浮顶罐内含蜡原油静态储存中的冷却胶凝规律

将失流点以下的含蜡原油看作是多孔介质体系,以附加比热容法描述蜡的结晶潜热,动量源项方法表征蜡晶网络结构对液态原油的流动阻力,基于有限体积法数值模拟含蜡原油的冷却胶凝过程。结果表明:传热机制和边界条件主导了凝油结构的演变进程。在自然对流作用下,凝油最先在罐底和罐壁所包围的区域内产生,且其始终是罐内胶凝最严重区域。罐顶最先形成完整的凝油层,其发展先后经历了慢速增长和快速增长两个阶段,且其凝油层厚度逐渐趋于均匀分布;其次是罐底,其发展过程与罐顶相反;最后是罐壁,其凝油层的演变具有从罐底沿罐壁向罐顶推进的特点。罐内对流越强,罐顶凝油层的增长速率越缓慢,罐底凝油层的增长速率越快。基于温度场及凝油结构的演变规律,可以将含蜡原油的冷却过程分为3个阶段,即自然对流占主导的第1阶段,导热逐步取代自然对流的第2阶段,及以导热为主导机制、边界条件调控下的第3阶段,同时给出了不同阶段原油温度分布和散热损失规律的细节。     

拱顶罐内含蜡原油静态储存过程中的传热规律研究

建立了描述含蜡原油在拱顶罐内静态储存过程的传热及流动行为数学模型,基于有限体积法对模型进行求解,实现了对拱顶罐内含蜡原油传热过程的数值模拟。结果表明:罐顶散热损失最大,油温下降最快,但在自然对流作用下,冷油的沉积导致储罐内温度最低位置出现在罐底和罐壁所包围的区域,且该处最先产生凝油。在自然对流作用下,储罐中心温度分布均匀,靠近边界处的温度较低。随着温降过程进行,原油粘度增大,导致自然对流逐渐减弱,储罐中心的高温区域逐渐减小,边界处的低温区域逐渐向油罐中心扩展。伴随原油温度场的变化,储罐内的凝油层最先在罐底和罐顶形成,最后覆盖罐壁,且罐壁和罐底的凝油层厚度不均匀,越靠近罐壁和罐底的边角处凝油层越厚。随着温降进展,储罐内的传热行为逐渐由以自然对流主导转变为由导热主导,且由此形成相应的温度场演变过程。     

单盘浮顶罐内含蜡原油静态储存过程中的传热规律研究

针对单盘式浮顶罐内含蜡原油在静态储存中的冷却胶凝过程,建立了表征该传热过程的数学模型和物理模型,基于有限体积法利用fluent软件对模型进行求解,实现了对原油储罐温降过程的数值模拟。模拟结果表明:单盘浮顶罐内含蜡原油在静态储存过程中,罐顶由于换热最快,换热强度高,温度最先降低,油的密度也随之增大,在重力和自然对流的作用下,冷油沿着储罐慢慢堆积、凝结,导致整个储罐在罐壁与罐底夹角处最先产生凝油,此夹角处也将是未来储罐管理过程中应该最为关注的地方,同时对该过程中原油的温度场、速度场变化进行了详细阐述,并深入分析了原油冷却胶凝的规律和内在机理,明确了单盘式储罐的降温规律。     

2×10~4m~3浮顶罐内原油温度变化规律研究

建立浮顶罐静止储存状态下的物理及数学模型,采用有限容积法,对不同工况下罐内原油的流动及传热过程进行数值模拟,分析储油液位、环境温度及初始油温对罐内原油温度分布的影响规律。结果表明:罐顶最先形成凝油层,罐壁次之,罐底最慢且随温降进行凝油层生成速率降低;当环境温度及初始油温较高时,可以适当延长储罐安全储存时间。     

