固定床颗粒层过滤性能分析及预测

使用两种滤料颗粒在一套冷态试验装置上考察了过滤气速和颗粒层厚度对颗粒层过滤性能的影响。结合颗粒层过滤宏观模型,分析了不同操作条件下粉尘比沉积率?对颗粒层粉尘捕集能力偏离初始值程度F和过滤压降偏离初始值程度G的影响,然后预测了过滤效率和压降。结果表明,试验范围内,随着?的增大,F呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势,而G逐渐增加。结合过滤气速u=0.2~0.6 m·s~(-1)、颗粒层厚度L=0.11~0.2 m条件下的试验数据拟合得到了F-σ和G-σ函数关系,过滤效率和压降的计算值与试验吻合较好,优于文献中相关公式,可为颗粒床过滤性能的预测提供参考。     

不同滤料固定颗粒床过滤性能对比

在固定床冷态实验装置上研究了平均粒径和稳态过滤压降相近、颗粒形状和表面状况不同的两种滤料(陶瓷球和石英砂)的过滤性能. 结果表明,两种滤料过滤性能变化规律基本一致. 粉尘沉积量(?m)增加,过滤效率先增大后减小,过滤压降偏离稳态过滤压降程度(G)增大. ?m相同时,过滤效率和G均随过滤气速增大而减小,但过滤后期高气速下G与低气速下接近. 增大入口粉尘浓度,总体过滤效率无明显改变,粒径大于0.7 ?m的粉尘过滤效率提高,G更显著. 两种滤料难过滤粉尘粒径均为0.35~0.6 μm. 因颗粒形状和表面状况不同,两种滤料过滤性能存在差异,其它条件相同时,石英砂总体和分级过滤效率均高于陶瓷球,G也较大;增大入口粉尘浓度,石英砂过滤效率随粉尘沉积量变化程度相对较小.     

基于半焦为过滤介质的颗粒床过滤器除尘性能分析

为解决粉煤热解工艺中干馏气含尘量较大及颗粒床过滤器滤料再生问题,在颗粒床过滤器除尘实验装置上比较了半焦和石英砂两种滤料的过滤性能,分别采用单因素和正交实验法,考察了表观气速、滤料厚度、滤料粒径和粉尘进料浓度对颗粒床除尘性能的影响。结果表明:多孔介质半焦对粉尘的过滤效率明显高于石英砂;随着过滤时间的延长,除尘效率均呈现先增大后减小的趋势;从过滤质量因子角度考虑,当表观气速为0.35 m/s,滤料厚度为150 mm,滤料粒径为0.83 mm～1.25 mm时,颗粒床过滤器具有较高的过滤性能;粉尘进料浓度增加,在过滤前期除尘效率随之增大,但在过滤后期高进料浓度下除尘效率下降的速率较快。各因素对颗粒床过滤器最大除尘效率影响程度由大到小依次为:表观气速、滤料厚度、滤料粒径、粉尘进料浓度。当表观气速为0.25 m/s,粉尘进料浓度为10 g/m~3,床层厚度为150 mm,滤料粒径为0.38 mm～0.83 mm,除尘效率最大,为99.20%。     

气固错流移动颗粒床过滤器除尘效率

研究了气固错流移动颗粒床过滤器除尘效率与表观过滤气速、颗粒层移动速度、过滤气体粉尘含量的关系,并进一步探讨了粉尘在颗粒层内的沉积对除尘效果的影响.结果表明,颗粒层内粉尘沉积量较低时,沉积的粉尘有效地促进了颗粒层除尘效率的提高,但随粉尘沉积量增大,沉积粉尘的二次飞扬变得严重,其促进效应逐渐减小.在考虑了沉积粉尘对除尘效率影响和颗粒层内粉尘沉积不均匀性的基础上,基于捕集单元的收缩管模型,建立了计算移动颗粒层除尘效率和床层内粉尘沉积分布的数学模型.模型计算结果和实验数据比较表明,在操作气速0.1～0.3m•s^-1范围内,计算值与实验结果吻合较好.据此对除尘效率和床层内粉尘沉积的变化趋势进行了模拟分析.     

