核壳结构镍基纳米催化剂的制备及其在肉桂醛加氢反应中的性能

分别以硝酸镍和氯化镍为镍源,利用热分解法和水合肼还原法制得镍纳米粒子,再经模板剂造孔法在镍核外部包裹一层介孔壳,通过焙烧和氢气还原制备了核壳结构催化剂Ni@mSiO_2和Ni-N2H4@mSiO_2,并以肉桂醛加氢为探针反应考察了核壳结构镍基催化剂与负载型镍基催化剂的加氢性能。结果表明,核壳结构镍基催化剂在肉桂醛加氢反应中比共沉淀法制备的负载型镍基催化剂具有更高的活性,氢化肉桂醛的收率可达90%以上。同时,Ni-N_2H_4@mSiO_2催化剂具有较高的磁饱和度,可实现该催化剂在反应后高效回收并循环套用。采用X射线衍射、比表面及孔分析、透射电子显微镜、H_2-程序升温还原和H_2-化学吸附等表征手段,研究了所制催化剂的结构特征,初步探讨了催化剂结构与性能的构效关系。     

氢气高温还原制备的负载型镍基催化剂用于苯酚加氢的性能

通过等体积浸渍法分别将Ni(NO₃)₂、NiCl₂、NiSO₄ 3种镍前体浸渍于A1₂O₃或SiO₂载体上,然后通过H₂高温还原法制备了负载型镍基催化剂,考察了镍前体、载体种类、镍负载量、反应条件等对镍基催化剂苯酚加氢性能的影响。结果表明,对比3种镍前体,在H₂高温还原体系中Ni(NO₃)₂最容易被还原,制备的镍基催化剂苯酚加氢活性最高。SiO₂负载的镍基催化剂活性远高于γ-Al₂O₃催化剂。适宜的Ni负载量有助于活性组分的分散和催化活性的提高。镍基催化剂的苯酚加氢产物以环己醇为主,相对缓和的反应条件更容易生成环己酮。在非极性溶剂正庚烷或环己烷存在下,苯酚加氢反应速率远远高于极性溶剂水或乙醇存在下的结果,而且环己酮的选择性更高。     

超顺磁核-壳结构催化剂在裂化汽油烷基化脱硫中的应用

通过可控液相沉积制备具有超顺磁性能的介孔核-壳结构Fe₃O₄@nSiO₂@mSiO₂-Al₂O₃和H₃P₁₂W40/Fe₃O₄@nSiO₂@mSiO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂。以噻吩和异戊烯组成的模拟汽油烷基化反应作为探针反应,考察催化脱硫性能,并采用FT-IR、N2等温吸附-脱附、NH₃-TPD、VSM和SEM等方法对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,Fe₃O₄@nSiO₂@mSiO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂是具有超顺磁性和介孔结构特征的固体酸催化剂,其饱和磁化强度为46.3 emu·g^-1,低矫顽力为零,比表面积为342.6 m²·g^-1。模拟汽油在Fe₃O₄@nSiO₂@mSiO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂上170 ℃反应2 h,噻吩转化率为72.2%,负载质量分数40%的磷钨酸后,噻吩转化率达96.9%,催化活性、选择性和催化剂寿命均提高。     

不同载体镍基催化剂对1,4-丁炔二醇加氢性能的影响

采用等体积浸渍法将Ni分别负载在USY、ZSM-5、SBA-15、Al₂O₃和SiO₂ 5种载体上制备Ni质量分数为17%的负载型镍基催化剂,以1,4-丁炔二醇(BYD)加氢制1,4-丁二醇(BDO)为探针反应考察其催化性能。通过X射线衍射、N₂吸附-脱附、H₂程序升温还原及NH₃程序升温脱附对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,在不同载体的催化剂作用下,BYD的转化率均可达到99%以上,但BDO的选择性却有很大差异;其他条件相同时,Ni/SBA-15催化剂反应5 h时BDO的选择性达到83.1%,1,4-丁烯二醇(BED)的选择性为16.6%,且2-羟基四氢呋喃(HTHF)的选择性很低,这与Ni/SBA-15具有较大的比表面积和平均孔径、较弱的酸性和良好的活性金属组分镍分散性有关。进而筛选出在低温低压条件下BYD一步加氢制备BDO的镍基催化剂Ni/SBA-15。     