含蜡原油静储降温过程热流特性的研究进展

油罐在实际运行中,罐内原油极易在罐顶、罐壁和罐底所包围的内沿形成一定厚度和强度的凝油层,严重时还可能发生凝罐等生产事故。因此,为确保储罐安全运行,必须实时掌握罐内原油的传热与流动规律。综述了国内外储罐原油降温过程传热与流动特性的实验、理论、数值模拟研究进展,总结了当前研究中存在的主要问题,为原油储备企业安全运行提供了理论支持。     

盘管组倾角对浮顶油罐内含蜡原油融化过程的影响研究

利用盘管组来加热融化浮顶油罐内含蜡原油是油罐加热融化的主要方式之一。而优化盘管组的布置方式对提高罐内含蜡原油的融化效率、降低生产成本具有重要的意义。基于此,在考虑含蜡原油融化过程中形态和流变性变化的基础上,建立了盘管组加热的浮顶油罐内含蜡原油湍流融化物理数学模型。考虑到罐顶空气层、钢板层、保温层的规则性以及罐内含蜡原油区域的非规则性,利用浸入边界法在结构化网格上处理罐内含蜡原油与盘管组之间的耦合问题。利用文献结果对模型进行验证。以实际1000 m³浮顶油罐为例,对罐内含蜡原油的融化规律进行研究,并对倾角对融化过程的影响进行分析。     

基于FLUENT的埋地含蜡原油管道停输过程模拟

针对含蜡原油管道停输后的温降过程,建立埋地热油管道及其周围土壤的物理模型和数学模型,并对求解区域的边界条件进行设置。针对原油温降过程中的析蜡潜热,转换为附加比热容进行处理。利用Fluent软件模拟管道停输后管道及其周围土壤温度场的分布,以及管内原油自然对流的变化情况。     

胶凝含蜡原油非线性蠕变模型研究

研究胶凝含蜡原油的蠕变模型对管道的安全再启动具有重要意义.现有的蠕变模型不能描述胶凝含蜡原油不同阶段的蠕变,故在描述胶凝原油不同阶段的蠕变时,流变方程不得不分段使用,这为工程应用带来很大的不便.今引入损伤变量及硬化变量,建立了由具有非线性软化的虎克体和具有非线性硬化的牛顿体串联而成的胶凝含蜡原油非线性蠕变方程,该模型可...     

不同历史条件下胶凝含蜡原油屈服特性研究现状

当含蜡原油的温度降至凝点附近,析出的蜡晶颗粒会聚集、交联,形成三维网状结构,将液态原油包裹其中,此时原油形成胶凝体系。含蜡原油之前经历的热历史和剪切历史可以改变析出蜡晶的形态和结构,进而改变流变性。阐述了不同测量温度、降温速率、恒温时间等热历史条件和不同预剪切强度、动冷终温等剪切历史条件下形成的胶凝结构在屈服应力方面的差异,及有关屈服应变的研究进展,并对未来的发展方向提出建议。     

大庆胶凝原油的循环剪切实验研究

胶凝含蜡原油由于其蜡晶的三维网状空间结构,具有复杂的流变性。胶凝原油的流变性质一直是研究的重点和热点。很多学者对胶凝原油的性质做了详细而又深入的研究,但这些研究一般集中在恒定剪切速率上,对胶凝原油的变剪切的研究较少。通过实验,研究了胶凝含蜡原油在剪切速率先线性增大后线性减小这一循环加载条件下其触变特性。通过控制不同降温速率和剪切速率增加的速率,来研究胶凝原油的触变性规律。试验结果表明,对于不同的降温速率,低降温速率时期剪切应力开始比较大,但随着剪切速率的增大,其应力逐渐靠拢,到最后无明显区别;而改变剪切速率增加的速率时,当剪切速率变化率越大时,在同一剪切速率下,其应力就愈大。     

Transient cooling of petroleum by natural convection in cylindrical storage tanks: A simplified heat loss model

The transient cooling by natural convection of a warm crude oil contained in a large vertical cylindrical storage tank located in a cold environment is investigated. The governing mass, momentum and energy equations utilizing a temperature-dependent apparent viscosity were solved numerically, and from the results a correlation is developed between the Nusselt number at the sidewall and the instantaneous Rayleigh number driving the time-dependent flow. A simplified heat loss model is developed to predict the mean tank temperature over time, utilizing this correlation to calculate a time-dependent heat transfer coefficient for the sidewall. The results from the simplified model are compared with the mean tank temperatures results from a simulation of the full natural convection equations for the cooling of a crude oil in a 60 m diameter tank, and excellent agreement is obtained.     

