下行床气粒流动行为的Eulerian-Lagrangian模拟

采用计算流体力学和离散单元方法耦合模型（CFD-DEM）对二维下行床内的气粒流动行为进行了全床数值模拟。模拟结果展示了下行床典型操作条件下特有的气固动态流动结构：沿流动方向存在明显的入口控制区、过渡区和（完全）发展区;颗粒聚团并不是出现在浓度相对较高的入口区,而是在过渡区之后的发展过程中逐渐形成较多的、松散的动态聚团结构。下行床发展段呈现典型的近壁浓环结构,这与实验结果基本一致。考察了颗粒之间以及颗粒与壁面之间的碰撞参数对下行床内气固流动结构的影响,发现完全弹性碰撞颗粒体系在入口区呈现最快速的颗粒分散;而对本文研究的操作条件,颗粒碰撞参数对发展段时均流体力学行为只产生轻微的影响。     

提升管与下行床颗粒团聚行为的离散颗粒模拟

从微观机理出发,采用计算流体力学和离散单元方法（CFD-DEM）结合的模型对二维提升管和下行床气固流动体系进行了数值模拟。模拟选用了粒径为520 μm、密度为2620 kg·m-3的球形颗粒和周期性边界条件,展示了气固并流逆重力场和顺重力场运动的颗粒聚团瞬态图像,定性或半定量地揭示了两个不同体系的颗粒微观聚集行为。提升管中颗粒聚团较为严重,且表现明显的颗粒返混现象;下行床中的颗粒聚团比较松散,且具有与宏观流动相同的流速方向,几乎无颗粒返混。通过统计分析获得宏观时均流体力学行为,包括两相的相分布和速度分布,并与文献报道的实验现象进行定性的比较。     

不同入口结构下行床内气固流动及混合行为的CFD-DEM模拟

采用计算流体力学和离散单元模型（CFD-DEM）耦合一种简单的气固催化反应模型对具有不同入口结构的二维下行床内的气粒流动和混合行为进行全床数值模拟。模拟得到了不同入口结构下行床内的多尺度气固运动状态、全床的固含、速度及反应生成物浓度分布,以及气体和颗粒在下行床内的停留时间分布,发现入口结构对反应器内的流动、混合和气固接触效率起着关键性的作用,入口气体和颗粒的不均匀分布将导致下行床内气体停留时间的宽分布以及气固接触效果的恶劣。     

气固并流向上流动中颗粒聚集的机理

Two-dimensional unsteady cocurrent upward gas-solid flows in the vertical channel are simulated and the mechanisms of particles accumulation are analyzed according to the simulation results. The gaseous turbulent flow is simulated using the large eddy simulation （LES） method and the solid phase is treated using the Lagrangian approach, and the motion of the gas and particles are coupled. The formation of clusters and the accumulation of particles near the wall in dense gas-solid flows are demonstrated even if the particle-particle collisions were ignored. It is found that a cluster grows up by capturing the particles in the dilute phase due to its lower vertical velocity. By this way the small size clusters can evolve to large-scale clusters. Due to the interaction of gas and particles, the large-scale vortices appear in the channel and the boundary layer separates from the wall, which results in very high particle concentration in the near wall region and a very large-scale cluster formed near the separation point.     

气固并流向上流动中颗粒聚集的机理

1 INTRODUCTION Cocurrent upward gas-solid flows are widely used in industrial situations such as circulating fluid- ized bed, fluid catalytic cracking and pneumatic transport. Due to its industrial relevance, many quan- titative experimental and numerical investigations have been carried out[1―4]. Investigations show that upward gas-solid flow always appears heterogenously structured and the distribution of particles is always non-uniform unless the solid phase is very dense or very dilut…     

A preliminary CFD study of the gas-solid flow fields in multizone circulating polymerization reactors

A Eulerian-Eulerian model incorporating the kinetic theory of granular flow is adopted to describe the gas-solid two-phase flows in a multizone circulating propylene polymerization reactor. Corresponding simulations are carried out in a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code Fluent. First, the model is validated by comparing simulation results with the experimental data. Entire fields in the reactor composed of a riser and a downer are also obtained numerically. Furthermore, the model is used to distinguish the flow behaviors in the riser and the downer. The effects of riser-outlet configuration and operation gas velocity on the flow behaviors in the reactor are also investigated numerically. The simulated results show that the flow behaviors in the riser of MZCR are different from those in the downer of MZCR. In addition, the simulation results also show that both the exit configuration of the riser and the operation gas velocity can significantly affect the flow behaviors in the MZCR.     

