Au/Sn-deAl-β的制备及其催化甘油氧化酯化的性能研究

以SnCl₄接枝的脱铝β分子筛(Sn-deAl-β)为载体,采用沉积-沉淀(DP)法制备了不同Au质量分数的Au/Sn-deAl-β催化剂;利用XRD、XRF、N₂物理吸附和NH₃-TPD对Au/Sn-deAl-β进行表征,并考察了催化剂制备方法、组成、结构和反应条件对甘油氧化酯化制备乳酸甲酯性能的影响。结果表明,Si/Al摩尔比为510、Au理论质量分数为1%且DP过程中pH为9.00的条件下制备的Au/Sn-deAl-β催化剂具有最高的乳酸甲酯选择性;Au/Sn-deAl-β催化剂兼具氧化脱氢位点和Lewis酸中心,能够高选择性地实现甘油氧化酯化制备乳酸甲酯。此外,甘油氧化酯化的产物与Au颗粒尺寸和催化剂酸性密切相关,小尺寸的Au颗粒相对有利于甘油酸甲酯和乙醇酸甲酯的生成。     

温和条件下Pt/MSU-S催化氯代硝基苯选择性加氢研究

采用乙醇还原法制备负载型Pt/MSU-S催化剂,采用X射线衍射、透射电镜、N2吸附-脱附对催化剂进行了表征。TEM表明,质量分数为0.5%的Pt在MSU-S载体上高度分散,Pt粒径在5 nm左右,无团聚现象。在常压反应温度30℃下分别考察了Pt/MSU-S催化剂对邻位、间位和对位氯代硝基苯催化加氢性能的影响,反应3 h,底物转化率为100%,邻氯苯胺的选择性达到96%,间氯苯胺和对氯苯胺的选择性达到98%。催化剂重复使用5次后仍然有很高催化活性和选择性。     

单斜相与四方相混合晶相组成ZrO2负载镍催化剂催化顺酐选择性加氢

通过调控水热法制备条件制备同为单斜相和四方相混合晶相组成、但织构性质和表面结构性质不同的两种ZrO_2载体,采用浸渍法制备镍质量分数为10%的Ni/ZrO_2催化剂,考察不同反应温度[(150～240)℃]和氢气压力[(3～7)MPa]条件下两种ZrO_2载体负载镍催化剂的顺酐加氢性能。采用XRD、H_2-TPR、H_2-TPD和拉曼光谱等对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,与镍物种发生较强相互作用的ZrO_2负载镍催化剂具有较高的■键加氢活性与选择性,几乎没有■加氢活性,在所考察的反应温度和反应压力范围,催化剂上丁二酸酐选择性均高于95.1%,γ-丁内酯选择性均低于4.9%。与之不同,与镍物种发生较弱相互作用的ZrO_2负载镍催化剂具有较弱的■键加氢活性,然而,该催化剂表现出一定的■加氢活性,并且其■加氢活性随反应温度或反应压力的提高而显著提高。在反应温度240℃、氢气压力5 MPa条件下,γ-丁内酯选择性高达60.6%。推测晶相组成相似的两种ZrO_2载体负载镍催化剂明显的■加氢性能差异与其表面结构性质不同有关。     

Zn(Al)O复合氧化物负载Au催化剂催化氧化甘油制备1,3-二羟基丙酮

以尿素为沉淀剂,采用均匀沉积沉淀法制备了Zn(Al)O复合氧化物负载Au催化剂,并用于无碱条件下催化氧化甘油制备1,3-二羟基丙酮（DHA）反应,值得注意的是随着载体中Zn/Al摩尔比的不同,负载Au催化剂的催化活性和产物DHA的选择性呈现明显差距。结合X射线衍射（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、透射电镜（TEM）、CO吸附傅里叶变换红外光谱（CO吸附FTIR）等表征手段,发现载体Zn(Al)O复合氧化物中Zn/Al摩尔比会影响表面氧物种的含量并进一步会影响催化剂的催化活性和选择性。当Zn/Al摩尔比为7∶1、反应温度为80℃、氧气压力为10bar、反应2h时获得最佳的甘油转化率（58.5%）和DHA的选择性（95.3%）。同时,还考察了反应温度、反应时间、反应压力及载体的焙烧温度对催化性能的影响,并发现反应条件对催化剂的催化活性和选择性均有不同程度的影响。此外,以Au/Zn(Al)O-7∶1催化剂为基准考察了催化剂的稳定性,并通过表征手段分析了催化剂失活的主要原因。     