大型储油罐温降过程的研究进展

大型储油罐内原油的液位静止后的降温过程是一个伴随着导热、自然对流、太阳热辐射、相变以及移动边界的不稳定传热的过程,目前大型储油罐降温过程的研究方法主要采用试验测试和数值计算法。针对储油罐内部的原油导热和储油罐与外部环境传热等方面,对大型储油罐温降过程的研究现状迚行了分析,指出在计算大型储油罐的温降时需要处理好罐内原油的自然对流以及其具有移动边界的析蜡相变传热等问题,才能对大型储油罐的静液位降温过程迚行正确的研究。     

微细铜丝在水中自然对流换热

采用实验与数值模拟相结合的方法分别研究了封闭空间内水平放置的直径为39.9、65.8、119.1 μm的微细铜丝（微丝）在水中的对流换热,分析了微丝表面自然对流换热特性及机理。实验通过焦耳加热的方法测量了不同直径微丝在水中自然对流的传热系数及Nusselt数。同时建立三维不可压数学模型对微丝在水中的自然对流进行数值模拟,并将计算结果与实验值进行了对比。研究表明,数值模拟结果与实验值基本吻合,微丝在水中自然对流的传热系数随直径减小而显著增大,Nu则明显减小,且Nu随热通量增加的变化率也随直径减小而明显降低;微丝表面边界层厚度随直径减小而变薄,但边界层厚度与微丝直径的比值则逐渐增大;另外,对比微丝与常规尺度圆管表面自然对流的流场、温度场以及边界层分布,发现相同温差下微丝表面自然对流换热的边界层与常规尺度下沿壁面由底部向上发展的形状不同,而是沿微细丝表面呈椭圆形包裹于其上,因此削弱了表面对流换热强度,导致温度场呈现出较明显的导热特征。     

胶凝含蜡原油的连续剪切实验研究

胶凝含蜡原油由于其蜡晶的三维网状空间结构,具有复杂的流变性。胶凝原油的流变性质一直是研究的重点和热点。很多学者对胶凝原油的性质做了详细而又深入的研究,但这些研究一般集中在恒定剪切速率上,对胶凝原油的连续剪切的研究较少。通过控制不同的降温速率和胶凝温度,来研究胶凝原油连续剪切的变化规律。实验结果表明,当降温速率越大时,初始的粘度越小,但剪切一段时间后,不同降温速率下的粘度无多大差别;当胶凝温度越低是,其初始的结构强度越大,并且在结构破坏以后,在同一剪切速率下,其粘度也越大,但不同温度下的差距在减小;当从高到低的剪切情况下,其粘度随着剪切速率的减小,呈增大的趋势,并且这趋势越来越明显,相对于从低到高的剪切情况下,在同一剪切速率下,从低到高情况下的粘度比从高到低的粘度要大。     

A three-dimensional model for suspension-to-membrane-wall heat transfer in circulating fluidized beds

A three-dimensional model is proposed for both furnace-side and wall-side heat transfer in circulating fluidized beds with membrane walls. Following previous publications (Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer (2003a, b)), a core-annulus flow structure is employed in the model, with consideration of the membrane wall influence on bed hydrodynamics. The model couples radiation, conduction and convection on the furnace side to conduction and convection on the wall side. Radiation in the wall layer is simulated by the moment method. A finite-element method is employed to solve the set of non-linear, partial differential equations. The solution is demonstrated for a typical example. The model gives predictions of suspension-to-wall heat transfer which show satisfactory agreement with published experimental data.     

