开坯轧机大压下量对大棒材芯部的影响

基于有限元仿真对比分析了大棒材在开坯轧制前两道次中不同变形程度对轧件芯部的影响.仿真结果表明:两道次压下量在90m m和70mm时的轧件等效应力比两道次压下量都在65mm时大200 MPa;轧件等效应力随道次增加而增加,变形程度增加使得轧件轧后残余应力增加;等效塑性应变随着道次变形程度增加而增大,而大的变形程度会促使等效应变渗透至轧件芯部,为消除或减小轧件芯部组织缺陷提供解决措施,从而提高材料的使用寿命.     

矩形断面铜包铝轧制成形有限元数值模拟

采用有限元数值模拟方法,研究了矩形断面铜包铝复合铸坯轧制成形铜包铝扁排时的金属变形和流动规律,以及工艺参数对宽展率和铜层厚度比的影响。结果表明,变形区宽面铜层在压下方向主要为压应力状态,而在轧制方向主要为拉应力状态。变形区窄面铜层在压下方向主要为压应力状态,但存在局部拉应力区,在轧制方向主要为拉应力状态。窄面铜层的双向拉应力是导致该位置易发生开裂的主要原因。在所研究的轧制工艺参数中,单道次相对压下率对轧制宽展率和铜层厚度比的影响最大,而采用较大的轧辊直径不仅可以获得较大宽展,而且对铜层厚度比的影响较小,因而铜包铝复合棒坯轧制时,宜采用较大的轧辊直径,并合理控制轧制的道次压下率。通过实验验证,数值模拟的计算精度可满足工程要求。     

热芯大压下轧制大方坯内部孔洞压合及表面裂纹分析

采用热芯大压下工艺可以消除大方坯芯部疏松、缩孔缺陷,然而大方坯应力状态复杂多变,符合大压下变形过程的断裂判据匮乏,制约了热芯大压下工艺的工业化应用。以GCr15大方坯为研究对象,通过设计异形压缩试样获取材料变形时不同的应力状态演化路径,还原了大方坯大压下过程复杂受力情况,建立了适用于热芯大压下轧制工艺的表面裂纹判据;结合大方坯芯部孔洞压合实验有限元模拟,分析了热芯大压下轧制时孔洞形状演变和表面开裂风险。结果表明：得益于热芯大压下大方坯的厚向温度梯度,压下率越大,对于铸坯芯部缺陷的改善效果越明显。当压下率为33.3%时,铸坯芯部孔洞实现完全闭合,且此时铸坯表面实际损伤值低于临界损伤值,不会产生新的表面裂纹缺陷。     

42CrMo钢棒材轧后缓冷工艺数值模拟与实验

针对42CrMo钢大棒材轧后冷却过程中的组织性能控制与表面裂纹问题,在Gleeble热模拟平台研究了42CrMo钢的组织转变规律及其动态CCT曲线,并建立了150 mm大棒材轧后输送和缓冷过程的温度-组织-应力场耦合有限元模型,对轧件轧后温度变化、显微组织和应力状态进行了模拟分析。结果表明,当采用缓冷工艺且轧件入坑温度高于600℃时,棒材横截面内组织主要为珠光体和铁素体,与工业现场取样结果一致,符合对大棒材切削加工性能的实际要求。空冷条件下,轧件表面金属处于拉应力状态且最大周向应力为13 MPa,缓冷工艺能够降低工件内部温度梯度和应力水平,对抑制表面裂纹萌生有重要作用。     

无槽轧制轧件角部的韧性断裂趋势分析

分析了高速线材无槽轧制过程中轧件角部产生韧性断裂的机理,采用数值模拟方法研究了轧件角部出现裂纹的趋势.结果表明无槽轧制过程中轧件角部区域存在较强的三向拉应力,相对其他区域最有可能产生裂纹;与孔型轧制相比,无槽轧制使轧件角部更容易产生韧性断裂.     