气固错流移动颗粒床过滤器压降特性研究

研究了错流移动颗粒床过滤器操作压降与过滤介质特性、表现过滤气速、颗粒层移动速度和床层粉尘沉积量之间的关系。结果表明，无粉尘沉积时，床层压降可以用Ergun方程计算。颗粒层移动速度的变化并不会造成床层压降的显著变化。除尘过程中，床层内粉尘沉积量随气体中粉尘浓度的增大、颗粒层移动速度的减小而增加，同时将导致床层压降的显著增大。错流移动床除尘操作压降可以用带修正项的Ergun方程计算，其修正项为比沉积率和颗粒层空欧率的函数。在实验数据范围内，该方程的计算结果与实验数据最大偏差小于15％。     

固定床颗粒层过滤效率的正交试验及回归分析

用固定床颗粒层过滤实验装置,以石英砂为过滤颗粒在常温下进行过滤效率实验。采用四水平正交表安排试验,利用量纲分析和SPSS软件进行多元非线性回归处理试验数据,得到了过滤效率与表观过滤速度、过滤层厚度、过滤颗粒平均粒径、粉尘浓度和过滤时间5个因素的回归方程,从而对过滤效率变化规律进行分析。通过实验表明过滤性能对粉尘粒径具有明显选择性。     

大差异颗粒分级再生设备的性能研究

通过改变表观气速U、颗粒循环速率W、粉尘/捕集颗粒比R等操作参数,考察了大差异颗粒空气分级设备在设置内构件前后的压降和分级效率的变化。结果表明,自由床时,压降随表观气速的增大而增大,分离效率在U=0.27 m/s时达到最大值87%。捕集颗粒循环量对压降的影响较小,分级效率随W的增大而持续下降。粉尘/捕集颗粒比较低时,压降无变化,但增大至超过约翰逊网的阻塞限度后,操作压降呈指数型增长,分级效率迅速下降。设置内构件后,由于其起到了整流和分布作用,设备压降和分级效率的变化不如自由床时敏感,拓宽了可操作的粉尘/捕集颗粒比范围,但缩小了可操作的表观气速范围。将设备实际压降划分为约翰逊网压降、颗粒摩擦压降、气体出口压降三个部分,基于实验结果,给出了计算压降的模型。     

旋风过滤装置天然气脱水试验研究

旋风过滤装置在气液分离领域有着广泛的应用。为此设计一种新型的旋风过滤分离装置,该装置具有分离效率高,设备适应性强,清洁环保、操作稳定等传统天然气脱水设备不具备的优点。试验中对不同的含液浓度和入口气速对分离效率和溢流压降的影响进行了研究及分析。试验结果显示:随着气速的增加分离效率会出现不同幅度的下降而可以反映能耗的溢流压降在不断上升;含液浓度的变化对溢流压降没有明显的影响,而含液浓度的提高可以在不同程度上提高分离效率。通过实验结果可以分析得出旋风过滤装置在入口气速8~10 m/s且含液浓度在20~25 g/m~3的情况下具有较好的分离性能。     

气固顺流式移动床过滤器的除尘性能

为了探究气固顺流式移动床过滤器的除尘性能。通过在大型冷模实验中改变表观气速、颗粒循环强度、粉尘在过滤器中的比沉积率σ等操作参数,考察了过滤器的两个重要性能参数——操作压降和捕集效率的变化。实验发现,随着表观气速增大,设备的压降随之增大,设备的除尘效率呈下降趋势。随着粉尘的比沉积率σ增大,稳定后的操作压降也会有所增长,但操作压降的稳定性随着比沉积率的增大呈现"不稳定-趋于稳定-不稳定"的趋势,设备的过滤效率先逐渐增大,而后降低。当表观气速u_g为0.126 m×s~(-1),比沉积率σ为0.000 735时,过滤器的操作压降可以达到相对稳定的状态,此时除尘效果最优,捕集效率可达97%以上。     

