Effect of non-spherical atmospheric charged particles and atmospheric visibility on performance of satellite-ground quantum link and parameters simulation

In order to study the relationship between the non-spherical atmospheric charged particles and satellite-ground quantum links attenuation. The relationship among the particle concentration, equivalent radius, charge density of the charged particle, the attenuation coefficient and entanglement of the satellite-ground quantum link can be established first according to the extinction cross section and spectral distribution function of the non-spherical atmospheric charged particles. The quantitative relationship between atmospheric visibility and communication fidelity of satellite-ground quantum link were analyzed then. Simulation results show that the ellipsoid, Chebyshev atmospheric charged particle influences on attenuation of the satellite-ground quantum link increase progressively. When the equivalent particle radius is 0.2 μm and the particle concentration is 50 μg/m³, the attenuation coefficient and entanglement of the satellite-ground quantum link is 9.21 dB/km, 11.46 dB/km and 0.453, 0.421 respectively; When the atmospheric visibility reduces from 8 km to 2 km, the communication fidelity of satellite-ground quantum link decreases from 0.52 to 0.08. It is shown that the non-spherical atmospheric charged particles and atmospheric visibility influence greatly on the performance of the satellite-ground quantum link communication system. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust the parameters of the quantum-satellite communication system according to the visibility values of the atmosphere and the shapes of the charged particles in the atmosphere to improve reliability of the satellite-ground quantum link.     

运用量子遗传算法反演雷暴云电荷结构的研究

本文采用量子遗传算法结合三圆盘模型对雷暴云电荷结构进行反演。结果表明：利用量子遗传算法可以很好地对雷暴云电荷结构以及大气电场仪和雷暴云的距离进行反演,在对电荷的反演中发现电荷结构的准确性在大气电场仪距离雷暴云5000-6000m时达到峰值,这种方法实施仅利用地面大气电场资料进行反演,相比于飞机穿云探测简单方便,利用量子遗传算法根据大气电场仪资料就可以对雷暴云电荷结构和距离进行比较准确的反演。     

Quantum model of electron accumulation at charged boundaries of heavily doped semiconductor films

A new quantum model of electron accumulation at positively charged boundaries of semiconductor films has been developed. It is based on the well-known concepts of quantum confinement of transverse electron motion in a uniform electric field, the role of which is played by the effective field of attraction to positive surface donor centers. Electrons with a surface density equal to the donor concentration occupy the corresponding quasi-discrete states according to the Fermi statistics. At reasonable concentrations all the electrons of the accumulation layer are mainly concentrated at the first quantum-confinement level. Ultra-high built-in fields on the order of the atomic level (10⁸ V/cm) correspond to the onset of filling the third level. The potential profile, which describes the interaction of the accumulation-layer electrons with other charged particles (including holes) is calculated by double integration of the Poisson equation with the electron density in the form of squares of the corresponding segments of the Airy function. Its boundary value—the surface potential—describes the effect of the electron-accumulation layer on the external electric circuit. The obtained dependence of the surface potential on the resulting boundary electric field (including that induced by the built-in charge) is easily transformed into the corresponding capacitance-voltage characteristics.     

天气对星地光通信地面站可用度的影响研究

大气信道对光学链路影响较大,通常云层导致的衰减可能会高达几十分贝,光学链路必须在视线内无云情况下工作。因此在设计激光通信系统并进行地面站选址时,必须要考虑链路可用度问题。结合云层数据提出一种可用度计算简单模型,对我国不同城市气象站数据进行统计分析,得出不同城市十年间可用度数据,为我国星地光通信地面站选址提供一定依据。     

基于大气折射效应的星地背景光误码率分析

研究了大气折射效应对星地量子密钥分发(QKD)系统的背景光误码率的影响,研究过程中考虑了白天晴天、满月夜晚和无月夜晚三种不同的背景光条件。建立了分层结构的星地QKD信道传输模型,模拟大气折射效应对信号传输距离的影响;基于此模型仿真分析了考虑和忽略大气折射效应时只考虑背景光的误码率随天顶角的变化趋势。结果表明:忽略大气折射效应将对背景光误码率产生较大的影响,此外在无月夜晚背景光条件下可以获得相对最低的误码率。     

