Transmission of SDH signals through future satellite channels usinghigh-level modulation techniques

The authors discuss the possibility of transmitting synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) signals through two-link nonlinear satellite channels. Transmitting such high bit rate signals through a standard 54 MHz or 36 MHz transponder bandwidth requires the use of high-level modulation schemes. The techniques and technologies needed to make the use of 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and 64-ary QAM transmissions feasible for future satellite communication systems are examined. It is shown that it is possible to transmit a synchronous transport module-level 1 (STM-1) signal through a standard 54 or 36 MHz transponder bandwidth using 16-ary QAM or 64-ary QAM transmission, respectively, for the 6/4 GHz band. However, for higher frequency bands, due to high fade margins needed to achieve the high availability and performance for SDH systems, is not practical to transmit the STM-1 signal through such standard transponder bandwidths     

Key technologies for terabit/second WDM systems with high spectralefficiency of over 1 bit/s/Hz

To fully utilize a limited gain bandwidth of about 35 nm (4.4 THz) in an erbium-doped fiber amplifier, an increase in signal spectral efficiency is required. In this paper, we investigate the key technologies to achieve terabit/second wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) systems with over 1 bit/s/Hz spectral efficiency. Optical duobinary signals, which have narrower optical spectra than conventional intensity modulation signals, were applied to such dense WDM systems. The measured minimum channel spacing for 20-Gbit/s optical duobinary signals was 32 GHz and a spectral efficiency of over 0.6 bit/s/Hz was reached. By using polarization interleave multiplexing, spectral efficiency was expected to reach 1.2 bit/s/Hz in an ideal case with no polarization dependencies along the transmission lines. In such ultradense WDM systems with narrower channel spacing, stabilizing the wavelengths of laser diodes is an important issue for achieving stable operation over long periods. To do this, we developed a simple and flexible wavelength stabilization system which uses a multiwavelength meter. The wavelengths for 116 channels with 35-GHz spacing were stabilized within ±150 MHz. The stabilization system is applicable to ultradense WDM signals with a spectral efficiency of over 1 bit/s/Hz by employing wavelength interleave multiplexing and an optical selector switch. On the basis of these investigations, we demonstrated a 2.6-Tbit/s (20 Gbit/s×132 channels) WDM transmission by using optical duobinary signals. In addition, 1.28-Tbit/s (20 Gbit/s×64 channels) WDM transmission with a high spectral efficiency of 1 bit/s/Hz was achieved by using polarization interleave multiplexing     

Choice of MUX/DEMUX filter characteristics for NRZ, RZ, and CSRZ DWDM systems

This paper investigates the influence of filter bandwidth and flank steepness of both multiplexing and demultiplexing filters in dense wavelength division multiplexed systems (spectral efficiency 0.8 b/s/Hz) in the presence of coherent wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) crosstalk. Using a recently introduced technique for the statistically reliable performance prediction of systems impaired by coherent WDM crosstalk, this paper presents numerical results for nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ), 33% duty-cycle return-to-zero (RZ), and 67% duty-cycle carrier-suppressed return-to-zero signals. This paper confirms that steep filter flanks are generally preferable, both in terms of optical signal-to-noise ratio penalty and in terms of filter bandwidth tolerance.     

A 0.7-3 GHz GaAs QPSK/QAM direct modulator

A single chip I/Q direct modulator for use in digital radio links is presented. This device translates directly the phase and quadrature baseband signals to a microwave frequency that can be chosen between 700 MHz and 3 GHz avoiding the use of IF circuits. It is able to generate any type of digital modulation as QPSK, n-PSK, n-QAM, GMSK, etc., with band-limited spectrum. The bandwidth of the I/Q modulating signals is more than 500 MHz allowing the use of the circuit even in the highest capacity systems. The device has 120 components in a 2.2×2.4 mm chip and has been fabricated using 0.5 μm GaAs MESFET process     

Spectrally efficient digital broadcast systems operated in a phasenoise environment

High spectral efficiency combined with power efficiency, is a requirement for high speed digital broadcast satellite systems. The effect of the recovered carrier phase noise and the nonlinearity on the performance of 16-QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) and staggered 16-QAM is investigated and compared. It is found that for the phase noise, 16-QAM is more degraded for a roll-off factor of less than 0.4. For roll-off factor of more than 0.8, staggered 16-QAM has superior performance. For the nonlinearity staggered 16-QAM is more sensitive for a roll-off factor of less than 0.4. It is concluded that coincident 16-QAM is suitable for spectrally efficient digital broadcast systems     