移动式颗粒床气固分离性能冷态试验

以热解为首要步骤的煤炭分质转化技术可在较温和的条件下实现煤炭高效利用,其中含尘热解气净化是该技术规模化应用需要解决的关键问题之一。颗粒床过滤技术具有过滤效率高、滤料成本低等优势。为考察移动式颗粒床对粉煤热解气除尘过滤的有效性,选用小麦为颗粒床冷态试验的滤料介质,硅胶粉为试验粉尘,在自行设计的冷态试验平台上考察各操作条件对颗粒层过滤除尘效率的影响规律。结果表明:过滤效率的影响因素顺序为:表观风速过滤层厚度滤料下料速度;过滤效率随表观风速的增大而减小,随过滤层厚度的增加而增大。过滤层厚度增至200 mm以上时,过滤效率变化较小;而滤料下料速度增大,过滤效率减小。粉尘粒径达10μm后,过滤效率基本可维持在98%。在优化的过滤条件下(过滤层厚度为300 mm,滤料下料速度为0.002 m/s,过滤时间为10 min),最佳过滤效率可达98.1%。试验结果不仅实现了对常温下移动颗粒层过滤性能的预测,也为粉煤热解含尘煤气颗粒床热态除尘装置的设计提供了依据。     

Effects of Temperature on the Filtration Characteristics of a Dual‐Layer Granular Bed Filter

The effects of temperature on the filtration efficiency and pressure drop of a dual‐layer granular bed filter were investigated in a hot dual‐layer granular bed filter with experimental dust. Enhanced higher filtration efficiency was obtained with higher filtration temperature, and the removal efficiency of ultrafine dust was also at a high level. Simultaneously, the total pressure drop maintained at an acceptable range. The results demonstrate that the dual‐layer granular bed has excellent prospects for application to low‐temperature coal pyrolysis.     

Effect of Pore Size and Particle Size Distribution on Granular Bed Filtration and Microfiltration

Abstract

The paper reviews the effect of particle size distribution and pore size distribution on granular bed filter and crossflow microfiltration performance. The experimental results of the granular bed filter with pollen particles in suspension showed that the presence of large particles improved the filter efficiency of smaller particles in suspension. Microfiltration results with bi and tri‐modal latex suspensions showed that the permeate flux and the quality were significantly affected by the particle size and its distribution, especially when the particle size was smaller than the pore size of the membrane. The mathematical model simulation results of granular bed filtration show that media pore size distribution is an important parameter of filtration for the particle removal and pressure drop across the filter.     

A multiple state stochastic model for deep-bed filtration

A one-parameter stochastic model has been developed for the prediction of dynamic pressure drop in a deep-bed filter. The model is based on a finite-state and discrete-time Markov chain method whereby the pressure drop in a deep-bed filter can be estimated at discrete time intervals. The proposed model is simpler than the stochastic birth and death models available in literature. The bed is assumed to pass through different states of porosity during the filtration and it is spatially lumped in each state. For pressure drop calculation, the Carman-Kozeny equation is used in conjunction with the Payatakes-Tien-Turian model. Model equations are simple and can be easily solved on a personal computer. The theoretical results agree well with the plant data as well as with the available experimental data.     

气体干法净化旋流吸附耦合设备压降特性

气体干法净化旋流吸附耦合设备将旋流分离和移动床吸附/过滤分离有机结合,可适应较宽的温度范围,为高温气体净化提供了一种新思路。在不加尘及不同的移动床循环速率和旋风入口气速下对该设备进出口静压差进行了测量和分析。实验结果表明,设备静压差在整个运行过程中较为稳定,有较强的可预测性,无量纲标准偏差维持在0.4%以内;实验范围内,移动床循环量的大小对设备静压差没有影响;设备压降与旋风入口气速呈现出良好的二次方程（抛物线）关系;将设备实际压降划分为进口管路沿程摩擦损失、入口天圆地方摩擦损失、旋流体摩擦损失、内置移动床摩擦损失和出口管路沿程摩擦损失五个部分;获得了旋流体摩擦损失及设备实际压降与入口速度头的关联方程;该设备的阻力系数与普通旋风分离器相比,没有明显增大;初步加尘实验确认了旋风壳体与移动床之间旋流作用的存在,为进一步结构优化提供了参考。     

