HMX/NQ共晶分子间相互作用的密度泛函理论研究

为研究HMX/NQ共晶分子间的相互作用,基于密度泛函理论(DFT)研究了4种HMX/NQ的共晶结构;运用静电势、电子密度拓扑、约化密度梯度和引发键等方法分析和预测了其分子间的相互作用和炸药性质。结果表明,HMX/NQ共晶的分子间作用本质是一系列弱氢键和范德华力的共同作用,主要表现为NH…O、CH…O和N…O作用;4种构型键的相互作用能大小排序为结构III结构II≈结构IV结构I;与HMX和NQ相比,HMX/NQ共晶的引发键强度增大,稳定性增强,感度降低,结构III的表现较为明显。     

分子动力学法研究掺杂缺陷对HMX/NQ共晶炸药性能的影响

为了研究掺杂晶体缺陷对HMX/硝基胍(NQ)共晶炸药性能的影响,分别建立了"完美"型与含有掺杂缺陷的HMX/NQ共晶炸药模型;采用分子动力学方法,预测了各种模型的稳定性、感度、爆轰性能和力学性能,得到了不同模型的结合能、引发键键长分布、引发键键连双原子作用能、内聚能密度、爆轰参数和力学参数并与"完美"型模型进行了比较。结果表明,与"完美"型晶体相比,缺陷晶体的结合能减小幅度为1.28%～11.05%,表明分子之间的相互作用力减弱,炸药的稳定性降低;缺陷晶体的引发键键长增大幅度为0.46%～5.29%,而键连双原子作用能减小幅度为0.63%～17.24%,内聚能密度减小幅度为0.83%～10.85%,表明炸药的感度升高,安全性降低;缺陷晶体的密度、爆速和爆压减小幅度分别为0.89%～7.06%、0.68%～5.41%、1.85%～14.18%,表明威力与能量密度降低;由于晶体缺陷的影响,拉伸模量、体积模量和剪切模量减小幅度分别为0.106～4.368GPa、0.086～2.573GPa和0.082～1.835GPa,柯西压增大幅度为0.108～1.787GPa,表明炸药的刚性与硬度降低,延展性增强。因此,晶体缺陷会对HMX/NQ共晶炸药的稳定性、感度和爆轰性能产生不利影响。     

不同组分比的HMX/DMI共晶炸药结构与性质的理论研究

利用分子动力学,研究了分子摩尔比对HMX/DMI共晶炸药几个重要晶面成键能的影响,对于不同分子的摩尔比的力学性质也进行了估算,借助M06-2x/6-311+G(2df,2p)方法对HMX/DMI复合物的溶剂效应也进行了研究。计算结果表明,(020)和(100)取代基模型具有最高的成键能和稳定性,1∶1和2∶1的化合物最稳定且具有最高的力学性能。分子间相互作用能和N–NO_2键离解能的变化对HMX/DMI共晶炸药的稳定性有较大影响。制备稳定的HMX/DMI共晶炸药应选用较低介电常数作溶剂。     

HMX/ANPZO共晶炸药的制备及表征

运用分子动力学方法,计算了1,3,5,7-四硝基-1,3,5,7-四氮环杂辛烷(HMX)分子、2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基-吡嗪-1-氧(ANPZO)分子以及HMX/ANPZO共晶分子的分子间作用力、结合能和内聚能密度。通过气相扩散法制备了HMX/ANPZO共晶炸药,用红外光谱(IR)、差示扫描量热(DSC)和X射线衍射(XRD)表征了其结构,并测试了其机械感度。结果表明,HMX/ANPZO共晶分子间的相互作用力大于HMX分子间以及ANPZO分子间的相互作用力。与HMX和ANPZO相比,HMX/ANPZO共晶炸药的晶体结构和热分解特性变化较大,特性落高为59cm,与HMX相比提高了96.7%;理论爆速达9 060m/s。     

TATB/HMX共晶炸药的制备及性能研究

采用溶剂/非溶剂法,在超声辅助的情况下,制备了TATB/HMX共晶炸药;探究了TATB/HMX共晶技术的影响因素;计算了TATB/HMX共晶炸药的理论密度和理论爆速;采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和差示扫描热量法(DSC)对其进行表征和热分析,并测试了其撞击感度。结果表明,制备TATB/HMX共晶的最佳工艺条件为:以[Emim]Ac/DMSO为复合溶剂,TATB和HMX投料比(摩尔比)为3∶7,温度为80℃,搅拌速率为500r/min;与原料相比,TATB/HMX共晶分子在结构上发生改变;TATB/HMX共晶炸药颗粒大小约为2μm,形貌为六边形晶体;共晶炸药的热安定性优于原料HMX,其特性落高比原料HMX高74cm,撞击感度明显降低;理论密度为1.891g/cm~3,理论爆速为8.758km/s,表明其爆炸性能良好。     

