Drops and bubbles in extractive metallurgy

Drops and bubbles are of great importance to the extractive metallurgist in his attempts to speed up processes by the use of sprays, foams, and jets. In this lecture the ways in which bubbles bring about mass transfer in liquid metals and in slag metal reactions are described. The role of interfacial turbulence is considered together with the effects of bubble size and frequency and the properties of the slag and metal phases. Reactions between drops of metal and flowing gases are analyzed in terms of mass transfer in the reacting phases and of chemical steps at the interface. Recent results obtained on reactions involving metal drops falling through liquids are considered in relation to mass transfer models in which internal circulation plays an important part. The work described reports only one facet of the rapidly developing subject of Process Engineering which ought now to feature prominently in metalurgical education. Dr. F. DENYS RICHARDSON. Professor of Extraction Metallurgy. Department of Metallurgy, Royal School of Mines. Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, England, graduated in chemistry at University College, London, in 1933, and obtained a Ph.D. in physical chemistry in 1936. From 1937 to 1939 he was Commonwealth Fund Fellow at the University of Princeton. From 1946 to 1950 he worked as superintendent chemist at BISRA, building up the work of the chemistry department. He went to Imperial College in 1950 to found the Nuffield Research Group in Extraction Metallurgy and advance the study of chemical metallurgy at high temperatures. He received awards in recognition of his work on the thermodynamic properties of high-temperature systems with special reference to iron- and steelmaking and for his work on high-temperature chemical metallurgy. He was appointed Professor of Extraction Metallurgy at Imperial College in 1957, his objectives there being to establish the department as a research center for chemical and process engineering metallurgy, and to develop a metallurgy course in which these subjects receive as much attention as physical metallurgy. In 1963 he was elected a Fellow of the Metallurgical Society of the AIME, and in 1964 he gave the AIME Howe Memorial Lecture. Professor Richardson delivered the Hatfield Memorial Lecture in 1964, the May Lecture of the Institute of Metals in 1965, and the Wernher Memorial Lecture of The Institution of Mining and Metallurgy in 1967. He was elected a Member of Council of the Iron and Steel Institute in 1967, having been an Honorary Member since 1962. In 1968 he became a Vice-President of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy. In that year he was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and awarded the Bessemer Gold Medal of the Iron and Steel Institute, both honors for his contribution to the understanding of the thermodynamics and kinetics of metallurgical processes. In 1970 the honorary degree of Doktor-Ingenieur was conferred on him by the Technische Hochschale, Aachen. The 1971 Extractive Metallurgy Division Lecture, “Drops and Bubbles in Extractive Metallurgy.” was delivered on Wedresday, March 3, 1971.     

Techniques of process analysis in extractive metallurgy

The study of process metallurgy should include the theory of heat, mass, and momentum transfer and also the techniques of process analysis and design which have made chemic engineering an indispensable partner of the chemical science. The analytical tools which can be used in a particular situation depend entirely on the ingenuity of the metallurgist and his willingness to adapt and utilize the existing methodology. Various techniques of process analysis are exemplified in this paper. The 1972 Extractive Metallurgy Lecture was delivered on Feb. 22, at the AIME annual meeting in San Francisco.     

The mathematical modeling revolution in extractive metallurgy

A brief review is presented of the current state of extractive metallurgy, and it is shown that it is still a significant part of the national economy. Then a definition is given of mathematical models, and the general philosophy of modeling is discussed, together with the cost of models, hardware, and software options. Several illustrative examples are given, drawn from aluminum electrolysis, flash smelting, tundish operations, and plasma systems. The paper is concluded with the future modeling tasks facing us; these include the more widespread applications of models to represent both existing and new processing operations. It is stressed that models can play a major role in developing a holistic approach to metals and materials processing, where the primary extraction and refining operations are combined with the final processing steps.     

The mathematical modeling revolution in extractive metallurgy

A brief review is presented of the current state of extractive metallurgy, and it is shown that it is still a significant part of the national economy. Then a definition is given of mathematical models, and the general philosophy of modeling is discussed, together with the cost of models, hardware, and software options. Several illustrative examples are given, drawn from aluminum electrolysis, flash smelting, tundish operations, and plasma systems. The paper is concluded with the future modeling tasks facing us; these include the more widespread applications of models to represent both existing and new processing operations. It is stressed that models can play a major role in developing a holistic approach to metals and materials processing, where the primary extraction and refining operations are combined with the final processing steps.     