1024-QAM and 256-QAM Coded Modems for Microwave and Cable System Applications

Low redundancy FEC coded 1024-QAM modems, staggered 1024-QAM, and 256-QAM modems for spectrally efficient (up to 8.84 bits/s/Hz) microwave and cable systems applications are described. Such a high spectral efficiency is required for CEPT-1 (2.048 Mbit/s) rate digital transmission in a single analog supergroup (SG` band as well as for other emerging systems applications. Practical constraints of operational analog FDM systems are presented and taken into account in the choice of the low redundancy FEC codec and the coded 1024-QAM modem. Theoretical, computer simulation and experimental results of 256QAM modems have been extended to the feasibility study of 512-QAM, 961-QPRS, and 1024-QAM modems. Our experience with 256-QAM modems which have a T-1 (1.544 Mbit/s) rate in a 240 kHz analog supergroup (SG) band, i.e., an efficiency of 6.66 bits/s/Hz, demonstrates that a regenerative span over 1000 km is feasible over FDM radio systems. A significantly increased spectral efficiency of 8.84 bits/s/Hz is required for CEPT-1/SG system applications. Our R&D results, presented in this paper, demonstrate the feasibility of FEC coded 1024QAM modems, equipped with powerful digital adaptive equalizers, carrier phase noise, and symbol clock jitter cancellation subsystems, for the transmission of CEPT-1 rate signals in a single SG band.     

Cascaded Complex ADCs With Adaptive Digital Calibration for $I/Q$ Mismatch

A complex analog-to-digital converter (ADC) intended for digital intermediate frequency (IF) receiver applications digitizes analog signals at IFs with excellent power/bandwidth efficiency. However, it is vulnerable to mismatches between its in-phase and quadrature (I/Q) paths that can dramatically degrade its performance. The proposed solution mitigates I/Q mismatch effects using a complex sigma-delta (SigmaDelta) modulator cascaded with 9-bit pipeline converters in each of the I and Q paths. The quantization noise of the first stage complex modulator is eliminated using an adaptive scheme to calibrate finite-impulse response digital filters in the digital noise-cancellation logic block. Although low-pass SigmaDelta cascade ADCs are widely used because of their inherent stability and high-order noise shaping, the complex bandpass cascade architecture introduced herein maintains these advantages and doubles the noise shaping bandwidth. Digital calibration also reduces the effects of analog circuit limitations such as finite operational amplifier gain, which enables high performance and low power consumption with high-speed deep-submicrometer CMOS technology. Behavioral simulations of the complex SigmaDelta/pipeline cascade bandpass ADC using the adaptive digital calibration algorithm predict a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 78 dB over a 20-MHz signal bandwidth at a sampling rate of 160 MHz in the presence of a 1% I/Q mismatch.     

An HDTV Broadcasting System Utilizing a Bandwidth Compression Technique?MUSE

An HDTV broadcasting service on one satellite broadcast channel became available after the development of a transmission system called MUSE involving bandwidth compression. Using MUSE, a satellite channel of width 27 or 24 MHz in the 12 GHz band can carry an HDTV picture, digitally-coded four-channel sound and independent digital signal at about 100 Kb/s.     

A code division multiplexing scheme for satellite digital audiobroadcasting

Several systems are being considered for digital audio broadcasting (DAB) and some of these systems will be deployed for commercial use. In this paper, we consider a code division multiplex (CDM) scheme for satellite DAB. For diversity purposes, this system makes use of at least two satellites, and in urban areas, where the satellite signals are shadowed by large structures, a terrestrial network is employed. We present a forward error protection (FEC) scheme that is robust under a variety of channel conditions, especially in cases where the received signal is severely attenuated because of highway underpasses and tunnels. This FEC scheme makes use of time diversity, and this introduces a large delay. Such delays will not affect the performance of broadcast systems; however, the delay will be an issue during tuning when a switch to another channel occurs. We introduce a separate low-delay low-rate tuning channel to facilitate tuning. Extensive simulation results are given to examine the performance of the system, and it is shown that about 70 audio channels, each with a rate of 96 kbit/s, can be satisfactorily supported in a bandwidth of approximately 12.5 MHz in most of the channel conditions considered     

Maximum loss budget criteria for subcarrier multiplex broadcast passive optical networks

