The formation of polymer networks polymerized with the Copper (I) – catalyzed azide – alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) click reaction is described along with their accompanying utilization as shape memory polymers. Due to the click nature of the reaction and the synthetic accessibility of azide and alkyne functional-monomers, the polymer architecture was readily controlled through monomer design to manipulate crosslink density, ability for further functionalization, and the glass transition temperature (55–114 °C). Free strain recovery is used to quantify the shape memory properties of a model CuAAC network resulting in excellent shape fixity and recovery of 99%. The step growth nature of this polymerization results in homogenous network formation with narrow glass transitions ranges having half widths of the transition close to 15 °C for these materials resulting in shape recovery sharpness of 3.9%/°C in a model system comparable to similarly crosslinked chain growth polymers. Utilization of the CuAAC reaction to form shape memory materials opens a range of possibilities and behaviors that are not readily achieved in other shape memory materials such as (meth) acrylates, thiol-ene, thiol-Michael, and poly(caprolactone) based shape memory materials. 相似文献
The mechanical properties of materials printed using fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printers typically rely only on adhesion among melt processed thermoplastic polymer strands. This dramatically limits the utility of FFF systems today for a host of manufacturing and consumer products and severely limits the toughness in 3D printed shape memory polymers. To improve the interlayer adhesion in 3D printed parts, we introduce crosslinks among the polymer chains by exposing 3D printed copolymer blends to ionizing radiation to strengthen the parts and reduce anisotropy. A series polymers blended with specific radiation sensitizers, such as trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) and triallyisocyanurate (TAIC), were prepared and irradiated by gamma rays. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), tensile testing, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) were employed to characterize the thermomechanical properties and the chemical structure of the various polymers. TAIC was shown to be a very effective radiation sensitizer for 3D printed sensitized polylactic acid (PLA). The results further revealed that crosslinks induced by radiation temperatures near Tg of shape memory systems have prominently enhanced the thermomechanical properties of the 3D printed polymers, as well as the solvent resistance. This enables us to deliver a new generation of inexpensive 3D printable, crosslinked parts with robust thermomechanical properties. 相似文献
The objective of this work is to characterize and understand the structure-to-thermomechanical property relationship in thiol-ene and thiol-ene/acrylate copolymers in order to complement the existing studies on the kinetics of this polymerization reaction. Forty-one distinct three- and four-part mixtures were created with systematically varied functionality, chemical structure, type and concentration of crosslinker. The resulting polymers were subjected to dynamic mechanical analysis and tensile testing at their respective glass transition temperature, Tg, to quantify and understand their thermomechanical properties. The copolymer systems exhibited a broad range of Tg, rubbery modulus – Er and failure strain. The addition of a difunctional high-Tg acrylate to several three-part systems increased the resultant Tg and Er. Higher crosslink densities generally resulted in higher stress and lower strain at failure. The tunability of the thermomechanical properties of these copolymer systems is discussed in terms of inherent advantages and limitations in light of pure acrylate systems. 相似文献
A critical parameter for a shape memory polymer (SMP) lies in its shape memory transition temperature. For an amorphous SMP polymer, it is highly desirable to develop methods to tailor its Tg, which corresponds to its shape memory transition temperature. Starting with an amine cured aromatic epoxy system, epoxy polymers were synthesized by either reducing the crosslink density or introducing flexible aliphatic epoxy chains. The thermal and thermomechanical properties of these epoxy polymers were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). All the crosslinked epoxy polymers with Tg's above room temperature were found to possess shape memory properties. Overall, our approach represents a facile method to precisely tune the Tg of epoxy SMP polymers ranging from room temperature to 89 °C. 相似文献
This work examines the small-scale deformation and thermally induced recovery behavior of shape memory polymer networks as a function of crosslinking structure. Copolymer shape memory materials based on diethylene glycol dimethacrylate and polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate with a molecular weight of 550 crosslinkers and a tert-butyl acrylate linear chain monomer were synthesized with varying weight percentages of crosslinker from 0 to 100%. Dynamic mechanical analysis is used to acquire the bulk thermomechanical properties of the polymers, including the glass transition temperature and the elastic modulus over a wide temperature range. Instrumented nanoindentation is used to examine ambient temperature deformation of the polymer networks below their glass transition temperature. The glassy modulus of the networks measured using nanoindentation is relatively constant as a function of crosslinking density, and consistent with values extracted from monotonic tensile tests. The ambient temperature hardness of the networks increases with increasing crosslinking density, while the dissipated energy during indentation decreases with increasing crosslinking density. The changes in hardness correlated with the changes in glass transition but not changes in the rubbery modulus, both of which can scale with a change in crosslink density. Temperature induced shape recovery of the indentations is studied using atomic force microscopy. For impressions placed at ambient temperature, the indent shape recovery profile shifts to higher temperatures as crosslink density and glass transition temperature increase. 相似文献
A fundamental study on the sterilization of thiol‐ene/acrylate polymers for biomedical applications is presented. These polymer networks belong to the emerging field of shape memory polymers and have the capability to undergo softening after insertion into the body. The impact of various sterilization methods, such as radiation, steam, and ethylene oxide on the thermomechanical properties of these stimuli responsive materials is investigated. Time and temperature dependent thermomechanical properties of sterilized and nonsterilized samples are determined by means of dynamic mechanical analysis in an aqueous environment to allow testing of polymers in phosphate buffered saline. The findings show that ethylene oxide sterilization is appropriate for thiol‐ene and thiol‐ene/acrylate based shape memory polymers. This method does not adversely affect thermomechanical and self‐softening properties and after sterilization, endotoxin levels remain below the thresholds recommended in the FDA Guidance.
