La_2O_3协同增强SAPO-34的二甲醚制烯烃催化性能

La_2O_3不需要与SAPO-34接触,便可显著延长SAPO-34的二甲醚制烯烃(DTO)反应寿命,并且La_2O_3与SAPO-34比例越大,SAPO-34的反应寿命越长。当La_2O_3和SAPO-34的质量比为1:1时,SAPO-34寿命提高了约1倍。进一步的研究表明,只有当La_2O_3层夹在SAPO-34层中间时,才能提高SAPO-34的寿命,La_2O_3无论是处于SAPO-34上游还是下游,均不能提高SAPO-34的寿命。动力学和催化剂的积炭量研究表明,La_2O_3是通过降低SAPO-34的积炭速度提高其反应寿命的。初步提出了La_2O_3提高SAPO-34寿命的机理:在DTO反应过程中,二甲醚在SAPO-34分子筛上形成一种积炭前体,这种积炭前体转移到La_2O_3的表面上,反应生成不能积炭的化合物(CO、CO2和H2等),从而降低了SAPO-34的积炭失活速度,提高了其寿命。     

双模板剂法SAPO-34分子筛的合成及其MTO催化性能调变

以四乙基氢氧化铵（TEAOH）和二乙铵（DEA）为混合模板剂，在低投料硅铝比[n (SiO₂) ∶n (Al₂O₃)=0.2]及低模板剂用量[n (模板剂) ∶n (Al₂O₃)=1.9]下，考察了两种模板剂比例的调变对合成的SAPO-34分子筛物化性能及其催化甲醇制烯烃反应（MTO）催化性能的影响。研究发现，通过改变两种模板剂比例，可以明显调变SAPO-34分子筛晶粒尺寸、硅分布（晶粒表面和体相的硅分布）、硅原子的配位环境，从而影响其MTO催化反应的效果。在低模板剂用量制备的SAPO-34产品中，晶粒尺寸是影响其催化寿命的最主要因素，小晶粒分子筛因其扩散路径短有利于延长催化寿命。此外，硅分布也是影响催化寿命的因素之一，表面富硅的分子筛导致外表面积炭程度大于晶内积炭，积炭趋势由外向内发展，加速分子筛“假性”失活。硅分布还影响MTO反应产物分布，表面富硅分子筛外表面更易发生非择形催化，显著提高C₄～C₆等产物的选择性，不利于目标产物双烯（乙烯+丙烯）选择性的提高。     

Cu-Ag-La2O3功能梯度材料的制备及其性能研究

为提高Cu、Ag、La₂O₃的界面结合强度,通过化学镀工艺在Ag、La₂O₃粉末表面镀上均匀、完整和致密的Cu粉。采用热压烧结工艺制备出含有不同成分的三层和五层Ag/Cu/La₂O₃功能梯度材料,研究成分对两种功能梯度材料的显微组织、致密度和润湿性的影响。     

二乙胺导向合成中空纤维负载型SAPO-34分子筛膜

采用价格低廉的二乙胺为模板剂，通过球磨晶种诱导二次生长法制备中空纤维负载型SAPO-34分子筛膜用于CO₂/CH₄气体分离。系统考察了诱导晶种大小、膜合成液中二乙胺含量、铝源含量与晶化时间对膜结构形貌以及分离性能的影响。结果表明：相比于原始晶种，球磨晶种诱导制备SAPO-34分子筛膜层更加致密。随着膜合成液中二乙胺含量增加，膜表面分子筛晶体逐渐由SAPO-11向SAPO-34转变，当二乙胺含量过高时，载体表面未形成SAPO-34膜。当合成液中铝源含量较低时，分子筛膜晶化不够完全，当铝源含量过高时，膜表面晶体粒径逐渐减小甚至难以成核，膜层厚度减薄，不易生成连续的膜层。随着晶化时间的增加，膜层厚度逐渐增加，膜表面趋于致密。当膜合成液摩尔组成为1.0Al₂O₃∶0.9P₂O₅∶0.6SiO₂∶2.0DEA∶100H₂O，晶化时间为36 h时，球磨晶种诱导制得的SAPO-34分子筛膜分离性能最佳，膜的CO₂渗透性为1.11×10^?6 mol·m^?2·s^?1·Pa^?1，CO₂/CH₄分离选择性达80。     

