波纹表面结霜的实验研究

结霜工况下,换热器翅片表面结霜会增大换热热阻,堵塞空气流道。在低温高湿条件下对波纹表面的结霜过程进行了实验研究,分析了冷面温度、湿空气流速及波纹结构等因素对波纹表面冷凝水珠冻结和霜层生长的影响。结果表明:冷面温度越低,冻结的冷凝水珠越小,冻结时间也越短;冷面温度越低或湿空气流速越快,霜层生长越快;在相同的实验条件下,波纹表面上霜层的高度比平直表面的低。     

水平表面结霜过程的实验研究

对水平表面在低温高湿条件下结霜过程进行实验研究, 分析了冷面温度、湿空气温度和表面特性等因素对水珠冻结和霜层生长的影响。结果表明:冷面温度越低, 过冷水珠冻结时间越短、冻结直径越小;在湿空气温度与冷面温度温差相等的条件下, 湿空气温度越低, 过冷水珠冻结时间越短、冻结直径越小;疏水表面上过冷水珠的冻结时间比裸铝表面晚。冷面温度越低, 湿空气流速越快, 则霜层生长越快。     

表面特性对结霜和融霜排液的影响

对亲水表面、裸铝表面和疏水表面上结霜和融霜排液过程进行实验研究,分析了表面特性对冷凝水珠冻结、霜层生长和融霜排液的影响。结果表明：疏水表面上冷凝水珠呈规则球缺状、冻结较晚,而亲水表面和裸铝表面上冷凝水珠形状不规则;相比于亲水表面和裸铝表面上平整霜层,疏水表面上霜层不平整,有凹穴和凸起;疏水表面上霜层平均厚度增长较亲水表面和裸铝表面缓慢;在湿空气温度和冷面温度较低的情况下,表面特性对霜层生长的影响减弱;亲水表面具有较好的排液效果,其循环再结霜量最小。     

表面特性对结霜和融霜排液的影响

对亲水表面、裸铝表面和疏水表面上结霜和融霜排液过程进行实验研究,分析了表面特性对冷凝水珠冻结、霜层生长和融霜排液的影响。结果表明:疏水表面上冷凝水珠呈规则球缺状、冻结较晚,而亲水表面和裸铝表面上冷凝水珠形状不规则;相比于亲水表面和裸铝表面上平整霜层,疏水表面上霜层不平整,有凹穴和凸起;疏水表面上霜层平均厚度增长较亲水表面和裸铝表面缓慢;在湿空气温度和冷面温度较低的情况下,表面特性对霜层生长的影响减弱;亲水表面具有较好的排液效果,其循环再结霜量最小。     

疏水表面结霜初期液滴生长的理论分析

研究了自然对流条件下疏水表面结霜初期冷凝液滴的生长过程, 建立了考虑不凝气影响的液滴传热及生长模型, 分析了表面接触角和冷面温度对液滴生长的影响。结果表明, 液滴生长过程中的主要热阻为液滴内部导热热阻和相界面热阻, 随着表面接触角的增大, 这两个主要热阻均增大, 因此表面疏水性越好, 液滴生长越缓慢;而由于冷凝传热温差随冷面温度降低而增大, 因此冷面温度越低, 液滴生长越快。     

室外换热器迎面风速对空气源热泵结霜特性的影响

对不同迎面风速条件下空气源热泵系统室外换热器表面霜层生长特性进行了实验研究,测量了翅片表面动态霜层厚度、换热器结霜量,显微观察了霜晶生长过程。实验结果表明,迎面风速的降低使得空气源热泵机组室外换热器表面霜层厚度加速增长,结霜周期随迎面风速的下降呈近乎线性地减小,而且相对湿度越低,结霜周期下降的速度越快;因此,减小室外换热器迎面风速将恶化空气源热泵机组结霜/除霜周期中的平均性能。对霜晶形态的显微观察发现,低迎面风速工况下霜层厚度增长速度加快的原因是由于空气源热泵蒸发器壁面温度降低造成的霜晶形态的改变,翅片表面柱状冰晶始终在高度方向快速生长,这种现象与低环境温度工况下翅片表面霜晶生长形态类似。换热器总结霜量随迎面风速的减小而下降,造成霜层平均密度降低。     