单分散Co3O4@SiO2核壳催化剂的制备及N2O催化分解性能

N₂O是一种重要的温室气体,且对臭氧层有很大的破坏作用,而直接催化分解法是除去N₂O最经济有效的方法之一。针对目前报道较多的钴氧化物催化剂活性较差的问题,将包覆型Co₃O₄核壳材料引入N₂O直接催化分解反应,利用核壳结构的限域特性与壳层的多孔孔道使Co₃O₄分散性增加,粒径减小,金属载体相互作用与接触反应界面增强,从而提高了催化剂在N₂O直接催化分解反应中的低温活性。此外,还制备了一系列不同金属含量的Co₃O₄@SiO₂球形核壳催化剂来研究包覆结构对催化剂性能的影响,通过X射线荧光光谱（XRF）、透射电镜（TEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、N₂物理吸附、H₂-程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）等表征,证实在保证稳定单分散核壳结构的前提下,活性Co₃O₄位点越多,催化剂反应活性越好。     

还原温度对Mo基催化剂物相及其加氢脱氧性能的影响

以碳纳米管(CNTs)为载体,通过控制催化剂合成的还原温度制备了一系列负载型Mo基催化剂。采用XRD、TEM、N₂物理吸附、XPS以及NH₃/H₂-TPD等技术对催化剂进行了表征,并研究了Mo基催化剂对硬脂酸催化加氢脱氧性能的影响。结果表明:随着还原温度的升高,催化剂表面的Mo物种逐渐被还原,还原过程为:MoO₃→MoO₂→Mo→Mo₂C。还原温度为450℃和550℃时,催化剂的活性相为MoO₂;还原温度为600℃时,催化剂的活性相为MoO₂/Mo/β-Mo₂C的混合相;还原温度为650℃和700℃时,催化剂的活性相全部转化为β-Mo₂C。与活性相MoO₂催化剂相比,β-Mo₂C催化剂具有更高的加氢脱氧活性。此外,还原温度为600℃的MoO₂/Mo/β-Mo₂C混合相催化剂因具有较大的比表面积、较多的酸中心数量和较强的H₂吸附能力,使得该催化剂在硬脂酸加氢脱氧反应中表现出最优越的催化活性。     

焙烧气氛对Ba-Ru/MgO催化剂氨合成性能的影响

采用浸渍法制备Ba-Ru/MgO系列催化剂，考察不同焙烧气氛对Ba-Ru/MgO催化剂氨合成性能的影响，通过X射线衍射、N₂-低温物理吸附、透射电镜、H₂程序升温还原、CO₂程序升温脱附和红外光谱等方法对其进行表征，考察焙烧气氛对负载型钌基氨合成催化剂的物相结构、织构性能、微观形貌、钌物种的还原性能和体系酸碱性能等影响。研究表明，MgO焙烧气氛对制备的钌基氨合成催化剂结构、物化性能以及氨合成活性有较大影响，不同气氛焙烧对Ba-Ru/MgO催化剂碱性强弱影响顺序：Ba-Ru/MgO(Ar)＞Ba-Ru/MgO(N₂)＞Ba-Ru/MgO(空气)＞Ba-Ru/MgO (真空)，在450 ℃、5.0 MPa和5 000 h^-1条件下，空气、Ar和N₂气氛焙烧的MgO制备的Ba-Ru/MgO催化剂活性高于真空气氛焙烧的MgO制备的催化剂。     

