Robust hybrid beamforming design for millimeter-wave massive MIMO systems

Hybrid analog-digital beamforming is recognized as a promising solution for a practical implementation of massive multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) systems based on millimeter-wave(mmWave) technology. In view of the overwhelming hardware cost and excessive power consumption and the imperfection of the channel state information(CSI), a robust hybrid beamforming design is proposed for the mmWave massive MIMO systems, where the robustness is defined with respect to imperfect knowledge or error of the CSI at the transmitter due to limited feedback and/or imperfect channel estimation. Assuming the errors of the CSI are bounded, the optimal hybrid beamforming design with robustness is formulated to a mean squared error(MSE) minimization problem. An iterative semidefinite programming(SDP) based algorithm is proposed to obtain the beamforming matrices. Simulation results show that the proposed robust design can provide more than 4 dB performance gain compared to that of non-robust design.     

Bat algorithm–based beamforming for mmWave massive MIMO systems

In this paper, an optimized analog beamforming scheme for millimeter‐wave (mmWave) massive MIMO system is presented. This scheme aims to achieve the near‐optimal performance.by searching for the optimized combination of analog precoder and combiner. In order to compensate for the occurrence of attenuation in the magnitude of mmWave signals, the codebook‐dependent analog beamforming in conjunction with precoding at transmitting end and combining signals at the receiving end is utilized. Nonetheless, the existing and traditional beamforming schemes involve a more difficult and complicated search for the optimal combination of analog precoder/combiner matrices from predefined codebooks. To solve this problem, we have referred to a modified bat algorithm to find the optimal combination value. This algorithm will explore the possible pairs of analog precoder/combiner as a way to come up with the best match in order to attain near‐optimal performance. The analysis shows that the optimized beamforming scheme presented in this paper can improve the performance that is very close to the beam steering benchmark that we have considered.     

基于联合用户分组及天线选择的大规模MIMO波束成形

大规模MIMO系统中,当小区用户数与基站天线数较大时,各用户的信道条件不尽相同,提出一种适用于大规模MIMO下行链路的基于联合用户分组及天线选择的迫零波束成形算法。将用户分成两组,选择信道条件较优的一组用户来接收信号,并为每一个发送数据流选择最优的基站天线组合进行通信,以较小的性能损失,换取大规模MIMO 射频电路的成本与功耗的大幅度降低。仿真结果证明,该算法能够较好地实现系统性能与硬件复杂度的折中。     

Multiuser beamforming based on max SINR for downlink spatial multiplexing MIMO

In this article, a method based on max signal interference noise ratio (SINR) criterion is proposed, to mitigate the interuser interference for downlink multiuser spatial multiplexing multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems.Unlike the zero forcing (ZF) scheme in which the SNR is decreased when the interference is eliminated completely, max SINR method makes a compromise between noise and interuser interference.When the number of substreams is larger than the difference between the number of base station antennas and the sum of interference mobile station antennas, the ZF is infeasible.An existing coordinated TX-RX block diagonalization (COOR BD) method uses preprocessing at the receiver to cancel the interuser interference.However, it cannot obtain more receive diversity gain because of the preprocessing.Analysis and simulation show that the max SINR scheme has better performance than the ZF method.Moreover, when the ZF is infeasible, the max SINR scheme can obtain more receive diversity gain than COOR BD in the two-user case.     

Adaptive beamforming of massive MIMO based on DoA in high mobility scenarios

A direction of arrival based (DoA-based) beamforming of massive MIMO was proposed for high-speed railway scenarios.In order to guarantee that the optimal system capacity can be obtained during traveling,an iterative multi-beams scheme was proposed.It aimed to design different beams for different mobile carriage terminals (MCT) respectively.The proposal adaptively selected the number of antennas for each beam,and adaptively designed the number of beams according to system capacity.Moreover,the scheme didn’t need channel state information (CSI) that can reduce system implementation complexity and cost.Numerical results indicate that the proposed scheme is suitable for high-speed scenarios,the system performance can be improved more efficiently compared to conventional methods.     