Analytic criteria for the laser optical modulation index and avalanche photodiode gain which maximise the loss budget of subcarrier multiplexed, broadcast, passive optical networks are described for the first time. A theoretical loss budget approaching 40 dB is predicted for 16.5 dB carrier-to-noise ratio in 36 MHz bandwidth for each of 120 channels under optimum conditions with <1 pA/ square root (Hz) thermal noise III-V avalanche photodiode receivers, 0 dBm laser launch power and <0.1% laser nonlinearity.<>     

Coherent quadrature phase shift keying optical communication systems

Coherent optical fiber communications for data rates of 100 Gbit/s and beyond have recently been studied extensively because high sensitivity of coherent receivers could extend the transmission distance. Spectrally efficient modulation techniques such as M-ary phase shift keying (PSK) can be employed for coherent optical links. The integration of multi-level modulation formats based on coherent technologies with wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) systems is vital to meet the aggregate bandwidth demand. This paper reviews coherent quadrature PSK (QPSK) systems to scale the network capacity and maximum reach of coherent optical communication systems to accommodate traffic growth.     

Polyphase Filter Approach for High Performance, FPGA-Based Quadrature Demodulation

The polyphase filter approach to quadrature demodulation is shown to be well suited for the implementation of purpose-designed wide bandwidth digital quadrature demodulators. The duplicated polyphase filter approach is introduced, as a way to increase the maximum allowable input signal bandwidth for a given implementation technology. Other algorithmic and architectural considerations specifically applicable to the realization of digital filters in low-cost Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technology are discussed. A design example suitable for processing input signals centered on an intermediate frequency of 160 MHz with a bandwidth of 45 MHz is presented. This design occupies 83% of the Configurable Logic Blocks (CLBs) in a low-cost Xilinx X4010E-3 FPGA. Additional techniques for further performance optimization are presented.     

Multilevel RS/convolutional concatenated coded QAM for hybridIBOC-AM broadcasting

Bandwidth efficient modulation schemes using Reed-Solomon (RS) codes are proposed for hybrid in-band-on-channel (IBOC) systems that broadcast digital audio signals simultaneously with analog amplitude modulation (AM) programs in the AM band. Since both the power and bandwidth allocated for digital audio transmission are limited in this application, the system cannot afford to add enough redundancy for error control using conventional concatenated coding schemes. We show that by using multilevel RS and convolutional concatenated coded quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), an efficient modulation schemes can be obtained for applications such as IBOC-AM broadcasting     

一种高速直接数字频率合成器及其FPGA实现

介绍了一种用于QAM调制和解调的直接数字频率合成器,该电路同时输出10位正弦和余弦两种波形,系统时钟频率为50MHz,信号的谐波小于－72dB。输出信号的范围为DC到25MHz,信号频率步长为0．0116Hz,相应的转换速度为20ns,建立时间延迟为4个时种。直接数字合成器（DDFS）采用一种有效查找表的方式生成正弦函数,为了降低ROM的大小,采用了1／8正弦波形函数压缩算法。直接数字频率合成器的数字部分由Xilinx FPGA实现,最后通过数模转换器输出。     

Wavelength Conversion Based on Copolarized Pumps Generated by Optical Carrier Suppression

Polarization-insensitive wavelength conversion based on four-wave mixing for 112-Gb/s polarization- multiplexed return-to-zero quadrature phase-shift keying signals (PolMux-RZ-QPSK) with digital coherent detection is experimentally demonstrated. The dual-pumps always have the same polarization direction and fixed frequency spacing because they are generated by the optical carrier suppression technique. The conversion efficiency at different pumping powers and signal wavelengths has also been investigated. A tuning range of a signal wavelength of wider than 18 nm is realized with the same conversion efficiency in this proposed architecture. There is no obvious optical signal-to-noise ratio penalty for the converted 112-Gb/s PolMux-RZ-QPSK signals.      

