不同硅铝比ZSM-5负载铁基催化剂二氧化碳加氢性能

CO_2加氢在铁基催化剂上直接制取高附加值化学品是实现其资源化利用的重要途径。通过等体积浸渍法制备了不同硅铝比(25,70,150)的ZSM-5负载的铁基催化剂,考察硅铝比对铁基催化剂上CO_2加氢性能的影响。结果表明,随着硅铝比的升高,催化剂活性先升高后降低,最优化硅铝比为70。CO_2-DRIFTS和CO_2-TPD结果显示,硅铝比为70的ZSM-5载体制备的催化剂具有较多且较强的表面碱性位,促进CO_2分子的活化解离。通过H2-TPR、XRD、Raman等表征揭示了催化剂结构的演变过程。还原后催化剂的活性金属以单质Fe形式存在,反应过程中单质Fe向Fe3O4和Fe Cx物种转化。不同硅铝比配位环境影响Fe与C的相互作用,影响FeC_x的生成,从而影响CO_2加氢的活性和选择性。     

载体对铁基催化剂结构及CO2加氢制烯烃反应性能的影响特性

铁基催化剂CO₂加氢直接合成烯烃是实现CO₂减排及CO₂转化与利用的最佳途径之一。目前铁基催化剂的CO₂加氢活性及反应过程中铁基催化剂结构强度仍然较低,成为CO₂加氢制烯烃产业化生产的重要挑战。通过浸渍法制备一系列负载型铁基催化剂,研究载体材料性质对铁基催化剂结构及CO₂加氢直接合成烯烃的影响特性。研究发现,载体可诱导铁基催化剂在CO₂加氢反应过程中形成的铁物种,同时影响铁基催化剂表面碳物种的有序度,调变对CO₂吸附及活化能力;研究结果表明ZrO₂负载的Fe催化剂展现出最佳的CO₂加氢合成烯烃催化性能,在温度320℃和反应压力2.0 MPa时,CO₂转化率>30%,C₂~C₇烃类产物中烯烃选择性高达85%以上,烯烷比为8.2,且CO选择性较低为17.1%。     

ZSM-5分子筛固定床催化合成聚甲氧基二甲醚

通过X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、氨气程序升温脱附（NH₃-TPD）和吡啶吸附-红外光谱（Py-IR）等对不同硅铝比（SiO₂/Al₂O₃）的ZSM-5分子筛粉末催化剂进行表征。在间歇反应器中,本文对比了不同硅铝比ZSM-5分子筛粉末催化三聚甲醛和甲缩醛合成聚甲氧基二甲醚（PODE）的催化活性,结果表明硅铝比为400的ZSM-5分子筛粉末具有最高的PODE_2~8的收率和选择性。然后,采用挤条成型法,在ZSM-5分子筛粉末（SiO₂/Al₂O₃=400）中加入硅溶胶黏结剂和甲基纤维素黏结剂,制备得到ZSM-5成型催化剂,硅溶胶添加量和甲基纤维素分子量影响成型催化剂强度。采用ZSM-5成型催化剂,以固定床为反应器,反应温度和反应空速在所考察的范围内对三聚甲醛（TOX）的转化率和PODE的选择性影响较小。在85℃、压力1MPa、空速为5h^-1的条件下进行了240h催化性能考察,成型催化剂催化性能稳定,三聚甲醛的转化率高于90%,PODE_2~8的选择性达到95%以上。     

Al、K和Ca助剂对FeSi催化剂的CO2加氢反应性能影响

对于CO₂合成烃,采用SiO₂作Fe基催化剂强度增强剂,利用Al、K和Ca促进催化剂的CO₂加氢反应性能。Al可以增加Fe基催化剂的强酸性位,提高C₅⁺烃选择性,K能增加Fe基催化剂表面碱性,增强CO₂吸附和加氢反应,Ca助剂可以提高Fe基催化剂碱性,采用共沉淀法制备FeSi催化剂母体,利用浸渍法添加Al、K和Ca助剂,考察Al、K和Ca助剂对FeSi 催化剂的CO₂加氢性能影响。结果表明,3种助剂被单独添加时,均引起催化剂比表面积减小和CO₂转化率降低,Ca助剂具有扩孔作用;同时添加3种助剂时,每种助剂的含量变化均引起催化剂性能改变,Al、K和Ca助剂添加质量分数分别为7%、5%和0.25%时,催化剂合成烃的性能较佳,通过配合调整Al和K的添加量,可以进一步提高催化剂的CO₂加氢性能。在提高烃收率方面,Ca的促进作用优于K。     