基于QPSO算法的信道分配方法

由于传统的信道分配方法存在频率利用率低下和处理速度慢的缺点,为此,提出基于量子计算的PSO算法（QPSO）来快速实现信道最优化分配方法。这种优化方法利用了量子计算的并行计算能力强、全局收敛、运算速度极快等特点,主要包括初始化代表每个信道的粒子的速度和位置,根据信道分配的教学模型计算保证信道各种约束条件的适应度函数,根据量子粒子群的规律进行粒子位置更新,直至找到最佳信道分配方案等步骤。仿真结果表明其方法是行之有效的,优化效果优于基于遗传算法和PSO算法的信道分配方法。     

A data complementary method for thunderstorm point charge localization based on atmospheric electric field apparatus array group

Data loss or distortion causes adverse effects on the accuracy and stability of the thunderstorm point charge localization. To solve this problem, we propose a data complementary method based on the atmospheric electric field apparatus array group. The electric field component measurement model of the atmospheric electric field apparatus is established, and the orientation parameters of the thunderstorm point charge are defined. Based on the mirror method, the thunderstorm point charge coordinates are obtained by using the potential distribution formulas. To test the validity of the basic algorithm, the electric field component measurement error and the localization accuracy are studied. Besides the azimuth angle and the elevation angle, the localization parameters also include the distance from the apparatus to the thunderstorm cloud. Based on a primary electric field apparatus, we establish the array group of apparatuses. Based on this, the data measured by each apparatus is complementarily processed to regain the thunderstorm point charge position. The results show that, compared with the radar map data, this method can accurately reflect the location of the thunderstorm point charge, and has a better localization effect. Additionally, several observation results during thunderstorm weather have been presented.     

Research on the system error performance of coherent orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system with M-distribution in satellite-to-ground laser communication

In order to alleviate the influence of atmospheric turbulence on the performance of satellite-to-ground laser communication system,based on the M-distribution atmospheric channel model,a multi-carrier coherent orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation system was proposed for uplink and downlink in the satellite-to-ground laser communication.The closed-form expression of bit error rate (BER) of coherent OFDM modulation system was derived.The relationship between the zenith angle,receiving aperture,signal-to-noise ratio (SNR),optimal beam divergence angle,and optimal transmission radius and the BER were studied under weak,and strong atmosphere turbulence,and compared with binary coherent differential phase shift keying (DPSK) modulation.Both the theory and the simulation results show that compared with coherent DPSK modulation,the bit error performance of the coherent OFDM modulation system in the satellite-to-ground laser communication system is better.     

Quantum effects in Si n-MOS inversion layer at high substrate concentration

The charge distribution at the semiconductgor-insulator interface is calculated for electrons by solving Schrödinger's and Poisson's equations self-consistently for particles obeying Fermi-Dirac statistics at 300 K. The results are applied to carriers in the channel of a crystalline MOSFET with the (100) axis perpendicular to the gate oxide. The inversion charge density calculated quantum mechanically is smaller than that calculated classically. This affects the shift of the subthreshold curves. The shift is larger at higher substrate impurity concentrations, and is especially pronounced at more than 10¹⁷ cm⁻³, which is the concentration used in recent MOS devices. The shift is as large as 0.18 V when the substrate impurity concentration is 8.5 × 10¹⁷ cm⁻³. Comparisons with measurement are also shown and it agrees well with quantum mechanical calculations. The inversion layer depth is compared, and a new efficient method is derived by transferring the quantum mechanical effect into the classical calculation. The results of this new method agree well with the quantum mechanical calculations and with the measurements.     

星地链路空间光至单模光纤耦合效率补偿特性研究

在入射光瞳面处针对星地激光链路中空间光至单模光纤耦合效率补偿特性进行了研究,依据星地下行链路特点,对星地下行链路光纤耦合效率模型进行分析。在此基础上,利用基于单模光纤后向传输模场为加权函数的加权孔径正交多项式,建立光纤耦合接收系统波前相位模式补偿理论模型,运用该理论模型,通过数值模拟对波前相位进行模式补偿,给出波前相位模式补偿下平均光纤耦合效率与接收孔径尺寸和相位补偿项数的变化关系,以及典型接收孔径下采取一定项数的波前相位补偿后光纤耦合效率概率分布,为基于光纤耦合接收方式的星地激光通信链路波前补偿系统设计提供一定理论参考。     