毫米波大规模MIMO系统混合波束成形技术综述

毫米波通信和大规模多输入多输出（Multiple-Input Multiple-Output,MIMO）技术是5G的关键候选技术,在提高5G系统各项性能指标上潜力巨大。混合波束成形作为毫米波大规模MIMO系统中的关键点,能在系统性能和实现复杂度上取得较好平衡,受到业界和学术界广泛关注。首先给出了混合波束成形经典系统模型和常用信道模型,根据信道状态信息获取方式的不同,从基于理想信道条件和基于波束配对两个方面分析和归纳了现有的混合波束成形方案,最后指出了混合波束成形未来发展趋势以及尚未解决的难点。     

多用户MIMO下行收发联合波束成形

针对随机波束成形(RBF)只有在包含大量用户的系统中才能获得较好性能的局限性,提出了一种新的收发联合波束成形方案,用于多用户多入多出(MIMO)下行链路传输。该方案有效地结合了RBF与接收天线合并技术。分析及仿真结果表明,即使在用户数为中等甚至较小时仍然能获得较高的和速率性能。由于每个用户的反馈开销没变,从而使获得同样和速率时系统的总反馈开销明显减少。仿真结果还显示,所提方案的和速率性能不仅优于原RBF,也比RBF结合最大比合并或者等增益合并的性能有明显改善,同时还保持了最优的随用户数变化的增长速度。     

大规模MIMO OFDMA下行系统能效资源分配算法

针对大规模多输入多输出（MIMO）正交频分多址(OFDMA)下行移动通信系统,提出了一种基于能效最优的资源分配算法。所提算法在采用迫零(ZF)预编码的情况下,以最大化系统能效的下界为准则,同时考虑每个用户的最低速率要求,通过调整带宽分配、功率分配和基站天线数分配来优化能效函数。首先根据优化条件提出了一种迭代算法确定每个用户的带宽分配,然后利用分数规划的性质并采用凸优化方法,通过联合调整基站端的发射天线数和用户的发射功率来优化能效函数。仿真结果表明,所提算法在较少迭代次数的同时能够取得较好的系统能效性能和吞吐量性能。     

Distributed energy efficient beamforming algorithm for multicell multiuser downlink system

A distributed energy efficient beamforming algorithm was studied for multicell multiuser downlink communication system.Firstly,the energy efficient optimization problem was first considered as the maximization of the ratio between the system sum rate and the system power consumption.The fractional programming optimization target was then transformed into a subtractive form via using the fractional programming theorem.Secondly,the problem was decomposed into some subproblems that can be solved respectively by introducing the concept of the interference temperature in cognitive radio networks.Finally,an effective distributed energy efficient beamforming algorithm was proposed by exploiting the Lagrangian duality theorem and optimization theorem.Compared to the classical energy efficient optimization algorithm,the proposed algorithm can achieve an obvious energy efficiency performance gain.     

Energy-efficient hybrid beamforming for millimeter-wave-based massive multiple-input multiple-output system

The advanced wireless communication system requires abridged energy consumption, enhanced data rate, and good signal coverage. The massive MIMO technology for 5G systems has been developed to accommodate several users simultaneously with superior throughput. The claim for high data rate wireless communication services is expanding quickly as time goes. Thus, the key difficulty is that as the number of users grows, the number of phase shifters grows as well, causing the system to consume more power; as a result, the system's energy efficiency decreases. Hybrid beamforming has recently emerged as an attractive technique for millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication systems. The analog beamformer in the RF domain and digital beamformer in the baseband are coupled through a minimal number of RF chains in hybrid beamforming architecture. Hybrid beamforming utilizes fewer RF (radio frequency) chains than the total number of antennas to have a lower energy consumption design. The hybrid beamforming for a mmWave-based massive MIMO system through different phase shifter selection mechanisms is proposed to achieve the highest energy efficiency for mmWave communications systems. The fully connected with phase shifter selection, sub-connected with phase shifter selection (SPSS), and fully connected and sub-connected with phase shifter selection with halved and doubled switches are considered for this research. The simulation results show the SPSS with halved switch outperforms on energy efficiency.     