硅铝比对催化剂Pd/ZSM-5性能的影响及其应用于氢氧直接合成过氧化氢

以硅铝比分别为25,50和100的ZSM-5为载体,通过浸渍法制备催化剂Pd/ZSM-5(X),并借助XRD、NH_3-TPD、N_2吸附/脱附等温吸附线、CO脉冲表征手段分析催化剂性质。讨论催化剂Pd/ZSM-5的表面酸性和活性组分Pd尺寸对H_2O_2活性的影响。结果表明,硅铝比的增加导致Pd/ZSM-5的表面弱酸量降低,活性组分Pd尺寸增大,H_2O_2选择性和产率降低。当硅铝比为25时,催化剂Pd/ZSM-5(25)表面弱酸量最多,活性组分Pd尺寸最小,其H_2O_2的选择性和产率最大,分别为90.01%和270.2 mmol/(g_(Pd)·h)。     

硅铝比对催化剂Pd/ZSM-5性能的影响及其应用于氢氧直接合成过氧化氢

以硅铝比分别为25,50和100的ZSM-5为载体,通过浸渍法制备催化剂Pd/ZSM-5(X),并借助XRD、NH_3-TPD、N_2吸附/脱附等温吸附线、CO脉冲表征手段分析催化剂性质。讨论催化剂Pd/ZSM-5的表面酸性和活性组分Pd尺寸对H_2O_2活性的影响。结果表明,硅铝比的增加导致Pd/ZSM-5的表面弱酸量降低,活性组分Pd尺寸增大,H_2O_2选择性和产率降低。当硅铝比为25时,催化剂Pd/ZSM-5(25)表面弱酸量最多,活性组分Pd尺寸最小,其H_2O_2的选择性和产率最大,分别为90.01%和270.2 mmol/(g_(Pd)·h)。     

煤化工废水用改性分子筛催化剂的研制与表征

采用等体积浸渍法以ZSM-5分子筛为载体，制备负载分子筛催化剂。分别研究了不同活性物质、前驱体盐、焙烧温度和活性物质载量对催化剂性能的影响。通过BET检测、N₂吸附-脱附等温线、催化剂孔径分布、CWOO评价(包括催化剂抗硅性、间甲酚转化率和TOC去除率)方法对催化剂性能进行表征。研究表明：采用前驱盐Fe(NO₃)₃·9H₂O和活性组分Fe对载体ZSM-5分子筛进行负载，且活性组分负载量达到4%(质量分数)，并用500℃进行焙烧，制备出的负载分子筛催化剂具有较好的抗硅性、较高的间甲酚转化率与TOC去除率，综合性能最好。     

ZSM-5分子筛硅铝比对TiO2/ZSM-5光催化性能的影响

为了研究ZSM-5分子筛中硅铝物质的量比变化对TiO₂/ZSM-5光催化性能的影响，通过水热合成法制备了5种不同硅铝比的ZSM-5分子筛，并以此为载体通过浸渍-煅烧法制备了TiO₂/ZSM-5复合材料。对制备材料的物化性能以及光电学性能进行了分析，并对光催化实验中的活性组分进行了研究。结果表明：当ZSM-5分子筛中硅铝物质的量比为120时，制备的TiO₂/ZSM-5复合材料吸附性较好，负载TiO₂后光响应程度最高，光生电子(e^-)和空穴(h⁺)复合率低且电阻最小，紫外光照100 min时罗丹明B(Rh-B)的降解率为99.6%,TOC去除率为60.4%。同时，实验发现羟基自由基(·O₂^-)是光催化反应过程中的主要活性组分。     

直馏汽油改质催化剂的研究

选用铁、钼、锌为活性组分,ZSM-5沸石为载体制备了直溜汽油催化改质催化剂。考察了分子筛的不同硅铝比、不同的活性组分、活性组分含量、活性组分引入方式及反应条件等因素对催化剂性能的影响。结果表明：以硅铝比为50的ZSM-5分子筛为载体,以Fe2O3为活性组分、ZnO为助剂所制备的催化剂在常压、320℃的条件下对直溜汽油进行催化改质,能使产物辛烷值（RON）提高32个单位,且具有较好的活性、稳定性。     

CeO2复合改性ZSM-5分子筛用于催化甲醇制丙烯研究

在甲醇制丙烯(MTP)反应中,ZSM-5分子筛较强的酸性易使甲醇与ZSM-5接触发生氢转移、芳构化等二次反应,堵塞孔道,使得其微孔结构更加不利于分子的扩散,加速催化剂积碳失活,导致丙烯选择性和丙烯/乙烯(P/E)比值下降。因此,本文利用催化活性较高的CeO₂对ZSM-5分子筛进行复合改性以达到有效降低其酸性并增大介孔的目的来提高丙烯选择性和P/E比。通过XRD、NH₃-TPD和N₂吸脱附技术表征,研究了不同ZSM-5硅铝比(摩尔比)、两相质量比(m(CeO₂)/m(ZSM-5))对CeO₂/ZSM-5复合催化剂物化性质的影响。在反应温度480 ℃、重时空速2.6 h^-1、N₂流量100 mL·min^-1、常压纯甲醇进料的条件下,考察了所制备的复合催化剂催化MTP的性能。结果表明,硅铝比为250、m(CeO₂)/m(ZSM-5)为1∶4的复合催化剂比以往研究结果具有更优异的MTP催化性能,甲醇转化率为99.9%,丙烯选择性为42.78%,P/E比为6.3。     