钛提取冶金研究新进展

概述了金属钛提取的方法,对钒钛磁铁矿和高炉渣的综合利用研究进行了综述,介绍了钒钛磁铁矿直接还原技术,指出钒钛磁铁矿高温还原和熔盐电解是今后钛提取冶金的发展方向.     

Interfacial phenomena and mass transfer in extractive metallurgy

Interfacial phenomena play an important role in pyrometallurgical processes and knowledge of them and of physical properties involved is necessary for understanding the mechanisms and the kinetics of such reactions. A large number of measurements, performed at Irsid under equilibrium conditions, are presented in this review. Several experimental techniques were used and more particularly: – Sessile drop method for measurement of liquid metals surface tension and contact angle liquid metal/solid oxide; – measurement of the contact angle between a liquid slag drop and its liquid metal substrate from which the interfacial tension can be derived; – direct determination of the interfacial tension from X-ray pictures of metal drops immersed in the slag. The systems studied consisted, for the metal phase, of binary and ternary Fe alloys containing C, Mn, Si, O, S and, for the slag phase, binary and ternary mixtures made from CaO, SiO₂, Al₂O₃, MnO, iron oxides, CaF₂ and Na₂O. A strong effect of O and S potentials was observed. For non-equilibrium conditions, however, the dynamic interfacial tension between liquid metal and slag decreases sharply when an intense mass transfer occurs through the interface. The potential consideration of interfacial turbulence phenomena (Marangoni effect) in metallurgical reactions is also discussed.     

European perspectives on the extractive metallurgy of iron

At the Seventh European Coke and Ironmaking Congress in Linz on September 12–14, 2016, attention focused on the prospects for the development of ferrous metallurgy. The combination of a blast furnace and an oxygen converter is expected to remain the primary system for smelting steel, until electrosmelting becomes dominant in the 2060s. The development of hydrogen metallurgy is predicted. Microbiological fermentation of metallurgical gases to produce ethanol and other chemicals will eventually be adopted on an industrial scale.     

Roasting in extractive metallurgy a thermodynamic and kinetic review

Abstract

Selected papers are reviewed in both the ferrous and nonferrous fields of extractive metallurgy, to il1ustrate recent developments in the theory and practice of roasting. Attention is confined primarily to solid-gas and liquid-gas systems, which are considered from both their thermodynamic and kinetic aspects.

The thermodynamics section of this review includes studies of sulphide mineral vapourization, matte oxidation, selective sulphation roasting and the chlorination of sulphides. The use of various thermodynamic diagrams is illustrated. The kinetics section includes rate studies on oxidation, reduction, sulphation and chlorination processes and discussions of some of the proposed mechanisms and rate-controlling steps which are common to many of these processes.

Newer developments in chemical transport, plasmas and computer models are mentioned.

Résumé

Pour souligner les plus récents développements théoriques et pratiques ayant trait aux procédés de grillage, une revue bibliographique a été effectué tant dans le domaine de la métallurgie extractive des ferreux que des non-ferreux. Elle porte d'abord et avant tout sur les aspects concernant la thermodynamique et la cinétique des systémes solide-gaz et liquides-gaz. Dans la partie thermodynamique de cette revue, sont relevées des études ayant trait à la volatilisation de minerais sulfurés, l'oxydation des mattes, le grillage sulfatant selectif et la chlorination des sulfures. L'utilisation de divers diagrammes pour faire la corrélation des données thermodynamiques y est illustrée. Les aspects de la cinétique qui ont été retenus portent sur l'étude du taux des processus d'oxydation, de réduction, de sulfatation et de chlorination et sur la discussion de certains mécanismes et de certaines étapes communes à ces processus et susceptibles d'influehcer le taux global de réaction.     

The coming of age of process engineering in extractive metallurgy

The Extractive Metallurgy Lecture was authorized in 1959 to provide an outstanding person in the field of nonferrous metallurgy as a lecturer at the annual AIME meeting.     