面向大规模MIMO系统的下行预编码技术研究进展

大规模多入多出(Multiple-Input Multiple-Output,MIMO)技术在移动通信系统中发挥着至关重要的作用,但在部署中却引入了干扰。为了消除大规模MIMO干扰,业界围绕低复杂度的预编码算法开展了大量的研究工作。将已有大规模MIMO系统的预编码技术进行了归纳,重点分析了线性预编码和非线性预编码中经典算法的复杂度和优缺点,最后对大规模MIMO预编码技术的发展趋势进行了探讨。     

Hybrid combiner design for downlink massive MIMO systems

We consider a hybrid combiner design for downlink massive multiple‐input multiple‐output systems when there is residual inter‐user interference and each user is equipped with a limited number of radio frequency (RF) chains (less than the number of receive antennas). We propose a hybrid combiner that minimizes the mean‐squared error (MSE) between the information symbols and the ones estimated with a constant amplitude constraint on the RF combiner. In the proposed scheme, an iterative alternating optimization method is utilized. At each iteration, one of the analog RF and digital baseband combining matrices is updated to minimize the MSE by fixing the other matrix without considering the constant amplitude constraint. Then, the other matrix is updated by changing the roles of the two matrices. Each element in the RF combining matrix is obtained from the phase component of the solution matrix of the optimization problem for the RF combining matrix. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme performs better than conventional matrix‐decomposition schemes.     

A lower bound on achievable rate of MRT precoding in multicell multiuser massive MIMO networks with Rician flat fading

A multicell multiuser massive multiple‐input‐multiple‐output (MIMO) network with Rician flat fading is considered. Given channel reciprocity, non‐orthogonal uplink channel training in conjunction with minimum mean square error channel estimation at the base stations are used to acquire channel state information. In the forward link, using maximal ratio transmission precoding, base stations send data to corresponding users. In this paper, first, a closed‐form expression for signal to interference and noise ratio and a lower bound on achievable rate are obtained for arbitrary number of base station antennas. Then, using random matrix theory, a simplified approximate expression for large number of base station antennas (i.e., massive MIMO scenario) are calculated. This simplified expression shows that in a multicell multiuser massive MIMO network with Rician flat fading, like Rayleigh fading, as the number of base station antennas goes to infinity, the effects of uncorrelated noise and intercell and intracell interferences tend to zero. The only factor limiting the performance of system is the correlated intercell interference, that is, pilot contamination, due to non‐orthogonality of channel training sequences in adjacent cells. Numerical results show that our obtained closed‐form expression is a good lower bound on sum‐rate for various system parameters. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于GSIC的上行链路毫米波大规模MIMO-NOMA系统低功耗传输方法

非正交多址接入（non-orthogonal multiple access,NOMA）和毫米波大规模多输入多输出（multiple-input multiple-output,MIMO）的结合能够支持未来无线通信网络的巨流量大连接需求。研究了上行链路毫米波大规模MIMO-NOMA系统中的功率最小化问题，提出了基于群体串行干扰消除（group-levelsuccessiveinterference cancellation,GSIC）的混合波束成形毫米波MIMO-NOMA上行传输系统新架构。具体来说，根据信道增益对用户进行群体划分，不同群体用户由NOMA服务，群体内用户采用空分多址区分。通过给不同群体设计模拟波束成形矩阵，对数字波束成形和功率控制进行联合优化，提出了一种并行迭代算法来解决优化问题。仿真结果表明，所提出的新架构在总功率方面优于传统的基于分簇和用户级串行干扰消除的毫米波大规模MIMO-NOMA。     

Energy-efficiency based downlink multi-user hybrid beamforming for millimeter wave massive MIMO system

The fifth generation mobile communication(5G) systems can provide Gbit/s data rates from massive multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) combined with the emerging use of millimeter wavelengths in small heterogeneous cells. This paper develops an energy-efficiency based multi-user hybrid beamforming for downlink millimeter wave(mm Wave) massive MIMO systems. To make better use of directivity gains of the analog beamforming and flexible baseband processing of the digital beamforming, this paper proposes the analog beamforming to select the optimal beam which can maximize the power of the objective user and minimize the interference to all other users. In addition, the digital beamforming maximizes the energy efficiency of the objective user with zero-gradient-based approach. Simulation results show the proposed algorithm provide better bit error rate(BER) performance compared with the traditional hybrid beamforming and obviously improved the sum rate with the increase in the number of users. It is proved that multi-user MIMO(MU-MIMO) can be a perfect candidate for mm Wave massive MIMO communication system. Furthermore, the analog beamforming can mitigate the inter-user interference more effectively with the selection of the optimal beam and the digital beamforming can greatly improve the system performance through flexible baseband processing.     