THERMAL CONVECTIVE INSTABILITY IN TRANSLUCENT POROUS MEDIA WITH RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER

The onset of thermal convection in a translucent porous layer is considered. Attention is focused on the effect of radiative heat transfer on the critical Rayleigh-Darcy number and the convection cell shape. If we consider the contribution of radiative heat transfer, the basic temperature profile is non-linear and the thermal convective instability is influenced by the ratio of conduction to radiation heat flux, the temperatures at the boundary surfaces, and radiative parameters such as wall emissivity, scattering albedo and extinction coefficient as well as the usual Rayleigh-Darcy number. Effects of these parameters on the onset of convective instability are investigated with the help of linear stability theory employing the Darcy's law and the radiative transport equation simplified by the P₁ approximation. The increased effective thermal conductivity due lo the radiation inhibits the onset of convection and causes increased critical Rayleigh-Darcy number and decreased convection cell size. The results of the present work may be exploited to find out the optimal diameter of aerogel pellets and the air pressure in the double pane window filled with the translucent silica aerogel granules to suppress natural convection.     

A Composite Heat Transfer Model For Pool Boiling on a Horizontal Tube at Moderate Pressure

The present work is aimed at building a comprehensive heat transfer model for pool boiling on horizontal tubes combining sliding bubble mechanism with natural convection, microlayer evaporation and transient conduction during boundary layer reformation, to predict the boiling heat flux for a given wall superheat. The model has been compared to experimental results from literature for R134a and also to independent experiments conducted by the authors for water. Even with a number of simplified assumptions a reasonably good agreement has been observed between model and experiments in the low and medium heat flux region and moderate pressure.     

Analysis of Heat Transfer in the Corroding Sidewall of a Furnace

A mathematical formulation is developed to calculate the rate of corrosion of a refractory sidewall of a furnace in the presence of free convection in the melt. The free-convection phenomena considered are caused by the dependence of the melt density on its temperature and composition. The formulation involves the statement of equations for heat conduction in the refractory wall and movement of the solid-melt interface. The governing equations and the boundary conditions are transformed into nondimensional forms, and the dimensionless parameters which characterize corrosion in the presence of free convection are identified. The equations are solved by using coordinate transformation and a finite-difference method. Calculated results are presented on the shape of the solid-melt interface, temperature distribution in the corroding wall, and the amount of cooling at the outside surface of the wall. The results show how free convection in the melt interacts with heat conduction in a refractory wall to determine the rate of corrosion of the wall.     

含蜡原油管道的结蜡规律研究

原油输送中的析蜡问题是影响管道安全运行和管理的重要因素之一。介绍了管壁结蜡影响因素,通过试验,探讨了原油输送温度和管壁温差对管壁蜡沉积速率的影响,得出了输油温度和温差与结蜡层厚度之间的关系,对于预测结蜡规律有一定的参考作用。     

Numerical simulation of natural convection in a square enclosure filled with nanofluid using the two-phase Lattice Boltzmann method

Considering interaction forces (gravity and buoyancy force, drag force, interaction potential force, and Brownian force) between nanoparticles and a base fluid, a two-phase Lattice Boltzmann model for natural convection of nanofluid is developed in this work. It is applied to investigate the natural convection in a square enclosure (the left wall is kept at a high constant temperature (T_H), and the top wall is kept at a low constant temperature (T_C)) filled with Al₂O₃/H₂O nanofluid. This model is validated by comparing numerical results with published results, and a satisfactory agreement is shown between them. The effects of different nanoparticle fractions and Rayleigh numbers on natural convection heat transfer of nanofluid are investigated. It is found that the average Nusselt number of the enclosure increases with increasing nanoparticle volume fraction and increases more rapidly at a high Rayleigh number. Also, the effects of forces on nanoparticle volume fraction distribution in the square enclosure are studied in this paper. It is found that the driving force of the temperature difference has the biggest effect on nanoparticle volume fraction distribution. In addition, the effects of interaction forces on flow and heat transfer are investigated. It is found that Brownian force, interaction potential force, and gravity-buoyancy force have positive effects on the enhancement of natural convective heat transfer, while drag force has a negative effect.