CeO2助剂对Ni基催化剂甲烷化性能的影响

甲烷化工艺是煤制天然气的关键技术,甲烷化催化剂则是甲烷化技术的核心。Ni基催化剂具有活性高、选择性好和价格低廉等优点,但易积炭,积炭堵塞催化剂孔道,覆盖表面金属活性位,导致催化剂失活。稀土类金属氧化物（如CeO₂、La₂O₃等）对Ni基催化剂的活性、稳定性、抗积炭性能以及活性组分的分散有明显的促进作用。采用共沉淀法制备了CeO₂-La₂O₃复合氧化物载体,负载Ni后用于CO甲烷化反应,利用N2物理吸附、XRD、H₂-TPR、XPS和TG等对催化剂结构进行表征。结果表明,Ni/CeO₂-La₂O₃中CeO₂的添加主要发挥了电子助剂的作用,CeO₂的存在提高了催化剂表面Ni0周围的电子密度,促进Ni物种的还原,同时还能提高催化剂的抗积炭能力,使催化剂表现出更好的甲烷化活性与稳定性。在V（H₂）∶V（CO）=1、反应温度450 ℃、空速24 000 h^-1和常压下,Ni/CeO₂-La₂O₃催化剂的CO转化率达82.7%。     

助剂对Pd/γ-Al2O3催化剂一步法合成二甲醚反应稳定性的影响

采用浸渍法制备了一系列不同助剂下的负载型Pd/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂,考察了助剂类型对Pd/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂一步法合成二甲醚（STD）反应稳定性的影响规律;采用氮吸附、XRD、H₂-TPR及TG等多种表征手段考察了稳定性试验前后以及烧炭再生后催化剂的表面物化性质及结构变化。结果表明,助剂成分对Pd/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂的STD反应稳定性影响显著。相比Pd/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂,添加CeO₂可以提高Pd在γ-Al₂O₃表面的分散度,但会覆盖表面的部分酸性位,一定程度上提高了催化剂的活性和稳定性,但仍存在Pd烧结和积炭现象;添加复合助剂CeO₂-ZrO₂后形成的Ce-O-Zr固熔晶面能显著促进Pd均匀分散,提高催化剂的抗积炭能力和抗烧结能力,催化剂的活性和稳定性更高;经SO₄^2-改性后Pd/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂会因为表面积炭加剧和表面硫流失严重,中强酸酸性位减少而快速失活。CeO₂-ZrO₂-Pd/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂经历20h的稳定性试验后CO转化率仍保持59%以上,二甲醚选择性65%以上,烧炭再生后催化活性恢复至新鲜催化剂的91.83%。     

La2O3掺杂SiO2-B2O3-Nb2O5复相微晶玻璃相界及储能性能研究

采用可控析晶法制备了La₂O₃掺杂的SiO₂-B₂O₃-Nb₂O₅ (SBN)复相微晶玻璃,利用DSC、Raman、XRD、SEM、铁电和介电性能测试等分析表征了La₂O₃掺杂对SBN复相微晶玻璃结构与储能性能的影响。结果表明:La₂O₃掺杂能够有效提高复相微晶玻璃的热稳定性,随着La₂O₃含量增加,系统析晶势垒增大,热膨胀系数先降低后升高,价键振动加剧,介电常数先增大后减小,介电损耗先减小后增大;掺杂1.00%(摩尔分数)La₂O₃时,复相微晶玻璃在40 kV/cm电场下的储能密度和储能效率最大,分别为0.031 J·cm^-3和77.6%;储能性能主要通过介电常数和击穿场强的协同作用来评价,La₂O₃能通过提高结构热稳定性和降低介电损耗来提高介电常数,当其引入体系后处于玻璃网络的空隙中,可有效增强材料耐击穿性能;复相微晶玻璃结构可以增加结构无序度,从而降低弛豫损耗,有效提高材料的储能性能。     