原位红外光谱技术在研究甘油氢解Pt/NbO_x-WO_x/ZrO_2催化剂表面性质中的应用

利用原位漫反射红外光谱和吡啶吸附红外光谱技术,结合NH_3-TPD、XRD、BET和CO化学吸附的表征技术,对甘油氢解催化剂Pt/NbO_x-WO_x/ZrO_2的催化剂表面性质与甘油氢解反应性能的关系进行了初步的研究。研究发现,在Pt/WO_x/ZrO_2催化剂中,适量的NbO_x可以增加催化剂的Br?nsted酸性,促进甘油的仲羟基的活化,提高甘油的转化率和1,3-丙二醇的选择性。     

Pt/USY催化剂上四氢萘选择性开环反应

通过USY分子筛载体上负载Pt制备Pt/USY催化剂，考察Pt/USY催化剂对四氢萘选择性开环反应的影响。结果表明，USY分子筛载体负载Pt后，四氢萘转化率提高，且明显改善开环的选择性。通过工艺条件的研究，得知在空速为2 h^-1、氢油体积比为750∶1、反应压力为4 MPa和反应温度为280℃时，Pt_0.4/USY催化剂性能最好，四氢萘转化率大于99%,C₁₀产物收率大于94%,开环选择性高于38%。     

介孔铌钨氧化物担载Pt催化甘油氢解制备正丙醇

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备一系列不同摩尔含量比的介孔铌钨氧化物(Nb_xW_(10-x))作为载体,利用等体积浸渍法负载Pt的质量分数为2%,氯铂酸为前驱体溶液,制得催化剂Pt/Nb_xW_(10-x)。通过N_2物理吸附(BET),X-射线粉末衍射(XRD),氨气程序升温脱附(NH_3-TPD)、H_2脉冲吸附等方法表征催化剂的物理化学性质。用间歇式反应器考察催化剂对甘油氢解制备正丙醇反应的催化性能。结果表明,钨的引入可以显著提高甘油的转化率以及目标产物的选择性。当Nb/W为3:7时在反应温度220℃,氢气压力5.5 MPa,反应时间12h,甘油4g,水16g,催化剂1g时,用催化活性较好的2%Pt/Nb_3W_7作为催化剂催化甘油氢解,甘油的转化率为90.9%,正丙醇的选择性可达60.6%。     

有机胺助剂促进的Pt/CNTs催化剂上甘油选择性氧化反应性能

为了提高Pt基催化剂上非碱性条件下甘油选择性氧化反应的性能,制备了两种有机胺[二乙胺(DEA)和二乙醇胺(DEOA)]助剂促进的碳纳米管(CNTs)负载的Pt催化剂(Pt/CNTs-DEA和Pt/CNTs-DEOA),考察了DEA和DEOA促进的Pt/CNTs催化甘油选择性氧化反应的性能,并结合高角度环形暗场-扫描透射电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱以及程序升温脱附-质谱等分析了可能的影响原因,在此基础上研究了反应工艺条件对Pt/CNTs-DEOA催化剂性能的影响。结果表明,DEA和DEOA的引入并未明显改变Pt/CNTs催化剂的粒径,但提高了催化剂表面Pt 4f的结合能以及增强了其碱性位,从而提高了甘油氧化反应的初始速率。尤其是Pt/CNTs-DEOA催化剂,其表面具有更高的Pt 4f结合能以及较强的碱性位,因而不仅表现出较高的初始反应速率,而且表现出较高的甘油醛和C3产物总选择性;但是DEOA添加量过多也会导致催化剂表面较多活性位被覆盖从而降低其活性。此外得到Pt/CNTs-DEOA催化剂上甘油氧化反应较适宜的反应温度为333 K、甘油与Pt的物质的量比为850。     