ZSM-5催化剂与低温等离子体协同转化H2S-CO2制合成气

将H₂S和CO₂混合酸气一步转化制合成气,既实现了二者无害化处理,又生产出合成气,是一条理想的废气资源化利用新路线。由于分子结构稳定,在常规条件下因受热力学平衡限制,二者转化率极低。而在低温等离子体中,H₂S和CO₂可被激发为高活性物种来参与反应。研究了具有不同Si/Al摩尔比的ZSM-5催化剂与低温等离子体结合实现H₂S-CO₂一步高选择性制合成气,显著提高了H₂S-CO₂转化性能。考察了ZSM-5催化剂中Si/Al比和低温等离子体放电条件等对反应的影响。其中,当Si/Al比为80时表现出最优催化性能,最高H₂和CO产率分别达到56.1%和10.0%。对常规条件和低温等离子体氛围下的不同ZSM-5催化剂上CO₂、H₂S、CO、H₂等化学吸脱附行为进行了对比研究,发现低温等离子体促进了催化剂对CO₂、H₂及CO分子的吸附活化,进而明显提升了H₂S和CO₂转化。     

Effects of identities of supports on Fe-based catalyst and their consequences on activities of CO2 hydrogenation to olefins

The direct synthesis of olefins by CO₂ hydrogenation with iron-based catalysts is one of the best ways to achieve CO₂ emission reduction and CO₂ conversion and utilization. At present, the CO₂ hydrogenation activity and structural strength of the iron-based catalysts are still relatively low during CO₂ hydrogenation process, which has become an important challenge for the industrialization of CO₂ hydrogenation to olefins. In this work, a series of the supported iron-based catalyst was prepared by the impregnation method to study the influence of the properties of support materials on the structure of iron-based catalysts and the reactivities of the direct synthesis of olefins from CO₂ hydrogenation. This work found that the support induced the iron species formed during the process of CO₂ hydrogenation, simultaneously affected the order degree of carbon species on the surface of iron-based catalyst, and tuned the capability of CO₂ adsorption and the activities of CO₂ activation. The results shown that the Fe-based catalyst supported on ZrO₂ exhibited the best catalytic performance for CO₂ hydrogenation to olefins at 320℃ and 2.0 MPa. The CO₂ conversion (>30%) and the selectivity of olefins in C₂—C₇ hydrocarbon products were as high as over 85%, the ratio of olefins to paraffins was 8.2, and the CO selectivity was 17.1%.     

活化气氛对CO2加氢制取低碳烯烃Fe-K催化剂构-效关系

CO₂加氢直接制取低碳烯烃是实现其资源化利用的重要途径。通过热分解法制备了5种不同K含量（1%、3%、5%、7%、9%）的Fe-K催化剂用于CO₂加氢反应,结果表明Fe95-K5（95% Fe-5% K,质量分数）催化剂具有最优的活性及C₂～C₄烯烃选择性;随后对Fe95-K5催化剂进行了10% H₂/Ar、10% CO/Ar及5% CO/5% H₂/Ar 3种不同气氛活化处理以及CO₂加氢反应。结果发现,10% CO/Ar活化的催化剂具有最高的C₂～C₄烯烃选择性（38.1%）及链增长能力（α=0.644）。此外,还通过X射线衍射、Raman、程序升温等表征技术揭示了催化剂在不同活化气氛下的结构演变历程。研究发现,10% CO/Ar与5% CO/5% H₂/Ar活化的催化剂会生成γ₁型碳化铁结构,而10% H₂/Ar活化的催化剂则会在反应过程中生成γ₂型碳化铁结构,两种碳化铁结构对CO₂解离均有促进作用。     

贵金属分子筛催化剂的润滑油脱蜡反应研究

制备了硅铝比不同、载体分别为ZSM-5和β分子筛的贵金属Pd催化剂,并对催化剂进行孔结构和酸性表征。以正十二烷为模型化合物分别评价该系列催化剂的加氢反应性能,同时以含蜡润滑油为原料,考察催化剂对润滑油的加氢脱蜡效果,结果表明,酸性和孔径适宜的ZSM-5贵金属催化剂具有较好的脱除长链大分子蜡的能力。     