The impact of branching architecture of one continuous uncrosslinked phase on properties of classic shape memory semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (semi-IPNs) was explored. Crosslinked poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/star-shaped polyethylene glycol (PEG) (PMMA/SPEG) semi-IPNs and PMMA/linear PEG (PMMA/LPEG) semi-IPNs were synthesized with the same PEG content. Mechanical properties, phase structure, thermal properties, dynamic mechanical properties, and shape memory properties of these two semi-IPNs systems were compared. Due to the better compatibility of SPEG in the PMMA network, which was derived from little crystallization compared with PMMA/LPEG semi-IPNs, PMMA/SPEG semi-IPNs exhibited a combination of large tensile strength and high elongation at break. PMMA/SPEG semi-IPNs, which had little crystallization exhibited superior shape recovery versus PMMA/LPEG semi-IPNs, which had more crystallization. Moreover, the higher the crystallinity in PMMA/PEG semi-IPNs was the worse long-term temporary shape retention. Based on tube model theory, the high shape recovery capacity of PMMA/SPEG semi-IPNs is mainly ascribed to the retraction of free PEG arms, which is entropically favorable and thermally activated due to the fluctuations of the path length. This result is supported by stress relaxation analysis and the influence of long shape fixity time on shape fixity ratio for these two systems. 相似文献
The physical and mechanical properties of several thiol-ene based polymers and their mixtures with the liquid crystal, E7, were characterized to probe their relationship with the liquid crystal film electro-optic performance properties. Kinetic data suggests that high conversion is achieved for each thiol-ene combination. Pre-polymerization phase diagrams indicate that each thiol-ene/E7 mixture phase separates well below room temperature, and thus prior to polymerization at room temperature all are in a single phase. Holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystals (HPDLC) were fabricated for several thiol-ene and E7 mixtures, and electro-optical parameters characterized to probe the relationship between the thiol-ene network properties and the electro-optic performance of the HPDLCs. The photocured matrices exhibited glass transitions and tan δ peak maxima that ranged from temperatures below 0 °C to well above room temperature. There is a clear correlation between the physical nature of the matrix and the electro-optic switching parameters with H-PDLC films fabricated from trithiol-pentaerythritol triallylether, all of which exhibit glass transition temperatures below 0 °C, having the fastest switching times and lowest switching voltages at room temperature. Also, in each case higher liquid crystalline concentration resulted in lower switching voltages. 相似文献
Besides a stable phase, shape-memory polymers require an additional switchable moiety. In addition to thermal transitions and supramolecular interactions, these units can also be based on covalent bonds. Herein, the use of the reversible thiol-ene reaction as reversible cross-linker for the design of shape-memory polymers is demonstrated. A facile route to polymer networks with a thiol-ene acceptor and a comonomer (butyl methacrylate or 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate) cross-linked by dithiols is introduced. The thermal and mechanical properties of the resulting polymers are characterized in detail. Hereby, the polymers feature excellent shape-memory behavior with fixity and recovery rates above 90%. This study shows that the thiol-ene cross-linker can function as both, the stable and the switchable structural moiety rendering the usage of a covalent cross-linker unnecessary. This partial reversibility can also be proven by temperature-depending Raman spectroscopy. 相似文献
Data from comprehensive thermomechanical tests of poly(L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) biodegradable shape memory polymer (SMP)
reinforced with pristine and functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are reported. The SMP specimens tested up
to 500% strain and between 25 °C and 70 °C temperatures. The incorporation of functionalized MWCNTs leads to the best overall
reinforcing effect in tensile modulus, yield stress, tensile strength and elongation at failure. Thermo mechanical experiments
resulted that the functionalized MWCNTs increased the glass transition range of composites and changed the melting point of
composites slightly. The crystallinity of composites was increased with increment of MWCNTs in composites. The shape fixity
and shape recovery of composites increased slightly, while the recovery stress increased 46%. It is found that the functionalized
MWCNTs prepare an effective physical cross linking and switching segments in polymer composites. 相似文献
Synthesis and design of polymer systems based on acrylamide for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is essential for reservoirs with high salinity and high temperature conditions. The use of associative monomers or the modification of the polymers with hydrophobic functional groups represents a promising alternative that extends the use of chemical EOR. In this study, terpolymers based on acrylamide, acrylic acid and butyl methacrylate were synthesized and the rheological properties of aqueous solutions of the obtained polymers at different pH values, and salt concentrations were evaluated. The results show that at alkaline conditions the viscosity of aqueous solutions of a polymer synthesized with 68.6 wt% of acrylamide, 22.9 wt% of acrylic acid and 8.6 wt% of butyl methacrylate increases by a factor of more than 1,000 at a 3 wt% concentration. Also, all polymers with the hydrophobic modification showed higher viscosity in saline solutions compared to their acrylamide-acrylic acid analogue. 相似文献
Mathematical modeling has increasingly recognized as a powerful tool that could aid the understanding of shape memory behavior in semicrystalline shape memory polymer (SMP). Up to now, studies have not fully taken into account the viscous effect of the amorphous phase in the whole shape memory cycle, which causes a more realistic prediction of the SMP behavior. In this work, a constitutive thermoviscoelastic model was developed to predict the thermomechanical behavior of semicrystalline SMP. The simulated results of the proposed model for a typical uniaxial deformation were compared with the case having no dissipation effect, also with experimental data. The accuracy improvements in the results of the stress–strain trends together with fixing ratio and recovery ratio obtained from the modified model were significant. The results were in good agreement with the experimental data. The modified model revealed a real and more accurate trend by considering viscous dissipation. 相似文献