Pt/HPW/ZrO_2催化甘油脱氧制取1,3-丙二醇

以磷钨杂多酸为钨前驱体用浸渍法制备系列具有不同Pt含量和不同HPW/ZrO2焙烧温度的Pt/HPW/ZrO2催化剂。通过BET比表面积、红外光谱和X线衍射方法表征催化剂的结构,在连续流动固定床反应器中考察其对甘油水溶液催化脱氧制取1,3-丙二醇(1,3-PDO)反应催化性能的影响。结果表明:ZrO2负载磷钨杂多酸经500℃以上温度处理,磷钨杂多酸分解为相应的氧化物,单斜相WO3和磷氧化物分散在ZrO2表面。Pt/HPW/ZrO2催化剂对甘油脱氧反应具有较高的催化活性。铂负载量、HPW/ZrO2焙烧温度、反应温度、压力及甘油浓度等因素的变化,对甘油转化率和1,3-PDO收率的影响较大。在4 MPa、130℃、液体体积空速(LHSV)为0.25 h-1的反应条件下,2.0%Pt/HPWZ10(700)催化剂上60%甘油水溶液催化脱氧反应可得到53.4%甘油转化率和44.5%的1,3-PDO选择性,产物中1,3-PDO与1,2-丙二醇(1,2-PDO)摩尔比值达到14.3。100 h稳定性实验表明催化剂性能稳定。     

胶体负载法制备Au/C催化剂用于乳酸合成的研究

将预先制备好的十二烷基硫醇保护的纳米金胶体负载到用硝酸处理过的活性炭上,制备得到纳米Au/C催化剂,并用1,2-丙二醇直接氧化合成乳酸的反应考评催化剂。重点讨论载体的预处理方法和负载温度对金胶体负载的影响以及载体上金的含量、粒径、热处理方式等对纳米金催化剂活性的影响。结果表明:胶体负载法制备的纳米Au/C催化剂在1,2-丙二醇直接氧化合成乳酸反应的转化率达到50%以上,选择性达到80%以上。     

The role of the oxidic support on the deactivation of Pt catalysts during the CO2 reforming of methane

Pt supported on γ-Al₂O₃, TiO₂ and ZrO₂ are active catalysts for the CO₂ reforming of methane to synthesis gas. The stability of the catalysts increased in the order Pt/γ-A1₂O₃ < Pt/TiO₂ < Pt/ZrO₂. For all catalysts, the decrease in activity with time on stream is caused by carbon formation, which blocks the active metal sites for reaction. With Pt/TiO₂ and Pt/ZrO₂, deactivation started immediately after the start of the reaction, while the Pt/γ-A1₂O₃ catalyst showed an induction period during which carbon was accumulated without affecting the catalytic activity.     

Investigation of bio-ethanol steam reforming over cobalt-based catalysts

The catalytic performance of cobalt catalysts supported on γ-Al₂O₃, TiO₂, ZrO₂ were studied for bio-ethanol steam reforming (BESR) reaction. The supported catalysts (10 wt%Co) were prepared by impregnation and characterized through Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), H₂ chemisorption, laser Raman Spectroscopy, Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS), and temperature-programmed reaction (TPRxn). The metallic cobalt sites were found to correlate with the BESR reaction activity. The reaction and H₂ chemisorption showed that ZrO₂ supported catalyst showed the best dispersion and best catalytic activity. Over the 10% Co/ZrO₂ catalyst, using a H₂O:EtOH:inert molar ratio of 10:1:75 and a GHSV = 5000 h⁻¹, 100% ethanol conversion and a yield of 5.5 mol H₂/mol EtOH were obtained at 550 °C and atmospheric pressure.     

Partial oxidation and combined reforming of methane on Ce-promoted catalysts

Pt/ZrO₂ and Pt/Ce_0.14Zr_0.86O₂ catalysts containing 0.5 and 1.5 wt.% Pt were studied in order to evaluate the effect of the support reducibility and metal dispersion on the catalyst stability for the partial oxidation and the combined partial oxidation and CO₂ reforming of methane. The Pt/Ce_0.14Zr_0.86O₂ catalysts proved to be more active, stable and selective than Pt/ZrO₂ catalysts during the partial oxidation reaction. No increase in deactivation was observed when the CH₄:O₂ feed ratio was increased from 2:1 to 4:1. In addition, no water formation was observed at the high CH₄:O₂ ratios. The activity of the catalyst is dependent upon both the dispersion and the ability of the catalyst to resist carbon deposition.