On the nature of active sites in Fe/ZSM-5 catalysts for NOx abatement

Fe/ZSM-5 catalysts with high Fe loading (Fe/Al1) have been prepared by sublimation of FeCl₃ onto H-ZSM-5 samples of different Si/Al ratios. They catalyze NO_x reduction with hydrocarbons in an excess of O₂ and H₂O. TPR shows that the Fe in the zeolite cavities is different from Fe₂O₃ particles. Naked Fe³⁺ ions are absent; oxo-ions, which are equally well reducible by CO and H₂, prevail. A minority of the Fe complexes lose oxygen upon mere heating to 500°C; some of the reduced sites are reoxidized only by N₂O. The population of oxo-complexes that lose oxygen by heating depends on the Si/Al ratio, this dependence is in qualitative agreement with the model of (2+) charged binuclear ions [HO–Fe–O–Fe–OH]²⁺. Upon reacting with NO, the bridging O atom is transferred and NO₂ is formed. This step is not rate limiting for active catalysts with high Al/Si ratio and high Fe loading, but it becomes critical with zeolites of low Al/Si ratio.     

Promoting Xylene Production in Benzene Methylation using Hierarchically Porous ZSM-5 Derived from a Modified Dry-gel Route

Methylation of benzene is an alternative low-cost route to produce xylenes, but selectivity to xylene remains low over conventional zeolitic catalysts. In this work, a combined dry-gel-conversion and s...     

Effect of Si/Al ratio on performance of Pt–Sn-based catalyst supported on ZSM-5 zeolite for n-butane conversion to light olefins

The performance of Pt–Sn-based catalyst, supported on ZSM-5 of different Si/Al ratios were investigated for simultaneous dehydrogenation and cracking of n-butane to produce light olefins. The catalysts were characterized by number of physio-chemical techniques including XRF, TEM, IR spectra, NH₃-TPD and O₂-pulse analysis. Increase in Si/Al ratio of zeolite support ZSM-5 significantly increased light olefin's selectivity, while feed conversion decreases due to lower acidity of support. The results indicated that both the n-butane cracking and dehydrogenation activity to light olefin's over Pt–Sn/ZSM-5 samples with increasing Si/Al ratios greatly enhanced catalytic performance. The catalysts were deactivated with time-on-stream due to the formation of carbon-containing deposits. A coke deposition was significantly related to catalyst activity, while at higher Si/Al ratio catalyst the coke precursors were depressed. These results suggested that the Pt–Sn/ZSM-5 catalyst of Si/Al ratio 300 is superior in achieving high total olefins selectivity (above 90 wt.%). The Pt–Sn/ZSM-5 also demonstrates resistance towards hydrothermal treatment, as analyzed through the three successive reaction-regeneration cycles.     

CO and CO2 hydrogenation study on supported cobalt Fischer–Tropsch synthesis catalysts

The conversion of CO/H₂, CO₂/H₂ and (CO+CO₂)/H₂ mixtures using cobalt catalysts under typical Fischer–Tropsch synthesis conditions has been carried out. The results show that in the presence of CO, CO₂ hydrogenation is slow. For the cases of only CO or only CO₂ hydrogenation, similar catalytic activities were obtained but the selectivities were very different. For CO hydrogenation, normal Fischer–Tropsch synthesis product distributions were observed with an of about 0.80; in contrast, the CO₂ hydrogenation products contained about 70% or more of methane. Thus, CO₂ and CO hydrogenation appears to follow different reaction pathways. The catalyst deactivates more rapidly for the conversion of CO than for CO₂ even though the H₂O/H₂ ratio is at least two times larger for the conversion of CO₂. Since the catalyst ages more slowly in the presence of the higher H₂O/H₂ conditions, it is concluded that water alone does not account for the deactivation and that there is a deactivation pathway that involves the assistance of CO.     

Performance of catalytic reactors for the hydrogenation of CO2 to hydrocarbons

Fluidized bed and slurry reactors were employed to increase the CO₂ conversion and desirable product selectivity in the direct hydrogenation of CO₂ to hydrocarbons over K-promoted iron catalysts, as it is beneficial for the removal of heat generated due to highly exothermic nature of the reaction. The iron catalysts (Fe-K/Al₂O₃ and Fe-Cu-Al-K) were characterized by BET surface area, CO₂ and H₂ chemisorption, temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and temperature-programmed hydrogenation (TPH). The results of TPR and TPH study clearly indicated that co-precipitated Fe-Cu-Al-K catalyst has much higher reducibility and catalytic activity of CO₂ hydrogenation at low temperature than Fe-K/Al₂O₃. The performance of fluidized bed or slurry reactors was superior to that of fixed bed reactor for the CO₂ hydrogenation over Fe-Cu-Al-K catalyst in terms of CO₂ conversion and hydrocarbon productivity. Moreover, light olefins and heavy hydrocarbons were selectively synthesized in fluidized bed and slurry reactors, respectively. The optimum operation conditions and the effects of operating variables on the CO₂ conversion and its product distribution in these catalytic reactors were also discussed.