Suboptimal particle filtering for MIMO flat fading channel estimation

Particle filters have been successfully employed to track MIMO flat fading channels for wireless communications. However, an optimal importance density cannot be always found to optimize the performance of a particle filter. A suboptimal importance density such as the prior distribution can be used to reduce the complexity of the particle filtering; however, it has a problem of ignoring the current observations. A class of suboptimal particle filters uses the prior distribution as the important density and moves the predicted particles to the low‐error region. In addition, particle filters require knowledge of noise processes to estimate the posterior distribution. This paper presents a suboptimal particle filter that overcomes the drawbacks of the prior importance density and the noise uncertainty by utilizing the swarm behavior in the particle propagation. The presented method will be applied to estimate the channel state information and detect the transmitted symbols of a MIMO wireless communication system under Rayleigh flat fading channel. Computer simulation of a 2 ×2 MIMO system is presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed suboptimal particle filter technique. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

激光云粒子成像探测仪研制

为了研究云粒子微观特性, 采用激光成像技术、高斯光束匀化处理技术、高分辨率阵列探测器以及图像抽帧还原算法, 研制出激光云粒子成像仪。通过地面模拟测量及实际飞行试验, 对仪器性能进行了测试。结果表明, 研制仪器可实现对25 μm~1550 μm云粒子的成像, 分辨率为25 μm, 粒径测量误差小于9.5%;实测的冰晶粒子形态符合云粒子自然分布规律, 粒子尺度谱符合指数分布, 决定系数在0.58~0.97之间。该研制仪器可为云降水微物理研究提供基础观测数据。     

基于四粒子cluster态的N位量子态秘密共享方案

为了实现N位量子态秘密共享,提出利用四粒子cluster态作为量子信道,cluster态虽然不是最大的纠缠态,但是有比最大纠缠态更强健的性质,通信者Alice通过添加辅助粒子,并对量子态进行五粒子联合测量,Bob（Charlie）对手中的粒子进行单粒子测量,并把结果和恢复量子态需要进行的操作告知Charlie（Bob）,Charlie（Bob）按照从Bob（Charlie）处得到的信息对手中的粒子进行相应的操作,最后再根据需要,把量子态通过相应的量子线路得到所需要共享的量子态。安全性分析证明此方案是安全的。     

Calculation of Microwave Attenuation Effect Due to Charged Sand Particles

Based on the forward scattering amplitude function for charged sand particles under the Rayleigh approximation and the effective permittivity method, a calculation model for microwave attenuation due to charged sand particles is given in terms of equal sized distribution and lognormal size distribution, and the attenuation is calculated and analyzed. The results show that the attenuation with charged sand is greater than the case of no charge, and the more concentrative the surface charges on sand particles are, the greater are the influences on microwave attenuation. When the frequency is not too high, natural sand and vehicular sand have little effect on microwave attenuation, whereas the attenuation of explosive sand need be considered.     

基于一类W态密集编码的量子安全直接通信方案

根据三粒子一类W态的特性及密集编码思想,提出了一种新的基于一类W态密集编码的量子安全直接通信方案。方案中除了安全检测的粒子,剩余的所有传输粒子全部对秘密信息进行密集编码,极大的提高了通信效率。同时为了保证方案的安全性,在粒子分发阶段利用W态粒子间的纠缠关联性,对信道进行了两次安全检测;在信息粒子传输阶段用粒子顺序重排和插入诱骗光子相结合的方法来提高对窃听者的检测率,减少信息的泄露量。最后的安全性分析表明,方案在提高通信效率的同时,保证了信息传输的安全性。     

机载激光云粒子成像仪研制与校准研究

为了实现对25m~1550m范围云粒子的测量和成像,采用了光学成像方法,基于准直光束照射的云粒子在64元探测器上投影切片组合的原理,研制了机载激光云粒子成像仪.介绍了激光云粒子成像仪各组成部分的功能,进行了探测单元量化标准、数据获取与处理方法、以及影响云粒子成像准确性的因素等方面的分析.建立了粒子尺寸校准装置,并采用7种规格的标准圆点进行了校准实验.结果表明,机载激光云粒子成像仪可探测到云粒子并成像,实现了粒子的尺寸测量和2维图像显示.     