Filtration and loading characteristics of granular bed filters

The purpose of this study was to investigate the filtration and loading characteristics of granular bed filters. Stainless steel holders (diameter 71.6 mm, height 70 mm) were fabricated to accommodate 500 g of zirconium oxide (ZrO₂) beads, as the packed media of granular bed. Monodisperse ZrO₂ granules (0.3, 0.8, 2 and 4 mm in diameter) were used to demonstrate the effect of the granule size and packing geometry on both pressure drop and aerosol penetration. From the filter quality perspective, the selection of the ‘best” filter is complicated. Assuming a low face velocity (e.g., 0.58 cm/s), large granule size is more cost-effective because of the higher filter quality factor. The phenomenon implies that the gain in filtration efficiency due to larger surface area (of small granules in the filter) did not compensate for the increase in air resistance. After the cake formation point, the dust cake on glass fiber filter became compressed. This dust cake compaction caused the pressure to drop precipitously and intermittently. In contrast, the rate of increase in pressure drop of the dust cake formed on the granular bed filters decreased with time probably due to the pinhole channels in the increasing mass load. The size and density of the pinholes are determined by the granule size, the face velocity and the size of the challenge aerosols.     

纤维过滤介质过滤压力损失理论计算

为便于计算纤维过滤介质过滤压力损失,对目前各种纤维过滤介质过滤压力损失理论计算公式及半经验公式进行分析计算,将理论计算结果与实验测试结果进行对比分析发现各种理论计算结果普遍相偏大,需要对纤维的非均匀分布进行修正,修正后的大部分计算结果与实验结果基本吻合,同时对理论计算公式的鲁棒性进行了分析。计算结果准确性和鲁棒性兼顾的理论计算公式,较适宜于实际过滤材料压力损失的预测。     

The influence of granular flow rate on the performance of a moving bed granular filter

The goal of this study is to evaluate the effect of granular flow rate on the performance of a moving bed granular filter designed for hot gas filtration of fine char particles (dust) produced during fast pyrolysis of biomass. The filter employs a counter-current configuration, in which down-flowing granular material spreads out at the bottom of the filtration vessel to form an interfacial area where the dusty gas enters the granular bed and much of the gas cleaning is hypothesized to occur. This study uses a real-time particle counter to measure the instantaneous filtration efficiency during cold flow tests of the filter. Differential pressure measurements at various locations within the granular bed are used to assess the level of char dust hold-up over time. These experiments reveal a critical granular residence time below which the filter must be operated to achieve filtration efficiencies exceeding 99%. Operating above the critical value causes the filter to “clog” and decrease in efficiency. The clogging is characterized by a critical dust volume fraction as determined through a fixed bed filtration test. The filter is found to accumulate most of the dust at the interfacial region. Also the interfacial region is more efficient than the downcomer section of the granular bed in removing dust. Decreasing residence time of granular material in the filter reduces the hold-up of char dust in the filter, which is expected to mitigate coking reactions of organic vapors when the filter is used to remove char from fast pyrolysis gas streams.     

颗粒床-旋流耦合分离器不同操作模式下的性能分析

通过实验分别考察了满床/空床操作模式对内置颗粒床-旋流耦合分离器分离性能的影响,获得了两种操作模式下的设备压降和捕集效率。通过改变入口粉尘浓度、入口气速和粉尘颗粒种类,发现满床操作条件下的分离效率比空床操作条件下的分离效率高,且前者压降较低。通过对出口粉尘粒径的分析,含有捕集颗粒的内置颗粒床可有效提高5 μm以下的粉尘颗粒的捕集效率,弥补了离心分离的短板。引入性能指数对不同操作模式进行定量分析,验证了满床操作条件下的耦合分离设备具有更好的综合分离性能。