翅片管换热器表面霜层生长特性的实验研究

空气源热泵系统节能减排效果显著,但在低温高湿的冬季制热工况下,室外蒸发器表面会发生结霜现象,霜层会直接影响换热性能,进而影响系统运行的可靠性及能效。对翅片管换热器霜层生长特性进行了实验研究,实验中采用红外热成像仪对霜层表面温度进行测量,并用千分尺热电偶直接测量装置进行校核。分析了环境温度、相对湿度及迎面风速对结霜厚度、结霜量、霜层-湿空气界面条件的影响,并将霜层表面温度与环境温度之差作为结霜的传热驱动力,将湿空气中水蒸气分压力与霜表面温度下饱和水蒸气分压力之差作为结霜的传质驱动力,对结霜机理进行了分析,为换热器的防结霜和除霜提供了依据,为优化空气源热泵系统的设计奠定了基础。     

磁场作用下不同润湿性表面结霜实验研究

研究了在冷面温度T_w=-10℃和-30℃,环境相对湿度RH=60%和80%,3种润湿性表面在不同磁场强度下的结霜规律。通过可视化观测和图像二值化处理计算,分析了磁场强度和表面接触角对霜晶形态、水珠粒径、结晶时间、液滴和霜晶覆盖率、霜层厚度和密度的影响。结果表明：磁场作用下,疏水性表面水珠粒径减小40%左右,结晶时间延长500 s以上,凝结水珠分布更加稀疏;结霜厚度和密度随着磁场强度和接触角的增大而减小;随着冷面温度的降低和相对湿度的增大,表面特性和外加磁场对结霜过程的影响降低。     

基于流固热耦合的平直翅片管换热器结霜过程数值模拟

平直翅片管换热器结霜是湿空气、霜层和换热器结构多物理场交互作用的结果。基于流固热耦合计算方法，考虑结霜过程中霜层密度和导热系数的变化，定义更真实求解域边界，对三维平直翅片管换热器的结霜过程进行数值模拟研究。模拟计算得到的结霜量与实验值之间的平均误差为4.67%，较以往数值模拟方法得到的结果精度有所提升。计算对比了湿空气进口流速分别为1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 3.7 m/s，相对湿度分别为60%, 70%, 80%时霜层的生长情况。结果表明，霜层厚度沿气流方向不断降低，随着来流速度和相对湿度增加，生长速率增大。对空气侧换热系数的研究表明，在结霜初期，空气相对湿度越大，换热系数越大；在结霜后期，空气相对湿度越大，换热系数越小。     

竖直超疏水翅片间霜层动态生长特性

搭建了竖直翅片间霜层生长可视化实验平台,分别制备了铝基亲水、超亲水和超疏水平板换热器,研究了翅片间距、表面润湿性能和环境温湿度等对竖直翅片间霜层生长动态特性的影响。实验结果表明,翅片间霜层的生长过程以临界间距（约1 mm）为界可分为线性快速增长阶段和缓慢增长阶段;相同工况下,亲水表面、超亲水表面和超疏水表面翅片间结霜持续时间分别为177、387和482 min。亲水表面霜层的增长速度分别为超亲水表面和超疏水表面的2倍和3倍。较低的表面温度和较高的环境湿度由于相变过饱和度的增加而提升了霜层增长速度;此外,翅片间霜层积聚过程中霜层密度随时间变化先增长,之后霜层密度增速放缓甚至不再增长直至结霜过程结束。     

Experimental study of frosting on different wettability surfaces under magnetic field

The frosting laws of three kinds of wettable surfaces under different magnetic field strengths were studied under cold surface temperature T_w=-10℃ and -30℃, environmental relative humidity RH=60% and 80%. Through visual observation method,image binarization is processed and calculated,the effect of frost morphology,water droplets diameter,water droplets crystallization time,water droplets coverage,frost crystal coverage,frost layer thickness and frost density under the different magnetic field intensity and surface contact angle are well explained. The results showed that adding magnetic field in combination with hydrophobic surface,the diameter of water droplets decreases by about 40%, and the crystallization time is prolonged by more than 500 s,the distribution of condensate droplets is more sparse. Frost thickness and frost density decrease as the increase of magnetic field strength and surface contact angle,providing possibility of restrain the frosting effectively. As the temperature of the cold surface decreases and the relative humidity increases, the influence of the surface properties and the external magnetic field on the frosting process decreases.     

