草酸二甲酯催化加氢制备乙醇酸甲酯工艺研究

对草酸二甲酯固定床连续催化加氢法制备乙醇酸甲酯进行了研究,采用自制的复合Cu O-Ag2O/Si O2固体催化剂,考察了反应温度、反应压力、氢酯比和液时空速对草酸二甲酯转化率和乙醇酸甲酯选择性的影响。结果表明:在反应温度230℃,压力2.0 MPa,氢酯比30∶1,液时空速0.8 h-1条件下,草酸二甲酯转化率可以达到92.3%,乙醇酸甲酯选择性可以达到83.6%,反应连续运行500 h,草酸二甲酯转化率稳定在90%左右,乙醇酸甲酯选择性稳定在80%左右,表明催化剂有较高的催化活性和稳定性。     

Cu/SiO_2催化草酸二甲酯加氢制乙醇酸甲酯的反应性能

为了开发一种可持续发展的乙醇酸甲酯工业生产路线,对草酸二甲酯加氢制乙醇酸甲酯的串联反应体系进行了热力学分析,并采用铜/二氧化硅为催化剂,在内径为20 mm的不锈钢固定床反应器中考察了氢酯比、反应压力、反应温度、反应空速等工艺条件对草酸二甲酯转化率及乙醇酸甲酯选择性的影响。结果表明:提高氢酯比、反应压力、反应温度和降低草酸二甲酯空速,有利于提高草酸二甲酯的转化率,但是乙醇酸甲酯选择性下降。在氢酯比40~60、压力2~2.5 MPa、反应温度453~473 K、空速0.3~0.7 mg/(g-Cat·h)的较佳工艺条件下草酸二甲酯的转化率大于80%,乙醇酸甲酯的选择性大于80%。     

高效稳定的铜镍催化剂在草酸二甲酯加氢中的应用

为了探索高效、稳定的草酸二甲酯(DMO)加氢制乙醇酸甲酯(MG)催化剂,采用水热合成法制备Cu-Ni/SiO_2催化剂,探索了不同Cu:Ni摩尔比对于催化剂活性的影响。通过XRD、TEM和XPS等表征,结果表明:利用二氧化硅微球作载体,铜镍物种的分散更加均匀。并且调变不同的Cu:Ni摩尔比,对Cu~+在催化剂中的比例有一定的影响,从而影响乙醇酸甲酯的收率。在氢酯比为150、反应压力2 MPa、反应温度200℃和液时空速为0.5 h~(-1)的反应条件下,Cu:Ni摩尔比为1:1时的催化剂Cu_1Ni_1/SiO_2表现出了最好的催化性能,草酸二甲酯的转化率达到90%,乙醇酸甲酯的选择性达到了80%,催化剂能稳定运行100 h。上述结果可为研制催化活性高、选择性强、寿命长、易于生产乙醇酸甲酯的催化剂提供一定的参考。     

草酸二甲酯选择性加氢非硅基催化体系分析

草酸二甲酯加氢制乙二醇是合成气制乙二醇技术路线中的关键步骤之一,简单介绍了草酸二甲酯选择性加氢分别制乙醇酸甲酯和乙醇;对国内外非硅基草酸二甲酯选择性加氢制乙醇酸甲酯、乙二醇和乙醇催化体系的研究进展进行总结,重点分析非硅体系载体种类和助剂以及制备方法的影响,指出了DMO选择性加氢非硅催化体系存在的问题和发展方向。     

Cu/SiO2催化剂上草酸二甲酯加氢反应的研究

对草酸二甲酯气相催化加氢反应体系进行了热力学分析和实验研究,考查了Cu／SiO2催化剂的最佳活化温度,对影响产物组成的因素和分布规律进行了讨论。结果表明,催化剂的适宜还原温度为523～623K;低氢酯比低压和高溶剂比有利于乙醇酸甲酯的生成;提高氢酯比或反应压力可以提高乙二醇的选择性,氢酯比和反应压力的适宜组合均能得到较好的草酸二甲酯转化率和乙二醇选择性。产物组成随草酸二甲酯转化率增加呈一定的变化规律,可根据市场需求调整产物结构,获得最佳的经济效益。     

草酸二甲酯加氢制乙醇酸甲酯工艺条件优化

在单管固定床加氢装置上,研究草酸二甲酯(DMO)加氢制乙醇酸甲酯(MG)工艺过程中各因素对草酸二甲酯转化率和乙醇酸甲酯选择性的影响。通过单因素实验和经济性分析得到目前单管条件下的最优实验条件:反应温度为186℃,反应压力为2.0 MPa,氢酯物质的量比为20,草酸二甲酯液时空速为0.5 h-1,在该条件下,DMO加氢转化率为99.3%,MG选择性为83.0%。     