H型钢开坯轧制变形分析

借助有限元分析软件MSC SuperForm2 0 0 2对H型钢开坯轧制进行了模拟。分析了金属变形特点和轧件充满情况。研究表明 ,箱形孔中轧件腹板的变形与宽展较小 ;异形孔中轧件腹板与翼缘的变形很不一致 ,腹板出变形区后厚度会反弹增加 ;异形孔中轧件不能很好地充满孔型 ,轧制力也较大     

中厚板轧制过程的数值模拟

以L245级管线钢材料的热物性参数(密度、泊松比、杨氏模量、热膨胀系数、热导率和比热)和热模拟压缩实验获得的高温变形时应力—应变曲线等试验数据为基础,在MSC.Marc软件中建立了该钢种材料数据库,并建立了中厚板多道次轧制过程的二维有限元模型。以铸坯厚度为220mm、成品厚度为25.4mm的热轧过程为例,通过对轧件与轧辊接触面间换热系数采用取不同常数值的方法,并依据其生产时所采集的各道次相关工艺参数,对该轧件全道次热轧过程进行了数值模拟,将各道次的轧制力计算值与实测值进行了分析比较,确定了轧件与轧辊间接触面换热系数的最佳值。利用本文模型对厚度为180mm的轧件单道次轧制过程进行了数值模拟,研究了不同变形工艺参数(轧制温度、道次压下率和轧制速度)对变形区等效应变和等效应力的影响。结果表明,在轧机设备能力及生产现场条件允许时,高温粗轧阶段纵轧道次可采用低速大压下率进行轧制成形,使变形较充分地向轧件芯部渗透,从而使钢板获得细小均匀的晶粒组织,有效改善钢板的强韧性能。     

工艺参数对楔横轧螺纹轴心部质量的影响

楔横轧轧制轧件时,轧件受两向压应力、一向拉应力作用,轧件心部可能产生疏松、裂纹等心部缺陷,采用Deform-3D三维有限元软件模拟了不同工艺参数条件下楔横轧轧制螺纹轴类件的成形过程,从理论上分析了各种工况下轧件内部易产生缺陷的应力应变的变化特点,得出齿高变化率和螺旋升角对轧件心部质量的影响规律。研究结果表明,齿高变化率较大或螺旋升角随螺纹齿形中径尺寸变化时,轧件心部应力、应变都较小。选取合适的工艺参数,螺纹轴内部不会出现心部缺陷。     

轧制开坯钼丝退火点设置浅析

轧制开坯钼丝采用粉末生产的坯条或棒坯经轧制→旋锻→拉伸进行加工。因其具有变形均匀、单重大等优点,与传统旋锻开坯的钼丝相比,具有良好的加工性能和稳定性。但钼丝材的缺点是,在加工过程中易引起金属加工硬化,故生产中常出现断丝现象。轧制开坯钼丝拉伸加工较大规格时,上述现象更为突出,因此,须进行适当的退火,以消除应力,降低变形抗力,提高塑性。轧制开坯钼丝的简单工艺路线如右图所示。1 实验方法按以上工艺路线进行A、B两种工艺试验,如表1所示。其中A工艺在φ1.9 mm ~φ0.8mm拉伸工序中设置退火点,退火分别在φ1.4mm或…     

圆坯三辊斜轧过程的三维有限元热-力耦合分析

用非线性有限元分析软件MSC.MARC/Autoforge,对圆坯三辊斜轧过程进行了三维弹塑性热-力耦合模拟仿真,得到了应力、应变场和温度分布。发现圆坯三辊斜轧时的应变强度在轧件纵剖面上的分布形态与圆坯二辊斜轧极为相似,也呈“W”型。在相同轧辊倾角条件下,圆坯三辊斜轧时变形分布的不均匀性明显比二辊斜轧时大。     

超声滚压加工对X80管线钢焊接残余应力的影响

建立超声表面滚压加工（ultrasonic surface rolling process,USRP）的三维有限元模型,开发了模拟焊接的移动双椭球热源子程序,利用有限元软件ABAQUS模拟了X80管线钢焊缝不同方向的焊接残余应力,在此基础上叠加USRP的超声振动与静载荷的综合作用,模拟了表面塑形变形、应力和应变,耦合后分析了USRP前后残余应力的变化规律.结果表明,经过USRP处理,X80管线钢表面焊缝区由三向残余拉应力变为三向残余压应力,随着USRP次数的增加,残余压应力数值不断增大,残余应力σ_x,σ_y,σ_z变化规律基本相同.     