基于稻谷壳模板制备层状硅酸盐催化剂用于CO2加氢反应

利用稻谷壳提供唯一硅源并作为硬模板制备了多孔型层状硅酸盐材料,通过原位还原技术还原层状硅酸盐中的过渡金属离子制得过渡金属基催化剂用于CO₂加氢反应。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线粉末衍射仪(XRD)、氮气物理吸附、X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)、热重分析(TGA)和氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR)等对稻谷壳模板和所制备的层状硅酸盐催化剂进行了表征。结果表明：利用稻谷壳提供唯一硅源,在水热条件下与单一或混合过渡金属离子成功制得了层状过渡金属硅酸盐材料,制得的层状硅酸盐材料保留了稻谷壳的多层次空间结构。CO₂程序升温脱附(CO₂-TPD)验证了稻谷壳中的微量碱性金属(K和Ca)能够自掺杂硅酸盐材料,促进其对CO₂的吸附。此外,所制备的过渡金属催化剂均能有效催化CO₂加氢反应,其中层状硅酸镍的催化活性最高。采用原位红外表征技术探究了层状硅酸镍催化CO₂加氢的中间物种信息。结果表明,甲酸盐中间体(HCOO*)是生成CO和CH4产物的关键物种。     

载体对铁基催化剂结构及CO2加氢制烯烃反应性能的影响特性

铁基催化剂CO₂加氢直接合成烯烃是实现CO₂减排及CO₂转化与利用的最佳途径之一。目前铁基催化剂的CO₂加氢活性及反应过程中铁基催化剂结构强度仍然较低,成为CO₂加氢制烯烃产业化生产的重要挑战。通过浸渍法制备一系列负载型铁基催化剂,研究载体材料性质对铁基催化剂结构及CO₂加氢直接合成烯烃的影响特性。研究发现,载体可诱导铁基催化剂在CO₂加氢反应过程中形成的铁物种,同时影响铁基催化剂表面碳物种的有序度,调变对CO₂吸附及活化能力;研究结果表明ZrO₂负载的Fe催化剂展现出最佳的CO₂加氢合成烯烃催化性能,在温度320℃和反应压力2.0 MPa时,CO₂转化率>30%,C₂~C₇烃类产物中烯烃选择性高达85%以上,烯烷比为8.2,且CO选择性较低为17.1%。     

镍对Pt/γ-Al2O3催化剂稠环芳烃选择性加氢性能的影响

分别以氯铂酸和硝酸镍为铂和镍前驱体,通过等体积浸渍法制备了系列镍修饰的Pt/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂,并采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱（ICP-AES）、氨程序升温脱附（NH₃-TPD）、氢气程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）、氢气程序升温脱附（H₂-TPD）及氢氧滴定法（H₂-O₂）等手段进行表征。以重整C₁₀⁺重芳烃为原料,在30 mL固定床装置上考察镍引入对Pt/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂稠环芳烃（PAHs）选择性加氢性能的影响。固定床评价结果表明,随镍含量增加,稠环芳烃加氢活性和单环芳烃选择性呈现先增加后降低的趋势,当0.1Pt/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂中引入0.5%（质量分数）的镍时,催化剂稠环芳烃加氢活性和选择性最佳,此时稠环芳烃转化率为75%左右,单环芳烃选择性为98%以上。结合H₂-TPR、H₂-TPD及H₂-O₂滴定等表征结果,分析主要原因在于一定量镍的引入提高了铂的分散度,同时由于铂的加氢活化能较低,铂通过溢流活化的氢迁移至非贵金属镍上,提高了金属镍的加氢性能。此外,铂的存在还可避免镍形成尖晶石结构等非活性相,促进镍氧化物的还原,进而提高了催化剂的稠环芳烃加氢活性、选择性和稳定性。     

单斜相与四方相混合晶相组成ZrO2负载镍催化剂催化顺酐选择性加氢

通过调控水热法制备条件制备同为单斜相和四方相混合晶相组成、但织构性质和表面结构性质不同的两种ZrO_2载体,采用浸渍法制备镍质量分数为10%的Ni/ZrO_2催化剂,考察不同反应温度[(150～240)℃]和氢气压力[(3～7)MPa]条件下两种ZrO_2载体负载镍催化剂的顺酐加氢性能。采用XRD、H_2-TPR、H_2-TPD和拉曼光谱等对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,与镍物种发生较强相互作用的ZrO_2负载镍催化剂具有较高的■键加氢活性与选择性,几乎没有■加氢活性,在所考察的反应温度和反应压力范围,催化剂上丁二酸酐选择性均高于95.1%,γ-丁内酯选择性均低于4.9%。与之不同,与镍物种发生较弱相互作用的ZrO_2负载镍催化剂具有较弱的■键加氢活性,然而,该催化剂表现出一定的■加氢活性,并且其■加氢活性随反应温度或反应压力的提高而显著提高。在反应温度240℃、氢气压力5 MPa条件下,γ-丁内酯选择性高达60.6%。推测晶相组成相似的两种ZrO_2载体负载镍催化剂明显的■加氢性能差异与其表面结构性质不同有关。     