草酸二甲酯加氢制乙醇酸甲酯催化剂的研究进展

实现合成气经草酸酯加氢制乙醇酸酯的C₁工业路线关键在于高性能催化剂的开发,而目前国内外在这方面的研究还处于基础阶段。本文对草酸二甲酯加氢制乙醇酸甲酯催化剂的研究进展进行了概述,包括液相加氢和气相加氢。着重阐述了气相加氢催化剂稳定性和选择性的影响因素,介绍了相应催化剂的结构组成及合成方法,并初步探讨了加氢反应机理。最后,综合分析了草酸二甲酯加氢制乙醇酸甲酯催化剂在现在或将来要面临的实际问题。这些将为我国开发出具有自主知识产权的催化剂及其合成工艺提供有益参考。     

高效稳定的铜镍催化剂在草酸二甲酯加氢中的应用

为了探索高效、稳定的草酸二甲酯（DMO）加氢制乙醇酸甲酯（MG）催化剂,采用水热合成法制备Cu-Ni/SiO₂催化剂,探索了不同Cu：Ni摩尔比对于催化剂活性的影响。通过XRD、TEM和XPS等表征,结果表明：利用二氧化硅微球作载体,铜镍物种的分散更加均匀。并且调变不同的Cu：Ni摩尔比,对Cu⁺在催化剂中的比例有一定的影响,从而影响乙醇酸甲酯的收率。在氢酯比为150、反应压力2 MPa、反应温度200℃和液时空速为0.5 h^-1的反应条件下,Cu：Ni摩尔比为1：1时的催化剂Cu₁Ni₁/SiO₂表现出了最好的催化性能,草酸二甲酯的转化率达到90%,乙醇酸甲酯的选择性达到了80%,催化剂能稳定运行100 h。上述结果可为研制催化活性高、选择性强、寿命长、易于生产乙醇酸甲酯的催化剂提供一定的参考。     

可生物降解塑料前驱体乙醇酸甲酯催化剂研发

以椰壳活性炭为载体的主体成分，掺杂氮元素对活性炭载体进行改性。以银为活性组分，制备高活性高选择性的草酸二甲酯加氢制乙醇酸甲酯催化剂。其中，银含量为质量分数10.51%,氮含量为质量分数11.51%的催化剂在反应温度204℃,压力2.4 Mpa,液时空速0.8 h^-1,氢酯体积比75条件下，草酸二甲酯转化率99%,乙醇酸甲酯选择性达到98%,收率最高为97.02%。     

草酸二甲酯加氢制乙二醇Cu/SiO2催化剂的制备与改性

采用均匀沉淀沉积法制备Cu/SiO₂催化剂。考察了Cu²⁺浓度、洗涤条件及铜与硅物质的量比等的影响,并通过BET和XRD等表征手段研究分析,结果表明,前驱体制备过程及条件对催化剂结构和活性有较大影响。低Cu²⁺浓度、醇洗干燥均有利于形成大孔径高活性的催化剂。铜与硅物质的量比对反应活性的影响较大,存在一个最佳值,在0.4时活性最高。最优条件下制得的催化剂用于草酸二甲酯加氢制乙二醇,在反应温度205 ℃、压力2 MPa、n(H₂) ∶n(DMO)=80和空速1.0 h^-1条件下,草酸二甲酯的转化率为100%,乙二醇选择性为99.1%,乙醇酸甲酯选择性为0.9%,无其他副产物生成。     

载体表面羟基种类对DMO加氢用Cu/SiO2催化剂性能的影响

通过程序升温焙烧改变气相纳米二氧化硅表面的羟基含量及种类,并以其为载体,采用蒸氨法制备了Cu/SiO₂催化剂,使用比表面积测试（BET）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱（DRIFT）、X射线衍射（XRD）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、H₂程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）、NH₃/CO₂程序升温脱附（NH₃/CO₂-TPD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、俄歇电子能谱（AES）等方法研究了Cu/SiO₂催化剂的结构和酸碱性,采用固定床反应器在低温（448K）、低压（1.5MPa）的反应条件下进行草酸二甲酯加氢制备乙二醇的反应,评价其催化活性。结果表明,高温焙烧二氧化硅载体可显著改变后续合成Cu/SiO₂催化剂的结构并降低其酸碱性,对提高乙二醇选择性和降低草酸二甲酯加氢过程中醇类或醚类副产物的选择性具有明显的促进作用。但同时该过程会导致催化剂的活性降低,载体焙烧（473K）后合成的催化剂均需要提高氢酯比方能获得最佳反应结果。其中经873K焙烧的二氧化硅制备的Cu/SiO₂-4催化剂,在最佳反应条件下乙二醇的选择性由低温焙烧后的92%左右提升到97%以上,草酸二甲酯转化率保持在100%。     