7050铝合金残余应力冷变形消减工艺仿真研究

实测了7050铝合金热物性参数得到了高温应力-应变曲线及淬火过程温度变化曲线,构建了7050铝合金热处理和冷变形工艺仿真模型,分析了7050铝合金试块固溶淬火、冷压过程的应力变化.结果表明:残余应力累积主要产生在固溶淬火阶段,淬火后残余应力为外压内拉状态.随着淬火温度的降低,试块心部拉应力有所提高.单向压缩后,心部的三...     

Cross-Sectional Residual Stresses in Thermal Spray Coatings Measured by Moiré Interferometry and Nanoindentation Technique

A plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coating (TBC) was deposited on a stainless steel substrate. The residual stresses were firstly measured by moiré interferometry combined with a cutting relaxation method. The fringe patterns in the cross-section of the specimen clearly demonstrate the deformation caused by the residual stress in thermal spray coatings. However, restricted by the sensitivity of moiré interferometry, there are few fringes in the top coat, and large errors may exist in evaluating the residual stress in the top coat. Then, the nanoindentation technique was used to estimate the residual stresses across the coating thickness. The stress/depth profile shows that the process-induced stresses after thermal spray are compressive in the top coat and a tendency to a more compressive state toward the interface. In addition, the stress gradient in the substrate is nonlinear, and tensile and compressive stresses appear simultaneously for self-equilibrium in the cross-section.     

齿轮钢大圆坯的铸态组织及轧制遗传性

基于φ500 mm大圆坯连铸连轧生产22CrMoH汽车桥齿钢的工艺,通过对铸坯低倍组织及高倍金相组织、轧后带状组织系统分析,开展了齿轮钢大圆坯铸态组织及轧制遗传性研究。研究发现,22CrMoH齿轮钢连铸大圆坯近表面细晶区、柱状晶区、中心等轴晶区的枝晶尺寸存在明显差异;自表面至芯部二次枝晶间距逐渐增加,退火状态下枝晶主干位置以铁素体为主,枝晶间以珠光体为主;轧后带状组织形态主要受铸态组织二次枝晶间距和轧制变形的影响;轧后退火态铁素体带宽自表面至芯部呈现增加趋势。     

The role of residual stress in neutral pH stress corrosion cracking of pipeline steels – Part II: Crack dormancy

This investigation provides a quantitative analysis of the effect of Type I residual stresses on the occurrence of pitting and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) formation in pipeline steel exposed to neutral pH aqueous environments. It has been shown that SCC generated in neutral pH environments can be readily blunted due to plastic deformation (room temperature creep) and/or extensive anodic dissolution. As a result, a high positive tensile residual stress gradient is necessary for continued growth of SCC in pipeline steels exposed to this neutral pH environment. The tensile residual stress represents a large mechanical driving force for crack nucleation and short crack growth. Active cracks may become dormant as the near-surface residual stress gradient changes, due to self-equilibration, from highly tensile to a lower tensile state or to a compressive state. The change in residual stress level can occur within 1 mm of the surface, resulting in a large proportion of dormant SCC.     

超声冲击改善6061铝合金焊接残余应力的数值模拟

运用ANSYS有限元软件对无应力和存在焊接残余应力的6061铝合金试板的超声冲击过程进行了数值模拟,并和实测结果进行了对比.结果表明,对于无应力试板,冲击中心表面为压应力,周围为拉应力;在冲击中心沿板厚方向,应力状态逐渐由压应力转变为拉应力,随冲击过程的进行,材料整体应力水平不断提高;对于存在焊接应力的试板,增加载荷位移,冲击区域的应力降幅也随之增大,最大拉应力逐渐向母材区转移且其峰值也不断下降,应力降幅符合实测结果.     