Preparation of Ru metal nanoparticles in mesoporous materials: influence of sulfur on the hydrogenating activity

Hydrogenating catalysts were prepared by inserting Ru into the pores of mesoporous Al-MCM-41 materials by selective adsorption of [Ru(NH₃)₆]³⁺. Ru/support catalysts were obtained after reduction with H₂. The activities of these catalysts in hydrogenation reactions were compared to those of Ru/HY and Ru/SiO₂. The catalytic properties in the absence of sulfur were tested in benzene hydrogenation, and the intrinsic activities of all the catalysts (either supported on mesoporous materials or on zeolites) were identical. It was concluded from this result that the dispersion of the Ru metallic phase was similar for all these catalysts. These samples were tested in the tetralin hydrogenation in pure H₂ and in the presence of H₂S (330 ppm of H₂S in H₂). They were found to be much less active than the zeolite-supported catalysts in the presence of H₂S. It is proposed that the lower activity of the catalysts supported on mesoporous materials is either due to their milder acidity, as evidenced by NH₃-TPD, cumene cracking and pyridine desorption experiments, or to the localization of the Ru nanoparticles on alumina islands.     

载体改性对Cu/B/Al2O3结构及其催化醋酸仲丁酯加氢性能的影响

以γ-Al₂O₃为载体采用分步浸渍法制备了不同金属氧化物进行载体改性的Cu/B/M/Al₂O₃(M=Mg,Ca,Ni)催化剂,并测试了其催化醋酸仲丁酯加氢反应的性能。结果表明,以NiO进行载体改性的催化剂导致酯加氢反应中大量酸催化产物及烃类出现;以MgO进行载体改性不利于金属Cu的分散且催化剂的结构稳定性较差;以CaO对γ-Al₂O₃载体进行改性不仅能够促进金属Cu的分散,提高催化剂的酯加氢活性和产物选择性,而且可以有效减少反应中非活性碳物种在催化剂表面的沉积。     

Characterization and catalytic activity of soft-templated NiO-CeO2 mixed oxides for CO and CO2 co-methanation

Nanosized NiO,CeO₂ and NiO-CeO₂ mixed oxides with different Ni/Ce molar ratios were prepared by the soft template method.All the samples were characterized by different techniques as to their chemical composition,structure,morphology and texture.On the catalysts submitted to the same reduction pretreatment adopted for the activity tests the surface basic properties and specific metal surface area were also determined.NiO and CeO₂ nanocrystals of about 4 nm in size were obtained,regardless of the Ni/Ce molar ratio.The Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results proved the formation of defective sites at the NiO-CeO₂ interface,where Ni species are in strong interaction with the support.The microcalorimetric and Fourier transform infrared analyses of the reduced samples highlighted that,unlike metallic nickel,CeO₂ is able to effectively adsorb CO₂,forming carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.After reduction in H2 at 400°C for 1 h,the catalytic performance was studied in the CO and CO₂ co-methanation reaction.Catalytic tests were performed at atmospheric pressure and 300°C,using CO/CO₂/H₂ molar compositions of 1/1/7 or 1/1/5,and space velocities equal to 72000 or 450000 cm³?h^-1?gcat^-1.Whereas CO was almost completely hydrogenated in any investigated experimental conditions,CO₂ conversion was strongly affected by both the CO/CO₂/H₂ ratio and the space velocity.The faster and definitely preferred CO hydrogenation was explained in the light of the different mechanisms of CO and CO₂ methanation.On a selected sample,the influence of the reaction temperature and of a higher number of space velocity values,as well as the stability,were also studied.Provided that the Ni content is optimized,the NiCe system investigated was very promising,being highly active for the CO_x co-methanation reaction in a wide range of operating conditions and stable(up to 50 h)also when submitted to thermal stress.     