CL-20/DNB共晶炸药晶体缺陷的理论计算

为了研究晶体缺陷对CL-20/DNB共晶炸药的力学性能、稳定性、感度与爆轰性能的影响,建立了"完美"型及带有晶体缺陷(掺杂、空位与位错)的CL-20/DNB共晶炸药模型;采用分子动力学方法计算了不同模型的力学性能、结合能、引发键键长分布、键连双原子作用能、内聚能密度与爆轰参数。结果表明,与"完美"型晶体相比,缺陷晶体的拉伸模量、体积模量与剪切模量的值减小,而柯西压的值增大,表明体系的刚性减弱,塑性与延展性增强;缺陷晶体的结合能减小幅度为9.30%~17.21%,表明炸药中分子之间的相互作用力减弱,炸药的稳定性变差;缺陷晶体的引发键最大键长增大幅度为0.45%~4.76%,而键连双原子作用能减小幅度为5.10%~17.20%,内聚能密度减小幅度为2.45%~13.71%,表明其感度增大,安全性变差;缺陷晶体的密度与爆轰参数减小,其中空位缺陷对能量的影响最大。因此,晶体缺陷会对CL-20/DNB共晶炸药的稳定性、感度与能量特性产生不利影响。     

超细ANPyO/HMX混晶炸药的制备与性能

为提高超细ANPyO/HMX的能量输出,采用溶剂/非溶剂法和水悬浮法制备了超细ANPyO/HMX混晶炸药。用SEM、XRD、红外光谱对其结构进行表征,并测试了其比表面积、真空安定性、撞击感度、冲击波感度、爆速和飞片起爆感度。结果表明,XRD和红外光谱特征峰的位移现象说明超细混晶炸药中ANPyO分子的氨基与HMX分子的硝基形成了分子间氢键;ANPyO/HMX混晶炸药(ANPyO与HMX质量比为70∶30)撞击感度为138cm,真空安定性为1.72mL/g(200℃)和4.50mL/g(250℃)。装药密度为1.84g/cm3时,混晶炸药冲击波感度为7.1mm,爆速为8 080m/s,最低起爆电压为2.91kV,是一种感度适中、易于被短脉冲起爆、能量输出高的超细混晶炸药。     

CL-20/HMX无规作用及共晶作用的理论计算

为了对比六硝基六氮杂异戊兹烷(CL-20)/环四亚甲基四硝铵(HMX)炸药分子间的无规作用及共晶作用,基于密度泛函理论(DFT),在B3LYP方法上使用6-311++G(d,p)基组优化得到了4种CL-20/HMX无规构型(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ),对4种无规构型的几何结构、静电势、能量及电子密度拓扑进行了分析;利用分子动力学方法计算了共晶结构中H原子和O原子的径向分布函数;计算了不同摩尔比CL-20/HMX共晶的密度及爆速。结果表明,4种CL-20/HMX的无规构型存在氢键相互作用,氢键键长在0.274 2~0.296 4nm之间;4种无规构型的稳定性排序为:ⅣⅢⅡⅠ,构型的稳定性主要取决于氢键的数量和键长;4种无规构型在键临界点BCP处的电子密度ρ(r)大小排序为:ⅣⅢⅡⅠ,CL-20和HMX分子之间不仅存在H…O以及H…N形式的氢键相互作用,还存在N…O和C…O形式的范德华作用;共晶结构中CL-20与HMX的相互作用主要有氢键和强范德华力,氢键键长为0.22nm;CL-20/HMX共晶(摩尔比2∶1)的理论密度为2.003g/cm~3,理论爆速为9 608m/s。     

一种含LLM-105的HMX基低感高能PBX炸药

研究了不同颗粒形态的LLM-105对HMX的降感作用以及HMX/LLM-105基炸药配方用的黏结体系和钝感体系.设计出一种HMX/LLM-105配方,采用机械感度和冲击波感度以及板痕试验和圆筒试验对其安全性能和爆轰性能进行了测试.结果表明,LLM-105可作为含能钝感剂用于HMX基PBX炸药,该种含LLM-105的HMX基PBX爆速约8700 m/s、爆压34 GPa以上、比动能为1.560 kJ/g,冲击波感度比JOB-9003炸药低10%,是一种新型的低感高能炸药.     

黑梯炸药力学性能与感度的分子动力学研究

为了研究黑梯炸药配方对其力学性能与感度的影响,用Materials Studio软件建立了黑梯炸药的晶胞模型。采用分子动力学方法,计算了不同配方的黑梯炸药的力学性能、引发键键长分布、键连双原子作用能与内聚能密度,并对其变化情况并进行了比较。结果表明,在黑梯炸药中,随着RDX的质量分数从30%增加到80%,黑梯炸药的力学性能参数在一定范围内波动,其中拉伸模量变化范围为1.772 3~2.825 1GPa,剪切模量变化范围为0.636 6~1.042 8GPa,体积模量变化范围为2.734 1~3.747 9GPa,柯西压变化范围为1.203 2~2.181 6GPa,泊松比变化范围为0.354 6~0.397 0,而最大键长从0.155 4nm增至0.162 6nm,键连双原子作用能从167.6kJ/mol减至152.3kJ/mol,内聚能密度从0.899kJ/cm~3减至0.678kJ/cm~3,表明炸药的感度增大。     