The addition of CO₂ resulted in a decrease in the methane conversion and a decrease in the H₂/CO ratio for the Ce_0.14Zr_0.86O₂ and ZrO₂ supported catalysts. Small increases in the temperature of the bed have been recorded during the partial oxidation reaction. However, within a few minutes the temperature stabilizes below the furnace temperature providing indirect evidence for the combined combustion and reforming mechanisms previously proposed. The 1.5 wt.% Pt/CeZrO₂ catalyst shows promise for the autothermal reforming reaction based on the stability during transient operation.     

Gold catalysts supported on mesoporous zirconia for low-temperature water–gas shift reaction

Mesoporous ZrO₂ with high surface area and uniform pore size distribution, synthesized by surfactant templating through a neutral [C₁₃(EO)₆–Zr(OC₃H₇)₄] assembly pathway, was used as a support of gold catalysts prepared by deposition–precipitation method. The supports and the catalysts were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, N₂ adsorption analysis, temperature programmed reduction and desorption. The catalytic activity of gold supported on mesoporous zirconia was evaluated in water–gas shift (WGS) reaction at wide temperature range (140–300 °C) and at different space velocities and H₂O/CO ratios. The catalytic behaviour and the reasons for а reversible deactivation of Au/mesoporous zirconia catalysts were studied. The influence of gold content and particle size on the catalytic performance was investigated. The WGS activity of the new Au/mesoporous zirconia catalyst was compared to the reference Au/TiO₂ type A (World Gold Council), revealing significantly higher catalytic activity of Au/mesoporous zirconia catalyst. It is found that the mesoporous zirconia is a very efficient support of gold-based catalyst for the WGS reaction.     

The effects of SO2 on the oxidation of CO and propane on supported Pt and Au catalysts

The catalytic activities of Pt and Au supported on TiO₂ were compared with respect to the oxidation of CO and propane. While the Au catalysts showed higher activities for CO oxidation, the Pt catalysts were more active for propane combustion. A strong de-activation of the CO oxidation activity by SO₂ was observed only over the TiO₂-supported Au catalyst, indicating that SO₂ can block the active sites for CO oxidation over Au catalysts. The results are consistent with a model in which the perimeter sites have a special role in the CO oxidation reaction over Au catalysts.     

Preferential oxidation of carbon monoxide over Pt, Au monometallic catalyst, and Pt–Au bimetallic catalyst supported on ceria in hydrogen-rich reformate

The objective of this paper was to study a preferential oxidation (PROX) of carbon monoxide over monometallic catalysts including Pt, Au and Pt–Au bimetallic catalyst supported on ceria in hydrogen-rich reformate. Single step sol–gel method (SSG) and impregnation on sol–gel method (ISG) were chosen for the preparation of the catalysts. The characteristics of these catalysts were investigated by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET) method, transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR). The XRD patterns of the catalysts showed only the peaks of ceria crystallite and no metal peak appeared. From TEM images, the active components were seen to be dispersed throughout the ceria support. The TPR patterns of PtAu/CeO₂ catalyst prepared by SSG showed the reduction peaks were within a low temperature range and therefore, the catalysts prepared by SSG exhibited excellent catalytic activity for preferential oxidation of CO. Bimetallic Pt–Au catalyst improved the activity (90% conversion and 50% selectivity at 90 °C) because of the formation of a new phase. When the metal content of (1:1) PtAu/CeO₂ catalyst prepared by SSG was increased, the CO conversion did not change much while the selectivity decreased in the low temperature range (50–90 °C). The CO conversion increased with increasing W/F ratio. The presence of CO₂ and H₂O had a negative effect on CO conversion and selectivity due to blocking of carbonate and water on active sites.     