氧化镧对低介电玻璃纤维性能的影响

通过在玻璃中分别引入La₂O₃和Na₂O，对比研究了La₂O₃加入后对低介电玻璃黏度、玻璃熔制温度、拉丝作业温度、玻璃膨胀系数、玻璃介电常数和介电损耗的影响规律。研究结果表明，玻璃中引入La₂O₃能有效降低玻璃熔制温度和拉丝作业温度。与引入Na₂O相比，玻璃中引入La₂O₃对膨胀系数和介电常数的影响与引入Na₂O相当，但是含La₂O₃玻璃具有更低的介电损耗和电导率。含4%La₂O₃和4%Na₂O玻璃的介电常数分别为5.76和5.75，介电损耗分别为5.4×10^-3和13.7×10^-3，电导率分别为2.39×10^-8S/m和7.5×10^-8S/m。     

La2O3的添加方式对Al2O3热稳定性的影响

采用3种不同添加方式制备La₂O₃改性的Al₂O₃材料La-Al₂O₃。La-Al₂O₃分别经500 ℃、1 000 ℃和1 200 ℃焙烧,采用物理吸附、X射线衍射和荧光光谱等对高温处理的La-Al₂O₃进行比表面积和结构表征。结果表明,La₂O₃的添加能有效抑制Al₂O₃在高温条件下向热力学稳定态α-Al₂O₃转变,同时提高高温处理后La-Al₂O₃比表面积,使Al₂O₃热稳定性得到明显提高。在3种La₂O₃添加方式中,La(NO₃)₃浸渍法效果最为显著,制得的La-Al₂O₃(N)材料经1 200 ℃焙烧4 h的比表面积为30 m²·g^－1,是未经改性的Al₂O₃样品经同等温度焙烧比表面积的2.2倍。     

柠檬醛在La2O3/γ-Al2O3催化剂上的等温吸附

对柠檬醛-乙酸乙酯溶液中柠檬醛在La₂O₃/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂上等温吸附行为进行了研究。结果表明,30 ℃柠檬醛在La₂O₃/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂上的吸附动力学符合准二阶吸附动力学模型,吸附动力学方程为：1/q_t=2.350/t+0.063 3(R²=0.998 5)。（30~65） ℃柠檬醛在La₂O₃/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂上的等温吸附符合Langmuir方程,温度升高使柠檬醛的饱和吸附量增加,吸附热为32.19 kJ·mol^-1。     

Effect of SiO2/Al2O3 ratio on the conversion of methanol to olefins over molecular sieve catalysts

A series of SAPO-34 molecular sieves with different SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratios have been synthesized for the methanol-to-olefin (MTO) reaction. Their physico-chemical properties are characterized by various techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and N₂ adsorption-desorption. The results are compared with those of the commercial HZSM-5, which show that the crystallinity and particle diameter of SAPO-34 as well as HZSM-5 increase with SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio. The variation of BET surface area of SAPO-34 is different from that of HZSM-5 and the sample with SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio of 0.4 exhibits the highest BET surface area. FT-IR spectra indicate that HZSM-5 has both Br?nsted and Lewis acid sites and Br?nsted acid sites are stronger, whereas SAPO-34 samples are dominated only by Lewis acid sites. When the SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio increases, propylene and butylenes become the predominant product of the MTO reaction over HZSM-5. In contrast, the main products of this reaction catalyzed by SAPO-34 are ethylene and propylene. According to the product distribution, the reaction mechanism over HZSM-5 catalysts is proposed.     