Study of Thermal Reactivity and Kinetics of HMX and Its PBX by Different Methods

Vacuum Stability Test (VST) was used to determine the thermal behavior and kinetic parameters of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) and its mixture with hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) as a binder coded as HMX/HTPB.Model fitting and isoconversional method were applied to determine the kinetic parameters based on VST results.For comparison,non-isothermal thermogravimetry analysis data (TGA) was also used to calculate the kinetic parameters by using Kissinger,OFW (Ozawa,Flynn,and Wall) and KAS (Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose) methods.Advanced Kinetics and Technology Solution (AKTS) software was also used to determine the decomposition kinetics of the studied samples.Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was employed to determine the decomposition heat flow properties of the studied samples.Results show that the activation energies obtained using VST results is 360.1kJ/ mol for pure HMX and 186.9kJ /mol for HMX/HTPB.The activation energies obtained by the three different methods using TGA results are in the range of 360-368kJ/mol for pure HMX and 190-206kJ/mol for HMX/HTPB.It is concluded that values of kinetic parameters obtained by VST are close to that obtained by the different techniques using TG/DTG results.The onset decomposition peak of HMX/HTPB is lower than that of HMX where the HTPB binder has negative effect on the thermal stability of HMX.The results of all the applied techniques prove that HMX/HTPB has lower activation energy and heat release than the pure HMX.HTPB polymeric matrix has negative effect on the kinetic parameters of HMX.     

Separation Characteristics of Submicron Particles in an Electrostatic Precipitator with Alternating Electric Field Corona Charger

Experiments were carried out to investigate filtration characteristics of an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) with alternating and direct electric field corona charger. Potassium Sodium Tartrate Tetrahydrate as the material was used to generate polydisperse submicron aerosols by using Constant Output Atomizer. The results indicated that the aerosol penetration through the ESP decreased as applied voltage increased. The maximum collection efficiency of either alternating or direct electric field was more than 98%, though the applied voltage of alternating electric field was higher than that of direct electric field. However, from the viewpoint of power consumption, the direct electric field had higher power consumption rate than alternating electric field at similar collection efficiency. For example, when the 0.2 μm particle penetration was about 4%, the power consumptions of alternating and direct electric field were 16 watt and 18 watt, respectively. Hence the separation quality of alternating electric field was better than that of direct electric field. Moreover, considerably lower ozone concentration was found in alternating electric field ESP, compared to direct electric field.     

Charge Density Distribution,Electrostatic Properties,and Impact Sensitivity of the High Energetic Molecule TNB: A Theoretical Charge Density Study

A quantum chemical calculation and a charge density analysis have been performed on the energetic molecule trinitrobenzene (TNB) to characterize its bond strength and to relate the bond topological parameters with the impact sensitivity. The optimized geometry of the molecule was calculated by the density functional method B3P86 with the basis set 6‐311G**. The bond topological analysis predicts a significantly low bond electron density (∼1770 e nm⁻³) as well as Laplacian of electron density (−1.67×10⁶ e nm⁻⁵) for C N bonds. This low value of the Laplacian indicates, the charges of these bonds are highly depleted, which confirms that these are the weakest bonds in the molecule. The N=O bonds bear a high negative value of Laplacian, reflecting that the bond charges are highly concentrated. The isosurface of the molecular, electrostatic potential (ESP) shows large electronegative regions at the vicinity of  NO₂ groups. Further analysis of ESP in the bonding region allows predicting the impact sensitivity. A sound relationship has been found between the ESP at the mid point of the bonds and its bond charge depletion. The positive ESP at the mid points of highly charge depleted C NO₂ bonds reveals that these bonds are the sensitive bonds in the molecule.     

Charging of aerosol particles by ionizing radiation in the presence of an electric field

An ionizing particle (alpha particle in the experiment) produces pairs of positive and negative ions along its trajectory until its kinetic energy is exhausted. The ion production field can be computed if the system geometry, disintegration rate and energy are known.Without an electric field, positive and negative ions are distributed isotropically around the trajectories of the ionizing particles. In this case aerosol particles are neutralized.When, however, a strong electric field is applied to the ion production field, it dominates ionic motion and creates regions where concentration ratios between positive and negative ions exist. In such a field, particles obtain charges depending on their size and dielectric constant, concentrations of positive and negative ions and electric field strength.Differential equations for impaction charging and diffusion charging were derived for this bipolar case. Solutions are for the most general cases when charging time is finite, and the initial charge is not zero.A simple electrostatic precipitator (ESP) was developed to test this equation for impaction charging. The test dust was lycopodium spores (d = 28 μm). The agreement with theory and experimental results was good. Differences at higher field strengths appear to be due to secondary ionization.     

Preparation of an Energetic‐Energetic Cocrystal using Resonant Acoustic Mixing

Resonant acoustic mixing (RAM) was applied to the preparation of an energetic‐energetic cocrystal comprised of CL‐20 and HMX in a 2 : 1 mol ratio. We have prepared the cocrystal using the RAM technology in a resource‐efficient manner providing near quantitative yield. The cocrystalline product from the RAM preparation is consistent with the product from solution crystallization.