基于重置温度方法的双参数介尺度气固传热模型构建

颗粒聚团等介尺度结构在气固两相流中普遍存在,这些介尺度非均匀结构直接影响气固流动特性及气固接触效率,进而影响气固相间传热、传质及化学反应过程。在更适合工业大尺度气固传热模拟的粗网格方法中缺乏准确度高、简单易用且可以考虑介尺度非均匀结构影响的传热模型。采用计算流体力学-离散单元法（CFD-DEM）研究了气固两相流相间传热,为了保证气固相间持续传热,采用了两种维持气固相间传热温差的方法,并讨论了两种方法的优缺点。方法一：给气相能量方程添加热源项;方法二：每间隔一段时间重置气相温度,重置温度后气固两相自由传热,两种方法中均保持固相温度不变。结果表明聚团界面位置的局部单位体积气固传热量最大,重置温度方法在稀相和界面位置的局部单位体积传热量与总单位体积传热量之比大于热源项方法,而在浓相位置的局部单位体积传热量与总单位体积传热量之比小于热源项方法。通过过滤CFD-DEM计算数据,为重置温度方法构建了双参数（过滤固含率、过滤尺度）传热系数修正因子模型,通过先验分析评价了模型的表现,研究表明所构建模型在过滤网格尺度为5~40倍颗粒直径范围内优于文献中已有的双参数模型。     

Modelling of dense gas-particle flow in a circulating fluidized bed by Distinct Cluster Method (DCM)

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a powerful tool to study the dense gas-solid flow in a circulating fluidized bed. Most of the existing methods focus on the microscopic properties of individual particle. Therefore, the simulation scale is significantly limited by the huge number of individual particles, and so far the numbers of particles in most of the reported simulations are less than 10⁵. The hydrodynamics behaviour of particle clustering in a dense gas-solid two-phase flow has been verified by several experimental results. The Distinct Cluster Method (DCM) was proposed in this paper by studying the macroscopic particle clustering behaviour, and comprehensive models for cluster motion, collision, break-up, and coalescence have been well developed. We model the dense two-phase flow field as gas-rich lean phase and solid-rich cluster phase. The particle cluster is directly treated as one discrete phase. The gas turbulent flow is calculated by Eulerian approach, and the particle behaviour is studied by Lagrangian approach. Using the proposed method, a three-dimension dense gas-particle two-phase flow field in a circulating fluidized bed with square-cross-section, with particle number up to 7.162 × 10⁷ are able to be numerically studied, on which few results have been reported. Details on instantaneous and time-averaged distributions are obtained. Developing process of non-uniform particle distribution is visualized. These results are in agreements with experimental observations, which justified the feasibility of using the DCM method to model and simulate dense gas-solid flow in a circulating fluidized bed with large number of particle numbers.     

颗粒负荷对小型旋风器性能影响的模拟分析

为探究颗粒负荷对小型旋风器内气固两相流动的影响,基于雷诺应力模型（RSM）和欧拉-欧拉方法的混合流模型（Mixture）进行气体-颗粒、颗粒-颗粒的相间耦合计算。采用粒径为0.5～5μm的颗粒组在40L/min、60L/min和80L/min的入口流量下模拟0~3kg/m³的5种不同颗粒浓度工况,通过对比旋风器内纯气相流场和颗粒负荷流场的不同,研究了颗粒的存在对流场的影响;探究了入口流量和浓度变化对旋风器内分离效率和压降特性的影响。基于模型有效性验证的数值模拟结果表明：较高颗粒浓度负荷使旋风器内的气相流场发生显著变化。随着入口流量的增大,旋风器的分离效率先增大后减小,压降呈非线性增大。随着颗粒浓度的增大,旋风器的分离效率逐渐增大,压降先减小后增大。     