Comparative study of Au/ZrO2 catalysts in CO oxidation and 1,3-butadiene hydrogenation

This work investigates the effects of Au³⁺/Au⁰ ratio or distribution of gold oxidation states in Au/ZrO₂ catalysts of different gold loadings (0.01–0.76% Au) on CO oxidation and 1,3-butadiene hydrogenation by regulating the temperature of catalyst calcination (393–673 K) and pre-reduction with hydrogen (473–523 K). The catalysts were prepared by deposition–precipitation and were characterized with elemental analysis, nitrogen adsorption/desorption, TEM, XPS and TPR. The catalytic data showed that the exposed metallic Au⁰ atoms at the surface of Au particles were not the only catalytic sites for the two reactions, isolated Au³⁺ ions at the surface of ZrO₂, such as those in the catalysts containing no more than 0.08% Au were more active by TOF. For 0.76% Au/ZrO₂ catalysts having coexisting Au³⁺ and Au⁰, the catalytic activity changed differently with varying the Au³⁺/Au⁰ ratio in the two reactions. The highest activity for the CO oxidation reaction was observed over the catalyst of Au³⁺/Au⁰ = 0.33. However, catalyst with a higher Au³⁺/Au⁰ ratio showed always a higher activity for the hydrogenation reaction; co-existance of Au⁰ with Au³⁺ ions lowered the catalyst activity. Moreover, the coexisting Au particles changed the product selectivity of 1,3-butadiene hydrogenation to favor the formation of more trans-2-butene and butane. It is thus suggested that for better control of the catalytic performance of Au catalyst the effect of Au³⁺/Au⁰ ratio on catalytic reactions should be investigated in combination with the particle size effect of Au.     

Catalytic combustion of methane over bimetallic Pd–Pt catalysts: The influence of support materials

The effect of support material on the catalytic performance for methane combustion has been studied for bimetallic palladium–platinum catalysts and compared with a monometallic palladium catalyst on alumina. The catalytic activities of the various catalysts were measured in a tubular reactor, in which both the activity and stability of methane conversion were monitored. In addition, all catalysts were analysed by temperature-programmed oxidation and in situ XRD operating at high temperatures in order to study the oxidation/reduction properties.

The activity of the monometallic palladium catalyst decreases under steady-state conditions, even at a temperature as low as 470 °C. In situ XRD results showed that no decomposition of bulk PdO into metallic palladium occurred at temperatures below 800 °C. Hence, the reason for the drop in activity is probably not connected to the bulk PdO decomposition.

All Pd–Pt catalysts, independently of the support, have considerably more stable methane conversion than the monometallic palladium catalyst. However, dissimilarities in activity and ability to reoxidise PdO were observed for the various support materials. Pd–Pt supported on Al₂O₃ was the most active catalyst in the low-temperature region, Pd–Pt supported on ceria-stabilised ZrO₂ was the most active between 620 and 800 °C, whereas Pd–Pt supported on LaMnAl₁₁O₁₉ was superior for temperatures above 800 °C. The ability to reoxidise metallic Pd into PdO was observed to vary between the supports. The alumina sample showed a very slow reoxidation, whereas ceria-stabilised ZrO₂ was clearly faster.     

载体对镍基催化剂顺酐液相加氢性能的影响

分别以ZrO₂、SiO₂与Al₂O₃为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备了Ni质量分数为15%的催化剂,考察了其催化顺酐液相加氢性能,并利用BET、XRD、H₂-TPR以及TPO-MS等表征手段对催化剂进行了详细表征。结果表明,随载体不同各催化剂的加氢活性及选择性存在较大差异,Ni/Al₂O₃催化剂的C=C键加氢活性最高,但其几乎没有C=O加氢活性,催化顺酐加氢主产物为丁二酸酐。Ni/ZrO₂催化剂具有最高的C=O加氢活性,催化顺酐加氢主产物为γ-丁内酯,在反应温度为483 K,氢气压力为5 MPa的条件下反应8 h时,Ni/ZrO₂催化剂的γ-丁内酯选择性达79.20%。催化剂的套用实验表明,Ni/ZrO₂与Ni/SiO₂催化剂具有高的使用稳定性,Ni/Al₂O₃催化剂则在套用过程中快速失活。顺酐加氢至γ-丁内酯的中间产物--丁二酸酐与催化剂间的相互作用是影响催化剂加氢选择性及使用稳定性的主要原因。