A compact low noise operational amplifier for a 1.2 μm digitalCMOS technology

A compact low noise operational amplifier using lateral p-n-p bipolar transistors in the input stage has been fabricated in a standard 1.2 μm digital n-well CMOS process. Like their n-p-n counterparts in p-well processes, these lateral p-n-p transistors exhibit low 1/f noise and good lateral β. The fabricated op amp has an area of only 0.211 mm² with E_n=3.2 nV/√(Hz), I_n=0.73 pA/√(Hz), E_n and I_n 1/f noise corner frequencies less than 100 Hz, a -3 dB bandwidth greater than 10 MHz with a closed loop gain of 20.8 dB, a minimum PSRR (DC) of 68 dB, a CMRR (DC) of 100 dB, a minimum output slew rate of 39 V/μs, and a quiescent current of 2.1 mA at supply voltages of ±2.5 V. The operational amplifier drives a 1 kΩ resistive load to 1 V peak-to-peak at 10 MHz and has been used as a versatile building block for mixed-signal IC designs     

OFDMA vs. SC-FDMA: performance comparison in local area imt-a scenarios [recent advances and evolution of WLAN and WMAN standards]

The system requirements for IMT-A are currently being specified by the ITU. Target peak data rates of 1 Gb/s in local areas and 100 Mb/s in wide areas are expected to be provided by means of advanced MIMO antenna configurations and very high spectrum allocations (on the order of 100 MHz). For the downlink, OFDMA is unanimously considered the most appropriate technique for achieving high spectral efficiency. For the uplink, the LTE of the 3GPP, for example, employs SCFDMA due to its low PAPR properties compared to OFDMA. For future IMT-A systems, the decision on the most appropriate uplink access scheme is still an open issue, as many benefits can be obtained by exploiting the flexible frequency granularity of OFDMA. In this article we discuss the suitability of using OFDMA or SC-FDMA in the uplink for local area high-data-rate scenarios by considering as target performance metrics the PAPR and multi-user diversity gain. Also, new bandwidth configurations have been proposed to cope with the 100 MHz spectrum allocation. In particular, the PAPR analysis shows that a localized (not distributed) allocation of the resource blocks (RBs) in the frequency domain shall be employed for SC-FDMA in order to keep its advantages over OFDMA in terms of PAPR reduction. Furthermore, from the multiuser diversity gain evaluation emerges the fact that the impact of different RB sizes and bandwidth configurations is low, given the propagation characteristics of the assumed local area environment. For full bandwidth usage, OFDMA only outperforms SC-FDMA when the number of frequency multiplexed users is low. As the spectrum load decreases, instead, OFDMA outperforms SC-FDMA also for a high number of frequency multiplexed users, due to its more flexible resource allocation. In this contex different channel-aware scheduling algorithms have been proposed due to the resource allocation differences between the two schemes.     

Wavelet packet modulation for orthogonally multiplexedcommunication

Utilizing multidimensional signaling techniques, a generalized multirate wavelet-based modulation format for orthogonally multiplexed communication systems is presented. Wavelet packet modulation (WPM) employs the basis functions from an arbitrary pruning of a dyadic tree structured filter bank as orthogonal pulse shapes for conventional quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) symbols. This generalized framework affords an entire library of basis sets with increased flexibility in time-frequency (T-F) partitioning. The bandwidth efficiency and power spectral density figures of merit for the general signal are derived and shown to be that of standard QAM     

107-Gb/s Serial Optical Packet Switching With 1-bit/s/Hz Spectral Efficiency for 100-GbE Backplanes

We demonstrate 107-Gb/s optical packet switching using electronically multiplexed duobinary signals, fast tunable lasers, and a 40 times 40 arrayed waveguide grating router. With a spectral efficiency of 1 bit/s/Hz, the fabric scales to 4-Tb/s capacity and is suitable for 100-Gb Ethernet backplanes.     

16‐QAM‐Based Highly Spectral‐Efficient E‐band Communication System with Bit Rate up to 10 Gbps

This paper presents a novel 16‐quadrature‐amplitude‐modulation (QAM) E‐band communication system. The system can deliver 10 Gbps through eight channels with a bandwidth of 5 GHz (71‐76 GHz/81‐86 GHz). Each channel occupies 390 MHz and delivers 1.25 Gbps using a 16‐QAM. Thus, this system can achieve a bandwidth efficiency of 3.2 bit/s/Hz. To implement the system, a driver amplifier and an RF up‐/down‐conversion mixer are implemented using a 0.1 µm gallium arsenide pseudomorphic high‐electron‐mobility transistor (GaAs pHEMT) process. A single‐IF architecture is chosen for the RF receiver. In the digital modem, 24 square root raised cosine filters and four (255, 239) Reed‐Solomon forward error correction codecs are used in parallel. The modem can compensate for a carrier‐frequency offset of up to 50 ppm and a symbol rate offset of up to 1 ppm. Experiment results show that the system can achieve a bit error rate of 10^?5 at a signal‐to‐noise ratio of about 21.5 dB.