H2气氛中TiOx的形成及其对Ni/TiO2催化剂顺酐液相加氢性能的影响

采用等体积浸渍法制备了Ni/TiO₂催化剂,利用N₂物理吸附、H₂-TPR、XRD、H₂-TPD及CO-TPSR等表征手段研究H₂气氛中随着热处理温度升高,Ni/TiO₂催化剂结构和织构变化规律,并考察催化剂的顺酐液相加氢性能。研究表明,随着热处理温度的升高,催化剂C-C键加氢活性逐渐增高,而CO加氢活性先增高后降低。产生这一现象的原因与TiO_x物种随H₂气氛中热处理温度的升高而逐渐增多有关。     

Preparation of Ni/bentonite catalyst and its applications in the catalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene to aniline

Ni supported on bentonite was prepared by the impregnation method with different nickel contents, applied to the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene to aniline in a fixed-bed reactor, and it was characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), H_2-temperature programmed reduction(H_2-TPR), and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry(XPS). The results showed that Ni/bentonite catalyst with 20 wt% nickel content provided a higher conversion of nitrobenzene and selectivity of aniline compared to other catalysts. Ni O was the precursor of the active component of the catalyst, and the small crystallite size as well as the highly dispersed Ni O on the Ni/bentonite-20 catalyst, contributed to the catalytic performance. The hydrogenation of nitrobenzene was carried out at 300 °C with a H_2 gaseous hourly space velocity of 4800 ml·(g cat)~(-1)·h~(-1)and a nitrobenzene liquid hourly space velocity of4.8 ml·(g cat)~(-1)·h~(-1)over Ni/bentonite-20. A 95.7% nitrobenzene conversion and 98.8% aniline selectivity were obtained. While the nitrobenzene liquid hourly space velocity was 4.8 ml·(g cat)~(-1)·h~(-1), the yield of aniline was more than 95.0% during a 10-hour reaction.     

NiO/Al_2O_3基催化剂的TPR特性研究

NiO/Al_2O_3基催化剂用于替代贵金属催化剂,被广泛应用于石油和石化领域生产过程的加氢、脱硫和脱氮。采用TPR方法,研究不同Ni含量NiO/Al_2O_3及不同载体的催化剂还原特性。结果表明,NiO/Al_2O_3催化剂在10%H_2-Ar气氛下,还原温度范围较宽,为(300~800)℃,其中,(500~600)℃还原速率最大;随着NiO含量的增加,起始还原温度降低,还原耗氢量按比例增加;以MgO为载体的NiO催化剂还原呈现双峰特征,以SiO2和TiO2为载体的NiO催化剂的初始还原温度比NiO/Al_2O_3催化剂降低(100~200)℃。     

Effects of small MoO3 additions on the properties of nickel catalysts for the steam reforming of hydrocarbons III. Reduction of Ni-Mo/Al2O3 catalysts

Ni/Al₂O₃ catalyst modified by small amounts of Mo show unusual properties in the steam reforming of hydrocarbons. There are no data about the effect of small amounts of molybdenum on reduction of the Ni-Mo supported catalysts. The properties of these very complex systems depend on the conditions of successive preparation stages (calcination, reduction) or the process conditions.

A series of Ni/Al₂O₃ catalysts modified by Mo were prepared in order to investigate the influence of promoter amounts and preparation sequence on their properties. Temperature programmed reduction (TPR) has been employed to study the reducibility of Ni-Mo/Al₂O₃ catalysts. Catalysts were further characterized by BET area, H₂ chemisorption and X-ray diffraction measurements.

The TPR curves of Ni-Mo/Al₂O₃ catalysts are very complex. Mo addition leads to the decrease of catalysts reducibility. However, complete reduction of NiO and MoO₃ can be achieved at 800 °C. The reduction course depends on the sequence of nickel and molybdenum addition into the support. Precise measurements of Ni peaks positions in the XRD pattern of Ni/Al₂O₃ and Ni-Mo/Al₂O₃ samples show the possibility of Ni-Mo solid solution formation.