草酸二甲酯加氢制乙二醇Cu/SiO_2催化剂失活研究

采用沉积-沉淀法制备Cu/SiO_2催化剂,研究Cu/SiO_2催化剂在草酸二甲酯制乙二醇反应中的活性及稳定性。采用XRD、TG、SEM和EDS等对催化剂进行表征,分析催化剂的失活原因。结果表明,催化剂表面积炭和活性组分铜的烧结是造成催化剂失活的主要原因。在高空速1.5 h~(-1)下,对催化剂进行寿命考察,结果表明,运行350 h,草酸二甲酯转化率维持95%以上,乙二醇选择性下降至约60%。     

焙烧温度对MgO修饰Cu/ZnO催化剂结构及催化草酸二甲酯加氢反应研究

采用共沉淀法制备了系列掺杂Mg2+离子的Cu-Mg/ZnO[n(Cu)∶n(Zn)=5∶4]催化剂,并用N2吸附-脱附、XRD和H2-TPR等对催化剂进行表征,考察焙烧温度对催化剂结构及其催化草酸二甲酯加氢反应性能的影响。结果表明,经350℃焙烧所得Cu-Mg/ZnO-c350催化剂具有较大的比表面积,发达的介孔结构,较高的Cu物种分散性和较多的表面Cu0活性位;而较高的焙烧温度导致催化剂中纳米粒子聚集烧结,降低催化剂比表面积、孔径尺度和表面Cu0活性物种数量。适宜反应条件,Cu-Mg/ZnO-c350催化剂催化草酸二甲酯气相加氢反应转化率为100%,乙二醇收率为95%。此外,较强的金属-载体作用力抑制铜活性物种的抗烧结能力,赋予其优异的稳定性。     

The influence mechanism of solvent on the hydrogenation of dimethyl oxalate

The hydrogenation of dimethyl oxalate(DMO) for the producing of C2-C4 alcohols with methanol as solvent was researched at the temperature of 270 °C to 310 °C. Ethylene glycol(EG) was the main product at low temperature and the selectivity of which was 61.9% at 230 °C. However, EG selectivity decreased sharply with the increase of temperature while ethanol became the main liquid products with the selectivity of 43.5% at 270 °C. It can be ascribed to a thorough hydrogenation of DMO at a high temperature. In addition, the promotion of Guerbet reaction led to the production of propanol and butanol. Simultaneously, the amount of gas products including CO, CO_2 and dimethyl ether(DME) also increased, which became a competition factor in the conversion of DMO to liquid products including C2-C4 alcohols. The blank test was carried out with pure methanol as feedstock with and without Cu/SiO_2 catalyst, which revealed that methanol was involved in the formation of gas products and higher alcohols on Cu-based catalyst, and the main gas product was CO.     

Highly dispersed nickel boosts catalysis by Cu/SiO2 in the hydrogenation of CO2-derived ethylene carbonate to methanol and ethylene glycol

The efficient hydrogenation of CO₂-derived ethylene carbonate (EC) to yield methanol (MeOH) and ethylene glycol (EG) is a key process for indirect conversion of CO₂ to MeOH. However, a high H₂/EC molar ratio during the hydrogenation process (usually as 180–300) is generally required to achieve good catalytic performance, resulting in high cost and energy consumption for H₂ circulation in the promising industrial application. Here, we prepared a series of Ni-modified Cu/SiO₂ catalysts and explored the effects of synthesis methods and Ni contents on catalytic performance under different H₂/EC molar ratios. The Cu/SiO₂ catalyst with 0.2% (mass) Ni loading prepared by co-ammonia evaporation method exhibited above 99% conversion of EC, 91% and 98% selectivity to MeOH and EG respectively at H₂/EC ratio of 60. And no significant deactivation was observed within 140 h at a lower H₂/EC of 40. It is demonstrated that a few of Ni addition could not only promote Cu dispersion and increase surface Cu⁺ species due to the strong interaction between Cu and Ni species, but also form uniformly-dispersed CuNi alloy species and thus enhance the adsorption and dissociation of H₂. But the excess Ni species would aggregate and segregate to cover partial surface of Cu nanoparticles, leading to a significantly drop of catalytic performance in EC hydrogenation. These insights may provide guidance for further design of catalysts for the ester hydrogenation reactions.     