Depth resolved near-surface residual stresses in γ-based TiAl before and after high-temperature exposure

The aim of this study was to gain an insight into the development of near-surface stress, which has been proposed to play a role in environmental embrittlement, as a function of depth after exposure. Investigations were performed, using both energy and angle-dispersive X-ray diffraction, to determine the residual stress as a function of depth for flat specimens made from two γ-based TiAl alloys in as-polished and exposed (700 °C/1 h/air) conditions. It has been found that large compressive stresses are present at the surface of as-polished specimens due to sub-surface deformation that remains despite careful grinding/polishing. After exposure the compressive residual stresses at depths below 0.6 μm are significantly reduced, probably due to the annealing out of deformation induced defects, but remain compressive in nature. However, within 0.6 μm from the outer surface, tensile stresses were present and reached a maximum of around +350 MPa at 0.15 μm depth. The extent to which the development of superficial tensile residual stress and reduced deeper compressive stress contribute to embrittlement remains unclear.     

304�����岻��ְ�������״̬�±���Ӧ������

 利用多晶X射线面探测器衍射系统对304奥氏体不锈钢板在拉伸状态下的应力及其分布进行了检测分析。结果表明，在受到单向拉伸时原有的表面平均压应力σxx减小，σyy增加；在受到双向拉伸时，原有的表面平均压应力σxx和σyy均减小；最大压应力也是如此变化；缺陷（人为制造的方孔和圆孔）对平均应力影响不大，对最大应力影响较大。通过有限元模拟计算，实验结果和模拟结果的应力分布和变化趋势符合较好。     

7050铝合金二维超声滚压加工残余应力场研究

目的研究二维超声滚压后7050铝合金残余应力场的形成过程和表层残余应力的分布规律。方法利用有限元软件模拟二维超声滚压加工,分析残余应力场的形成过程及表层残余应力的分布规律;采用正交试验方法进行7050铝合金二维超声滚压加工试验,研究工艺参数对表面残余应力的影响规律,并与有限元分析结果相对比,验证有限元模拟的合理性。结果在二维超声滚压加工过程中,7050铝合金表层材料应力随时间先减小后增大,最后趋于稳定,形成残余应力。残余压应力沿滚压深度方向先增大后减小,再转化为残余拉应力。残余压应力层厚度约为1.05 mm,最大残余压应力值约为285 MPa。在相同的工艺参数下,有限元分析结果与试验结果基本吻合。静压力对表面残余应力的形成影响最大,表面残余压应力随静压力的增大而增大。结论二维超声滚压加工使7050铝合金表面发生剧烈的塑性变形,并形成一定深度的残余压应力。铝合金表面残余压应力随静压力的增大而增大,而与转速和进给量无关。     

Effect of surface rolling on fatigue behavior of a pearlitic ductile cast iron

Surface rolling is a mechanical treatment usually used in parts fabricated with steel and ductile cast iron, specifically in stress concentration regions, to improve fatigue properties. This process hardens and introduces compressive residual stresses to the surface of the material through the application of controlled strains, thus provoking a reduction of resulting tensile stress at its surface under cyclic loading. This work deals with the effect of surface rolling on high cycle fatigue behavior of a pearlitic ductile cast iron used in crankshafts by the automotive industry. Rotating bending fatigue tests were performed in both smooth and notched specimens, the latter either with or without a surface rolling treatment. Compressive residual stresses and heavy plastic deformation imposed on the surface grains due to cold work made difficult the nucleation and propagation of the crack at the rolled surface of the notch. As a consequence, surface-rolled notch testpieces presented a higher endurance limit (478 MPa) than both smooth (299 MPa) and notched (166 MPa) testpieces did. The surface rolling apparatus developed for this work proved to be very efficient and simple, providing good control of parameters involved in the process (i.e., rolling load, frequency, and number of revolutions).