NO reduction by CH4 in the presence of O2 over La2O3 supported on Al2O3

Dispersing La₂O₃ on δ- or γ-Al₂O₃ significantly enhances the rate of NO reduction by CH₄ in 1% O₂, compared to unsupported La₂O₃. Typically, no bend-over in activity occurs between 500° and 700°C, and the rate at 700°C is 60% higher than that with a Co/ZSM-5 catalyst. The final activity was dependent upon the La₂O₃ precursor used, the pretreatment, and the La₂O₃ loading. The most active family of catalysts consisted of La₂O₃ on γ-Al₂O₃ prepared with lanthanum acetate and calcined at 750°C for 10 h. A maximum in rate (mol/s/g) and specific activity (mol/s/m²) occurred between the addition of one and two theoretical monolayers of La₂O₃ on the γ-Al₂O₃ surface. The best catalyst, 40% La₂O₃/γ-Al₂O₃, had a turnover frequency at 700°C of 0.05 s⁻¹, based on NO chemisorption at 25°C, which was 15 times higher than that for Co/ZSM-5. These La₂O₃/Al₂O₃ catalysts exhibited stable activity under high conversion conditions as well as high CH₄ selectivity (CH₄ + NO vs. CH₄ + O₂). The addition of Sr to a 20% La₂O₃/γ-Al₂O₃ sample increased activity, and a maximum rate enhancement of 45% was obtained at a SrO loading of 5%. In contrast, addition of SO⁼₄ to the latter Sr-promoted La₂O₃/Al₂O₃ catalyst decreased activity although sulfate increased the activity of Sr-promoted La₂O₃. Dispersing La₂O₃ on SiO₂ produced catalysts with extremely low specific activities, and rates were even lower than with pure La₂O₃. This is presumably due to water sensitivity and silicate formation. The La₂O₃/Al₂O₃ catalysts are anticipated to show sufficient hydrothermal stability to allow their use in certain high-temperature applications.     

Characteristics of La2O3 thin films deposited using metal organic chemical vapor deposition with different oxidant gas

La₂O₃ films were deposited using O₃ and the structural and electrical properties were investigated and compared with those of La₂O₃ films deposited using O₂. The deposition temperature of the La₂O₃ films using O₃ was slightly reduced compared to that of the La₂O₃ films generated using O₂. After a post-annealing process at 600 and 900 °C, the crystallinity of the La₂O₃ films using O₃ were smaller than that using O₂. The leakage current density increased after annealing at 600 °C due to densification and then decreased after annealing at 900 °C due to interfacial layer growth. The effective dielectric constant of the La₂O₃ films deposited using O₃ decreased at 900 °C due to interfacial layer growth. The La₂O₃ films deposited using O₃ showed better structural and electrical properties in this study.     

Hot isostatic pressing of SiC/Si3N4 composite with rare earth oxide additions

SiC/Si₃N₄ composites with rare earth oxide additions have been prepared by glass encapsulated hot isostatic pressing at 1850 °C and 200 MPa pressure. Mechanical properties and microstructures of the sintered samples have been studied. It is shown that different molar ratios of La₂O₃ to Y₂O₃ and the total amount of La₂O₃ and Y₂O₃ additions can affect the mechanical properties significantly. With 3 wt% La₂O₃ + Y₂O₃ additions, lower La₂O₃/Y₂O₃ molar ratio exhibits higher bending strength and median fracture toughness, but relatively lower Vickers hardness. For addition of 6 wt% La₂O₃ + Y₂O₃, the higher bending strength, Vickers hardness and fracture toughness correspond to a certain La₂O₃/Y₂O₃ molar ratio of 1.5, 1.0 and 0.5, respectively. SEM observation shows that the SiC matrix composite with fine grain size and homogeneous microstructure can be obtained.     

Production of hydrogen for fuel cells by reformation of biomass-derived ethanol

The reformation of biomass-derived ethanol to a hydrogen-rich gas stream suitable for feeding fuel cells is investigated as an efficient and environmentally friendly process for the production of electricity for mobile and stationary applications. Steam reforming of ethanol is investigated over Ni catalysts supported on La₂O₃, Al₂O₃, YSZ and MgO. The influence of several parameters on the catalytic activity and selectivity is examined including reaction temperature, water-to-ethanol ratio and space velocity. Results reveal that the Ni/La₂O₃ catalyst exhibits high activity and selectivity toward hydrogen production and, most important, long term stability for steam reforming of ethanol. The enhanced stability of this catalyst may be due to scavenging of coke deposition on the Ni surface by lanthanum oxycarbonate species which exist on top of the Ni particles under reaction conditions.     