红土镍矿冶金综述

随着社会工业的快速发展,镍的消耗不断增加,含镍品位较高的硫化镍矿也日益枯竭,有效开发和利用红土镍矿受到越来越多国家的重视。文章主要分析了红土镍矿资源的矿物特点及其国内外的开发现状,详细介绍世界冶金工业中处理红土镍矿的生产工艺及其优缺点。通过分析红土镍矿提取镍的工艺技术近况,指出了未来的发展方向,并重点对湿法和火法工艺未来的发展趋势进行预测。     

红土镍矿冶金综述

随着社会工业的快速发展,镍的消耗不断增加,含镍品位较高的硫化镍矿也日益枯竭,有效开发和利用红土镍矿受到越来越多国家的重视.文章主要分析了红土镍矿资源的矿物特点及其国内外的开发现状,详细介绍世界冶金工业中处理红土镍矿的生产工艺及其优缺点.通过分析红土镍矿提取镍的工艺技术近况,指出了未来的发展方向,并重点对湿法和火法工艺未来的发展趋势进行预测.      

萃取分离-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定金属硅中痕量镍

用APDC-DDTC-MIBK萃取分离镍,石墨炉原子吸收法对金属硅中的痕量镍进行了分析。讨论并确定了方法的最佳测定条件。结果表明,镍的检出限为1.2ng/mL,回收率为97.1%～101.2%,相对标准偏差为0.9%～1.7%。该法准确、快速、简便,应用于金属硅中痕量镍的测定,结果满意。     

中国钨提取冶金技术的进步与展望

总结了近十年来我国钨提取冶金在处理复杂钨矿物原料方面应用的新技术和开发创新的节能减排降耗新工艺,对新的钨钼分离工艺、钨的二次资源回收利用、钨化工产品品类的扩展和品质的提高、高效节能先进设备应用等方面的发展进步均有论述。归纳出了近十年钨提取冶金行业自主创新的一些主要的新工艺、新技术、新方法、新装备。并根据国家的钨产业发展规划和产业政策,对我国钨冶炼技术的发展趋势进行了预测。     

微波在钢铁冶金中的应用

微波是一种冶金新技术.本文首先简单介绍了微波的特性及产生,然后着重阐述了微波热效应和微波等离子体在钢铁冶金中的应用和展望.微波加热具有选择性、整体性和高效性,而被广泛应用于矿石的处理、金属的提取以及湿法冶金等;微波等离子体较直流和射频等离子体有更多的优点,更符合生态冶金的需要.随着微波技术和微波设备的进步,微波等离子技术和微波加热技术将在冶金领域中有更为广阔的应用前景.     

Application of boron-containing materials in metallurgy

The main physicochemical characteristics of complex boron-containing ferroalloys are studied. The methods of their production are briefly described, and the advantages of their application to boron microalloying of steel are demonstrated.     

声化学在黄金冶金中的应用

在介绍声化学及其作用原理的基础上综述了超声波黄金冶金中的研究结果，并探讨了声化学在该领域的应用前景。     

旋流电积在有色冶金中的应用

旋流电积是指通过电解液的循环流动加强液相传质,有效消除浓差极化,实现从低浓度、复杂溶液中高效选择性提取目标金属的一种新型有色金属分离提取技术.旋流电积技术广泛应用于重金属、贵金属、稀散金属分离提取和溶液净化除杂中.文中介绍了旋流电积技术的设备组成,总结了旋流电积技术在应用中的工艺流程、工艺参数和技术指标.结果表明,旋流电积技术对电解液要求低,适用性广,可以缩短工艺流程,提高生产效率.旋流电积技术在阴极产品质量、金属回收率、电流效率,能耗和生产成本等技术指标优势明显,应用前景广阔.      

纯镍中非金属夹杂物的电解萃取

试验以纯镍N6为对象,采用电解萃取试验将N6中的非金属夹杂物分离并提取。通过试验,确定合理的电解液配比为0.1% Cr₂(SO₄)₃、0.2%～0.4% 柠檬酸钠、0.1%～1% FeSO₄、0.1%～1% NiSO₄、1% NaCl。最佳电解工艺为:电流密度60～80 mA/cm²,电解时间24 h,实验温度为(20±5) ℃,电解液pH值为5～6。在此最佳电解工艺参数下可完成对纯镍N6中非金属夹杂物的电解萃取。借助扫描电镜、能谱分析仪及X射线衍射仪等设备分析非金属夹杂物,结果表明,不同纯镍N6试样中均存在非金属夹杂物,但不同试样中的夹杂物数量与尺寸有所不同;非金属夹杂物主要由硅、铝、钙、镁、铁、氧等元素构成,主要夹杂物包括氧化铝类、硅酸盐、铝酸盐、复相夹杂物以及氮化物类。本研究对金属冶炼和浇注工艺有一定指导意义。