基于动态双重网格下喷动床滞止区流动特性CFD-DEM数值模拟

基于Fortran语言自行开发了基于动态双重网格方法下的喷动床内气固两相流动的CFD-DEM方法,同时开展了喷动床内径向混合实验与模拟研究,又结合单网格方法对喷动床内0~2.0 s内的滞止区特性进行对比分析,验证了动态双网格方法计算结果的准确性。然后利用动态双网格方法对不同进口气速下和不同初始堆积高度下的喷动床进行数值模拟研究,对滞止区颗粒流动过程进行追踪,结果表明：径向混合实验结果与数值模拟结果有很好一致性;在喷动床内存在一定的滞止区,滞止区内的颗粒流动性较差;初始堆积高度不变,随着进口速度的增加,滞止区高度下降速率和向喷口延伸速度无明显变化;进口速度不变,随着初始堆积高度的增加,滞止区颗粒下降速度随之增加,但其向喷口延伸速度逐渐变慢。     

coarse-grained CFD-DEM方法在不同流态流化床中的模拟验证

传统CFD-DEM方法的计算量随着系统内颗粒数目的增加而显著增加，coarse-grained CFD-DEM（粗颗粒）方法将若干个真实颗粒打包成虚拟颗粒从而显著减小系统计算量。在coarse-grained CFD-DEM方法进行应用之前，对其进行广泛的验证是有必要的。采用coarse-grained CFD-DEM方法模拟得到不同流态流化床的气固流动特征（固含率、压降、颗粒速度等），与传统CFD-DEM和实验测量吻合较好。另外，系统的计算效率随着粗颗粒放大系数的增加显著提升。研究表明，粗颗粒方法能够以较小的计算精度损失而使计算速度大幅提升，能够适用于大尺度稠密气固流动系统的模拟。     

Particle-scale simulation of fluidized bed with immersed tubes

In order to simulate gas-solids flows with complex geometry, the boundary element method was incorporated into the implementation of a combined model of computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method. The resulting method was employed to simulate hydrodynamics in a fluidized bed with immersed tubes. The transient simulation results showed particle and bubble dynamics. The bubble coalescence and break-up behavior when passing the immersed tubes was successfully predicted. The gas-solid flow pattern in the fluidized bed is changed greatly because of the immersed tubes. As particles and gas are come in contact with the immersed tubes, the gas bubbles will be deformed. The collisions between particles and tubes will make the tubes surrounded by air pockets most of the time and this is unfavorable for the heat transfer between particles and tubes.     

DEM MODELING AND SIMULATION OF A DOWN-FLOW CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED

A mathematical model based on the distinct element method (DEM) was developed to investigate the hydrodynamics in a gas-solid down-flow circulating fluidized bed reactor (downer). The models consist of the equations of particle motion and fluid motion. The contact force is calculated by using the analogy of a spring, dashpot, and friction slider. Simulation results show that the radial solids holdup and particle velocity profiles are uniform in the core region. Near the wall, the solids holdup is higher with lower particle velocity. An increase in the particle size decreases the solids holdup and increases the particle velocity. The solids holdup decreases with superficial gas velocity but increases with solids circulation rate. Particle velocity increases with gas velocity and solids circulation rate. The solids holdup and particle velocity are almost uniform along the height of the downer except near the distributor. The hydrodynamic behavior from this simulation showed trends similar to those of the experimental results. The results obtained from this model fit better with the experimental results than Kimm's and Bolkan's models do.     

Development and verification of coarse-grain CFD-DEM for nonspherical particles in a gas–solid fluidized bed

Computational fluid dynamics coupled with discrete element method (CFD-DEM) has been widely used to understand the complicated fundamentals inside gas–solid fluidized beds. To realize large-scale simulations, CFD-DEM integrated with coarse-grain model (CG CFD-DEM) provides a feasible solution, and has led to a recent upsurge of interest. However, when dealing with large-scale simulations involving irregular-shaped particles such as biomass particles featuring elongated shapes, current CG models cannot function as normal because they are all developed for spherical particles. To address this issue, a CG CFD-DEM for nonspherical particles is proposed in this study, and the morphology of particles is characterized by the super-ellipsoid model. The effectiveness and accuracy of CG CFD-DEM for nonspherical particles are comprehensively evaluated by comparing the hydrodynamic behaviors with the results predicted by traditional CFD-DEM in a gas–solid fluidized bed. It is demonstrated that the proposed model can accurately model gas–solid flow containing nonspherical particles, merely the particle dynamics are somewhat lost due to the scaleup of particle size. Finally, the calculation efficiency of CG CFD-DEM is assessed, and the results show that CG CFD-DEM can largely reduce computational costs mainly by improving the calculation efficiency of DEM. In general, the proposed CG CFD-DEM for nonspherical particles strikes a good balance between efficiency and accuracy, and has shown its prospect as a high-efficiency alternative to traditional CFD-DEM for engineering applications involving nonspherical particles.     