The role of lanthana loading on the catalytic properties of Pd/Al2O3-La2O3 in the NO reduction with H2

The role of La₂O₃ loading in Pd/Al₂O₃-La₂O₃ prepared by sol–gel on the catalytic properties in the NO reduction with H₂ was studied. The catalysts were characterized by N₂ physisorption, temperature-programmed reduction, differential thermal analysis, temperature-programmed oxidation and temperature-programmed desorption of NO.

The physicochemical properties of Pd catalysts as well as the catalytic activity and selectivity are modified by La₂O₃ inclusion. The selectivity depends on the NO/H₂ molar ratio (GHSV = 72,000 h⁻¹) and the extent of interaction between Pd and La₂O₃. At NO/H₂ = 0.5, the catalysts show high N₂ selectivity (60–75%) at temperatures lower than 250 °C. For NO/H₂ = 1, the N₂ selectivity is almost 100% mainly for high temperatures, and even in the presence of 10% H₂O vapor. The high N₂ selectivity indicates a high capability of the catalysts to dissociate NO upon adsorption. This property is attributed to the creation of new adsorption sites through the formation of a surface PdO_x phase interacting with La₂O₃. The formation of this phase is favored by the spreading of PdO promoted by La₂O₃. DTA shows that the phase transformation takes place at temperatures of 280–350 °C, while TPO indicates that this phase transformation is related to the oxidation process of PdO: in the case of Pd/Al₂O₃ the O₂ uptake is consistent with the oxidation of PdO to PdO₂, and when La₂O₃ is present the O₂ uptake exceeds that amount (1.5 times). La₂O₃ in Pd catalysts promotes also the oxidation of Pd and dissociative adsorption of NO mainly at low temperatures (<250 °C) favoring the formation of N₂.     

Partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas over iridium–nickel bimetallic catalysts

Partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas was carried out using supported iridium–nickel bimetallic catalysts, in order to reduce loading levels of iridium and nickel, and to avoid carbon deposition on nickel-based catalysts by adding iridium. The performance of supported iridium–nickel bimetallic catalysts in synthesis gas formation depended strongly upon the support materials. La₂O₃ gave the best performance among the support materials tested. Ir(0.25 wt%)–Ni(0.5 wt%)/La₂O₃ afforded 36% conversion of methane (CH₄/O₂=5) to give CO and H₂ with the selectivities of above 90% at 800°C, and those at 600°C were 25.3% conversion of methane and CO and H₂ selectivities of about 80%, respectively. Reduced monometallic Ir(0.25 wt%)/La₂O₃ and Ni(0.5 wt%)/La₂O₃ catalysts did not produce synthesis gas at 600°C. A higher conversion of methane was obtained by synergistic effects. The product concentrations of CO, H₂, and CO₂, and CH₄ conversion were maintained in high values, even increasing the space velocity of feed gas over Ir–Ni/La₂O₃ catalyst, indicating that rapid reaction takes place. As a by-product, a small amount of carbon deposition was observed, but carbon formation decreased with increasing the space velocity. On the other hand, with reduced monometallic Ni(10 wt%)/La₂O₃ catalyst, yield of synthesis gas and carbon decreased with increasing the space velocity.     

Synthesis, characterization and catalytic properties of SAPO-34 synthesized using diethylamine as a template

SAPO-34 molecular sieve was successfully synthesized using diethylamine (DEA) as a template. The influence of template concentration and silica concentration on the synthesis were investigated. Pure SAPO-34 could be obtained when n(DEA)/n(Al₂O₃)  1.5 and n(SiO₂)/n(Al₂O₃) > 0.1 in the synthesis gel. Further increase of DEA concentration in the starting gel [n(DEA)/n(Al₂O₃) > 3] has a negative effect on both crystallinity and crystal yield. The products were characterized by XRD, XRF, SEM, NMR, FT-IR, TG-DTA and nitrogen adsorption techniques. It was found that SAPO-34 synthesized with DEA as a template has the characteristic of high silicon incorporation and exhibits good thermal and hydrothermal stability. The catalytic performance of SAPO-34 was tested by methanol-to-olefin (MTO) reaction and high olefins (C₂H₄ + C₃H₆) selectivity was obtained.