Enhanced synergy between Cu0 and Cu+ on nickel doped copper catalyst for gaseous acetic acid hydrogenation

As the substitution of common noble catalysts in the hydrogenation of carboxylic acid, a highly effective Cu-Ni/SiO₂ catalyst was prepared by a novel stepwise ammonia evaporation method. Its performance in the gas-phase hydrogenation of acetic acid was further examined. With the introduction of Ni dopant, more stable Cu^δ+ sites, which can adsorb more acetic acid, were formed due to the electron transfer from Cu to Ni. This makes more Cu⁰ sites available for hydrogen adsorption, which was suggested as the rate-determining step in acetic acid hydrogenation. A conversion of 99.6% was successfully achieved on this new Cu/SiO₂-0.5Ni catalyst, accompanied by the ethanol selectivity of 90%. The incorporation of nickel between copper nanoparticles enhances the synergistic effect between Cu⁰ and Cu⁺. It also helps mitigate the aggregation of copper nanoparticles due to the Ostwald ripening effect induced by acetic acid and enhance the stability of copper catalyst in the conversion of carboxylic acid.     

Highly active and selective Cu/SiO2 catalysts prepared by the urea hydrolysis method in dimethyl oxalate hydrogenation

Cu/SiO₂ catalysts have been successfully prepared via urea hydrolysis method. The catalysts have been systematically characterized by X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, N₂-physisorption and H₂ temperature-programmed reduction. The results demonstrated the presence of copper nanoparticles and their high dispersion on the SiO₂ support. Catalysts with different copper loadings were prepared, and their performances in the hydrogenation of dimethyl oxalate to ethylene glycol were studied. A 100% conversion of dimethyl oxalate and maximum 98% selectivity of ethylene glycol were reached with 15.6 wt.% copper loading at 200 °C and 2 MPa. Furthermore, under the same reaction conditions, the catalyst can maintain the selectivity of 90% when the reduction temperature reduced from 350 °C to 200 °C. The high activity and selectivity over the catalyst may be ascribed to the homogenously distribution of copper nanoparticles on the large surface.     

Silver modified Cu/SiO2 catalyst for the hydrogenation of methyl acetate to ethanol

A series of silver modified Cu/SiO_2 catalysts were synthesized with ammonia-evaporation method and applied in vapor-phase hydrogenation of methyl acetate to ethanol. The influence of additive ‘Ag' on the structural evolution of catalyst was systematically studied by several characterization techniques, such as N_2 adsorption–desorption, N_2O titration, PXRD, FTIR, in-situ FTIR, H_2-TPR, H_2-TPD, XPS and TEM. Results showed that incorporation of a small amount of Ag could enhance the structural stability, and the strong interaction between Cu and Ag species was conducive to increase the dispersion of copper species and create a suitable Cu~(+)/(Cu~0+ Cu~(+)) ratio, which was proposed to be responsible for the improved catalytic activity. The maximum conversion of MA(94.1%)and selectivity of ethanol(91.3%) over optimized Cu-0.5 Ag/SiO_2 and 120 h on stream without deactivation under optimal conditions demonstrates its excellent stability.     

草酸二甲酯加氢制乙二醇铜基催化剂失活原因分析

合成气经草酸二甲酯加氢制乙二醇工艺是非石油路线合成大宗化学品的新兴路线。在我国贫油、少气和煤炭相对丰富的能源结构条件下,该工艺路线的研究具有重要的现实意义和战略意义。对草酸二甲酯加氢制备乙二醇铜基催化剂的失活原因进行分析,重点讨论催化剂烧结、积炭、中毒、溶剂、反应气氛和物理磨损对催化剂稳定性的影响。通过添加助催化剂以稳定催化剂中Cu价态分布,有效抑制Cu晶粒团聚长大速率。加强反应过程的基础研究,即草酸二甲酯存在的解离方式、反应气氛和溶剂的影响、高聚物的形成机制以及如何抑制高聚物等方面尚待进一步研究。注重催化剂的工程化开发,加强成型方式、扩散过程和反应体系杂质的影响研究。