有限回程开销多小区分布式协作波束成形技术

针对基站之间仅进行参数交换的协同多小区TDD系统,研究了下行链路的分布式协作波束成形优化设计。以用户速率集帕累托(Pareto)界上具有最大最差用户速率的点为优化目标,首先提出了一种准最优的2步集中式协作波束成形算法。在此基础上,进一步给出了一种分布式迭代算法,该算法只需在协作基站间交换有限个正实参数。仿真结果表明,所提分布式算法可以获得接近集中式算法的速率性能。     

面向Massive MIMO低轨卫星通信系统的鲁棒高效波束成形设计

以低轨卫星通信系统能量效率最大化为优化目标,重点研究鲁棒波束成形设计。假设卫星侧配备大规模多输入多输出技术,综合考虑传播延迟和多普勒频移造成的信道状态信息误差影响,在发射功率受限和用户服务质量约束下,提出了一种鲁棒高效的波束成形方案。考虑到遍历用户速率和遍历信干噪比都没有闭合表达式,采用具备闭合表达式的近似值代替,同时,采用半正定规划算法将非凸二次约束二次规划形式问题进行等价转换,并提出了一种联合二次变换分式规划和凹凸过程的内外两层嵌套迭代算法。最后,采用一种惩罚函数算法解决半正定规划算法中存在的秩1约束问题。仿真结果表明,所提算法性能优于传统算法,且鲁棒性较高。     

Bi-capon beamforming for MIMO radar based on rank-reduced correlation matrix

A bi-capon beamforming (BCB) algorithm for multi-input multi-output (MIMO) radar is developed on the basis of correlation domain. By vectorizing the echo matrix and its transpose, the conventional capon cost function is transformed into bi-capon quadratic functions. By calculating two lower dimensional weight vectors with sub-matrices of the correlation matrix, BCB can significantly decrease the computational complexity and the requirement of training samples. In the presence of short data records, BCB can achieve better interference suppression performance than fully adaptive capon algorithm. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

基于射线跟踪的毫米波大规模天线车地间信道特性研究

以轨道交通列车地面间通信作为研究场景,毫米波大规模多天线信道作为研究对象,采用车厢接入点进行用户信息分发的方案,利用毫米波大规模天线波束赋形与空间复用技术与射线跟踪信道仿真,仿真了大规模多天线下,不同阵列和地面基站位置的接收功率、角度扩展,并列举了不同方案之间在传输速率上所存在的差别.通过对结果的分析,在轨道交通车地间通信场景下,毫米波频段散反射体一般存在于列车接入点周边;相比于阵列的垂直分辨率,更多的水平分辨率往往拥有更好的效果;更低的路径损耗与更广的覆盖范围不可兼得.研究成果将为轨道交通车地场景下毫米波大规模多天线系统的设计、评估及其在轨道交通中的应用、部署提供不可或缺的信道信息和理论依据.     

Interference alignment scheme for massive MIMO system

The performance of massive multiple-input multiple-output （MIMO） system is limited by pilot contamination. To reduce the pilot contamination, uplink and downlink precoding algorithms are put forward based on interference alignment criterion. In the uplink receiving processing, the target function aligns the pilot contamination and the interference signals to the same null space and acquires the maximal space degree of the desired signals. The uplink receiving precoding matrix is solved on maximal signal to interference plus noise ratio （SINR） criterion considering the impact of the pilot contamination on channel estimations. The uplink receiving precoding matrix is used as the downlink transmitting precoding matrix. Exploiting the channel reciprocity, it is proved that, if the uplink receiving precoding matrix achieves maximal S1NR, the identical precoding matrix can be used in the downlink transmission and acquires maximal signal to leakage plus noise ratio （SLNR）. Simulations show that the spectrum efficiency of the proposed algorithm can reach about 1.5 times higher than that of popular matched filtering （MF） precoding algorithm, and about 1.1 times higher than multi-cell minimum mean square error （MMSE） precoding algorithm. The performance of the proposed algorithm can be improved approximately linearly with the increasing of the number of antennas.