利用受限空间装置从低浓度水包油乳状液中分离油相的研究(英文)

A miniature process for separating the oil phase from dilute oil/water emulsion is developed.This process applies a confined space apparatus,which is a thin flow channel made of two parallel plastic plates.The space between the two plates is rather narrow to improve the collisions between oil droplets and the plate surface.Oil droplets have an affinity for the plate surface and thus are captured,and then coalesce onto the surface.The droplet size distribution of the residual emulsion resulted from the separation process is remarkably changed.The oil layer on the plate weakens the further separation of oil droplets from the emulsion.Three types of plate materials,polypropylene(PP),polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) and nylon 66,were used.It is found that PP is the best in terms of the oil separation efficiency and nylon 66 is the poorest.The interaction between droplets in the emulsion and plate surface is indicated by the spreading coefficient of oil droplet on the plate in aqueous environment,and the influences of formed oil layer and plate material on the separation efficiency are discussed.     

Effects of air‐cooling on skin cells of hollow‐fiber membranes prepared via thermally induced phase separation

A new coarsening model was established to describe the growth of skin droplets on a hollow‐fiber membrane prepared by liquid–liquid thermally induced phase separation. Forced air‐cooling was performed to trigger the phase separation. The heat and mass transfer processes of the skin layer are considered simultaneously. With the aid of a transfer model and data from the phase diagram, the skin cell sizes could be calculated. The effects of air velocity, air temperature, and dimensions of the hollow fiber on the skin cell sizes of the isotactic polypropylene–di‐n‐butyl phthalate–dioctyl phthalate system were investigated. The growth of the skin droplets follows an exponential relationship with time, and the exponent increases with the decrease in the polymer content. All exponents are close to 1/3. The air temperature plays less important roles on the skin cell sizes as compared with those of the air velocity and fiber dimension. Calculated values of cell sizes agree well with the experimental values. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:1661–1670, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers     

A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR THE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER ON A FLAT PLATE UNDER FROSTING CONDITIONS

Processes in which heat is transferred to a cold surface with the simultaneous deposition of frost are important in a variety of refrigeration installations. As the frost layer grows, the heat transfer is affected in part because of the insulating effect of the frost. This can adversely affect the performance of cooling coils and plate freezers in domestic and industrial refrigeration installations. Previous studies indicate that the initial frost deposits are desirable since the rough frost surface acts as fins, thus temporarily increasing the heat transfer rate. The overall process is characterized by its time-dependent nature, especially during the early deposition periods. The work reported here attempts to examine this transient phenomenon by mathematically modeling the frost formation and heat transfer processes on plate freezers held at subfreezing temperatures. This will be achieved by combining three limiting solutions to the unsteady governing equations of the air-frost boundary layer in order to be able to draw an overall picture for the frost formation and heat transfer mechanisms with time.     

湿空气掠过竖直平板层流强制对流凝结换热的传热传质研究(英文)

Condensation of humid air along a vertical plate was numerically investigated, with the mathematical model built on the full boundary layer equations and the film-wise condensation assumption. The velocity, heat and mass transfer characteristics at the gas-liquid interface were numerical analyzed and the results indicated that it was not reasonable to neglect the condensate film from the point of its thickness only. The condensate film thickness, interface temperature drop and the interface tangential veloc...     

冷凝液运动行为强化含有不凝气的蒸汽冷凝过程研究

基于场协同机制,对强化含有不凝气体的蒸汽冷凝过程的速度场与浓度梯度场协同作用进行了理论分析,提出利用冷凝液动态行为所产生的气液界面效应来强化混合蒸汽冷凝传热特性新思路.为进一步验证界面效应对气相传质扩散过程的影响,在不凝气摩尔含量为10%以内的混合蒸汽层流流动条件下,对冷凝液沿冷凝表面流动的常规膜状冷凝和冷凝液以液滴滴落方式定向脱离表面的两种排液方式下的膜状冷凝、冷凝液脉动的锯齿形滴膜共存冷凝和完全滴状冷凝四种模式下的冷凝传热特性进行了对比实验,比较分析了冷凝液运动行为影响传热特性的实质.实验结果表明,在不需要增加能耗的情况下,利用重力作用下冷凝液的运动行为产生的剪切作用和附加速度场,对气相边界层内的扩散传质过程能够产生协同作用,可以达到传热传质的无源强化效果.