A CFD-DEM study of the cluster behavior in riser and downer reactors

This paper presents a numerical study of the particle cluster behavior in a riser/downer reactor by means of combined computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and discrete element method (DEM), in which the motion of discrete particles is obtained by solving Newton's equations of motion and the flow of continuum gas by the Navier-Stokes equations. It is shown that the existence of particle clusters, unique to the solid flow behavior in such a reactor, can be predicted from this first principle approach. The results demonstrate that there are two types of clusters in a riser and downer: one is in the near wall region where the velocities of particles are low; the other is in the center region where the velocities of particles are high. While the extent of particle aggregation appears to be similar, the duration time for the first type in a downer is shorter than in a riser. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the formation of clusters is affected by a range of variables related to operational conditions, particle properties, and bed properties and geometry. The increase of solid volume fraction, sliding and rolling friction between particles or between particles and wall, or damping coefficient can enhance the formation of clusters. The use of multi-sized particles can also promote the formation of clusters. But the increase of gas velocity or use of a wider bed can suppress the formation of clusters. The van der Waals force may enhance the formation of clusters when solid concentration is high but suppress the formation of clusters near the wall region when solid concentration is low.     

Discrete element simulation of particle flow in arbitrarily complex geometries

Conventional simulations of dense particle flows in complex geometries usually involve the use of glued particles to approximate geometric surface. This study is concerned with the development of a robust and accurate algorithm for detecting the interaction between a spherical particle and an arbitrarily complex geometric surface in the framework of soft-sphere discrete element model (DEM) without introducing any assumptions. Numerical experiments specially designed to validate the algorithm shows that the new algorithm can accurately predict the contact state of a particle with a complex geometric surface. Based on the proposed algorithm, a new solver for simulation of dense particle flows is developed and implemented into an open source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software package OpenFOAM. The solver is firstly employed to simulate hydrodynamics in a bubble fluidized bed. Numerical results show that a 3D simulation can predict the bubble size better than a 2D simulation. Subsequently, gas–solid hydrodynamics in an immersed tube fluidized bed is simulated. Results show that bubble coalescence and breakup behavior around the immersed tubes are well captured by the numerical model. In addition, seven different particle flow patterns around the immersed tubes are identified based on the numerical results obtained.     

流场形态对旋风分级器性能的影响

气流分级器性能的优劣很大程度上取决于流场分布,改变常规旋风分级器的切向进风口位置,在分级空间建立不同类型的离心流场,采用数值模拟和分级试验手段分析了分级流场形态对颗粒运动过程和分级性能的影响。结果表明,传统旋风分级器边壁下行流造成粗粉中细颗粒夹带较多,影响分级精度;新型旋风分级器内形成上下两个旋涡,上旋涡均为上行气流,其流量约占总风量的80%,下旋涡携带细颗粒较少,降低了细颗粒进入粗组分的概率;上旋涡可实现对边壁区的细颗粒的轴向淘洗、再分级,提高了分级精度。试验结果表明,入口气速从10m/s增加至22m/s。相较于传统旋风分级器,新型旋风分级器的分级性能明显改善,分级精度指标平均提高27%,压降损失为传统旋风分级器的53%~62%。     

气固并流下行床反应器出入口结构研究现状与展望

自80年代中期以来,气固并流下行床反应器以其接触时间短、接近平推流而成为气固流态化新的研究方向。本文对目前下行床反应器出入口结构方面的研究现状进行了总结,包括下行床出入口结构设计、出入口形式对下行管流动混合行为的影响气固分离效率等。在此基础上,探讨了下行床出入口结构及其性能之间的关系,并提出了下行出入口设计与放大的基本思路。     

基于MP-PIC方法改进EMMS/DP曳力模型

改进了面向离散粒子法的能量最小多尺度曳力模型(EMMS/DP)的颗粒参数生成方式,并将非均匀因子(HD)与固相浓度和滑移速度关联以考虑介尺度结构动态效应的影响,用改进的EMMS/DP模型与多相流质点网格模型(MP-PIC)耦合模拟气固两相流提升管系统,模拟结果与实验值吻合很好,考察了MP-PIC方法的网格无关性和粗粒化模型参数.