Monte Carlo simulations of double-gate MOSFETs

A fullband Monte Carlo simulator has been used to analyze the performance of scaled n-channel double-gate (DG) MOSFETs. Size quantization in the channel is accounted for by using a quantum correction based on Schrodinger equation. Scattering induced by the oxide interface is included with a model calibrated with measurements for bulk devices. The detailed self-consistent treatment of quantum effects leads to several interesting observations. We observe that the sheet charge in DG devices does not decrease as much as expected in bulk devices when quantum-mechanical effects are included. The average carrier velocity in the channel is also somewhat reduced by quantum effects, as a second-order effect. In the test cases studied here, application of quantum effects causes a reduction in simulated current not exceeding 15%. In a DG structure, quantum effects tend to concentrate the charge density in the center of the channel, where transverse fields are lower. Because of this, interface scattering appears to be less pronounced when quantum effects are included.     

The Numerical Analysis of Two-Frequency Mutual Coherence Function for Infrared Laser Propagation in Clouds

The relations of the amplitudes and phases of the Γ for laser pulse propagation in clouds to ω_d are given by Ishimaru et al, based on average particles in clouds. In practice, since the particles size in clouds is according to a size distribution spectrum, the Γ ought to be derived from a particles size distribution. Based on the approximately solution which has been presented by Ishimaru and Hong, these examples of infrared laser pulse propagating in cloud are described and numerical analyses show the Γ's amplitude and phase obvious changes for tenuous and dense clouds. For a kind of cumulus and stratocumulus over Xi'an areas, considering cloud particles size distribution and mean particle size, respectively, the Γ's amplitudes and phases are calculated. These numerical results show that the differences between results calculated by applying particle size spectrum and mean size in clouds are remarkable, especially for the phase calculation. Therefore, It is shown that the Γ calculated according to particles size distribution is more reasonable than by average particle size. This study is important for us to improve infrared laser ranging and image systems performances and atmospheric remote-sensing techniques.     

Performance of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing based M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation in asymmetrical dual-hop mixed RF-FSO transmission system

This paper investigates the performance of a dual-hop mixed relay system with radio frequency (RF) and free-space optics (FSO) communication under the effect of pointing error (PE) and atmospheric turbulence (AT). This paper considers a system where RF and FSO links are cascaded. The RF link is modeled by Nakagami-m fading, and the FSO link is modeled as gamma–gamma (G-G) fading channel. Both the channel models use orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). The expressions for probability density function, cumulative distribution function, signal-to-noise ratio, and ergodic capacity are derived. The moment generating function (MGF) of fading and the bit error rate (BER) of the OFDM-based M-ary QAM scheme is derived in terms of Meijer's G-function. It has been observed that, in fixed gain relay systems, the modulation scheme's BER is dominated by the SNR of the RF link. While in a variable gain relay system, the turbulence conditions of the FSO system affect the SNR and the BER of the modulation method. The feasibility of heterodyne detection and intensity modulation direct detection (IM/DD) is analyzed in terms of outage probability and ergodic capacity. The results can be used to choose the optimal modulation order and relay system for QAM-OFDM-based optical wireless systems.     

复杂大气条件对微波传播衰减的影响研究

为了进一步提高大气对微波传播衰减影响的描述精度,为微波链路遥感反演大气新应用提供理论基础,该文系统性研究了大气主要吸收气体和各种大气粒子对微波传播的衰减情况。利用ITU-R模型计算大气主要气体成分对微波的吸收衰减,然后在降水粒子、云雾粒子和沙尘粒子的介电模型、形状、相态和谱分布的基础上,计算得到群粒子对微波的衰减特性,系统讨论降水强度、相态、含水量、谱分布、气压和温度等因素对微波传播衰减的影响。数值模拟结果表明,大气主要气体成分在60 GHz, 180 GHz和320 GHz附近存在强烈的吸收带,其衰减系数与水蒸气含量和气压呈正相关,与温度呈负相关;降水强度、谱分布、相态以及冰水比例对降水的微波衰减存在不同程度的影响,云雾的含水量和相态,沙尘的数密度、谱分布和含水量是影响微波衰减的主要因素,而温度的影响较小;大气各因素的衰减系数从大到小依次为爆炸沙尘、降水、气体吸收、水雾、冰雾和自然沙尘。