model of a communication system that adapts optimally the transmitter beam width and the transmitted power to the tracking system performance. Based on this model, we investigate the performance of a communication system with discrete element optical phased array transmitter telescope gain. An example for a practical communication system between a Low Earth Orbit Satellite and a Geostationary Earth Orbit Satellite is presented. From the results of this research it can be seen that a four-element adaptive transmitter telescope is sufficient to compensate for vibration amplitude doubling. The benefits of the proposed model are less required transmitter power and improved communication system performance.     

Effect of particulates on performance of optical communication in space and an adaptive method to minimize such effects

Decreased signal-to-noise ratio and maximum bit rate as well as increased in error probability in optical digital communication are caused by particulate light scatter in the atmosphere and in space. Two effects on propagation of laser pulses are described: spatial widening of the transmitted beam and attenuation of pulse radiant power. Based on these results a model for reliability of digital optical communication in a particulate-scattering environment is presented. Examples for practical communication systems are given. An adaptive method to improve and in some cases to make possible communication is suggested. Comparison and analysis of two models of communication systems for the particulate-scattering channel are presented: a transmitter with a high bit rate and a receiver with an avalanche photodiode and a transmitter with a variable bit rate and a new model for an adaptive circuit in the receiver. An improvement of more than 7 orders of magnitude in error probability under certain conditions is possible with the new adaptive system model.     

Modeling the performance of direct-detection Doppler lidar systems including cloud and solar background variability

Previous modeling of the performance of spaceborne direct-detection Doppler lidar systems assumed extremely idealized atmospheric models. Here we develop a technique for modeling the performance of these systems in a more realistic atmosphere, based on actual airborne lidar observations. The resulting atmospheric model contains cloud and aerosol variability that is absent in other simulations of spaceborne Doppler lidar instruments. To produce a realistic simulation of daytime performance, we include solar radiance values that are based on actual measurements and are allowed to vary as the viewing scene changes. Simulations are performed for two types of direct-detection Doppler lidar system: the double-edge and the multichannel techniques. Both systems were optimized to measure winds from Rayleigh backscatter at 355 nm. Simulations show that the measurement uncertainty during daytime is degraded by only approximately 10-20% compared with nighttime performance, provided that a proper solar filter is included in the instrument design.     

Compact matrix formalism for phase space analysis of complex optical systems

Phase space analysis is a powerful approximate scheme for the analysis of complex optical systems. The matrix formalism introduced makes it possible to determine all important beam characteristics as a function of the distance from the source. An algebraic approach comprising matrix transformations and determinants was consistently employed rather than numerical phase space integrations. While the primary application is x-ray and neutron optics, the approach can be used more generally for characterizing finite-size beams near the optical axis.     

Modeling of heat-mass transfer in porous cooling systems during phase transformations

The interaction of a porous cooling system and a high-enthalpy gas flow is considered. The effect of the phase transformation on the heat-mass exchange characteristics in a heat-resisting material is investigated.