Two-dimensional array beam scanning via externally and mutuallyinjection-locked coupled oscillators

The use of arrays of injection-locked voltage-controlled oscillators coupled to nearest neighbors has been proposed as a means of controlling the aperture phase of one and two-dimensional (2-D) phased-array antennas. It has been demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally that one may achieve linear distributions of phase across a linear array aperture by injection locking to an external oscillator the end oscillators of an array of a mutually injection-locked oscillators. These linear distributions cause steering of the radiated beam. It is demonstrated theoretically here that one may achieve beamsteering in a similar manner in two dimensions by injecting appropriately phased signals into the perimeter oscillators of a 2-D array. The analysis is based on a continuum representation of the phase previously developed in the context of beamsteering via tuning of the perimeter oscillators     

On the dynamics of two-dimensional array beam scanning viaperimeter detuning of coupled oscillator arrays

Arrays of voltage-controlled oscillators coupled to nearest neighbors have been proposed as a means of controlling the aperture phase of one-dimensional (1-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) array antennas. It has been demonstrated, both theoretically and experimentally, that one may achieve linear distributions of phase across a linear array aperture by tuning the end oscillators of the array away from the ensemble frequency of a mutually injection-locked array of oscillators. These linear distributions result in steering of the radiated beam. It is demonstrated theoretically that one may achieve similar beamsteering in two dimensions by appropriately tuning the perimeter oscillators of a 2-D array. The analysis is based on a continuum representation of the phase in which a continuous function satisfying a partial differential equation of diffusion type passes through the phase of each oscillator as its independent variables pass through integer values indexing the oscillators. Solutions of the partial differential equation for the phase function exhibit the dynamic behavior of the array during the beamsteering transient     

天线波束相位理论

本文简要地回顾了传统上对天线的要求,并以实例说明随着近代科学技术发展的需要,天线波束的相位特性应该引起重视和研究,在此背景下本文试图将天线波束相位和孔径电流分布等有关问题系统化,在前人工作的基础上,总结并讨论了关于相位参考点、不同相位参考点的天线方向图的变换关系、方向图的零点电平和相邻波束间的相位差,线阵电流分布的分解;提出并从理论上证明了天线同相波束的普遍条件和连续线阵的对称波束条件。归纳为几个定理,并将这些论述统称为天线波束相位理论。     

On a simple method of obtaining sidelobe reduction over a wideangular range in one and two dimensions

A patented technique for suppressing the sidelobes of an array antenna is considered. This technique involves the addition of two elements, one at each end of the array, which together produce an interferometer pattern used for the cancellation of sidelobes. It is shown here that the technique is most effective for uniform illumination and that there then exists an optimum fixed position for the added elements. The amplitude of the excitation of the auxiliary elements determines the angular location of the region of sidelobe reduction while the phase of the excitation tracks the beamsteering phase of the array. Thus, this technique is seen to be easily implemented in an array controlled by coupled oscillators. The technique generalizes in a straightforward manner to two-dimensional (2-D) arrays in which case a set of auxiliary elements on the perimeter of the array is required. A 2-D oscillator controlled array of this type is described here with which one can produce a main beam and a sidelobe suppression region that can be independently positioned anywhere in a hemisphere provided they do not coincide     

线阵光纤阵列相干合成光束的远场光功率分布

激光相干合成所得光束的远场能量分布直接影响其实际应用。针对基于四芯线阵光纤阵列的激光相干合成研究了远场能量分布。采用高斯分布函数近似描述单模光纤出射光束能量分布,推导合成光束的远场能量分布的一般表达式,用MATLAB进行数值计算,并搭建实际相干合成系统进行测试以验证计算结果。研究结果表明:四芯线性光纤阵列的相干合成光束能量近似高斯分布,横向截面内表现为两两组合所形成的三种周期六种干涉场的叠加。实验结果与理论计算吻合,研究对光纤阵列相干合成光束的远场应用具有指导意义。     

Optical simulation of microwave antennas

It has recently been suggested that microwave antennas may be simulated at optical frequencies using the neon-helium continuous gas laser. The present paper discusses various aspects of this problem and presents a simulation example using as a model the 96-element Australian array used to scan the surface of the sun at 80 megacycles. An optical system can be used for simulation in which an objective lens obtains the Fourier transform of the antenna aperture field which may be photographed. An additional lens produces an image of the antenna aperture field in the same air space as the far field pattern, thus permitting photographs of near field as well as far field patterns. Antenna masters are made as optical transparencies using photographic plates or film. Phasing may be obtained by using a variable thickness optical material evaporated on glass. Various combinations of array distribution, antenna weighting, and phasing are possible to simulate. Atmospheric perturbations are introduced on the antenna pattern by the use of two-dimensional phase delay patterns. Photographs are presented of the antenna aperture field, the far field pattern and several intermediate near field patterns.     

A two-dimensional quasi-optical power combining oscillator array with external injection locking

A quasi-optical power combiner for a 4/spl times/4 IMPATT oscillator array has been designed and experimentally investigated. The combiner consists of a bi-periodic dielectric phase grating which transforms the near field of a rectangular horn array into a pseudoplane wave. The horn array is excited by oscillators which operate uniformly in both amplitude and phase. A parabolic mirror with a superimposed surface relief couples the pseudoplane wave into a rectangular output horn antenna. In principle, the combiner has no restriction in inter-element spacing and is hence scalable up to submillimeter wavelengths without degradation of power combining efficiency. The quasi-optical design has been verified by scalar field measurements in several planes. The oscillator matrix is injection-locked by a master oscillator from the output port. A continuous wave output power of 1.3 W with an overall power combining efficiency of 70% has been measured at 65 GHz.     

A cavity-backed rectangular aperture antenna with application to a tilted fan beam array antenna

A rectangular aperture of A/sub x//spl times/A/sub y/, cut in the top conducting plate of a triplate transmission line and backed by a cavity, radiates a tilted beam off the direction normal to the aperture. The mechanism of the radiation is explained using the Poynting vector distribution above the aperture and the phase distribution of the electric field over the aperture. The tilt angle is calculated as a function of side length A/sub x/ for a representative value of A/sub y/=18 mm=0.747/spl lambda//sub 12.45/, where /spl lambda//sub 12.45/ is the wavelength at a test frequency of 12.45 GHz. A tilted beam of approximately 27/spl deg/ is realized at A/sub x//A/sub y/=8/9 with a gain of approximately 8 dB. Using this value of A/sub x//A/sub y/, an array antenna composed of rectangular cavity-backed aperture elements is investigated. The array forms a tilted fan beam without phase shifters. The frequency responses of the gain and input impedance are discussed.     

非平整端面光波导光学相控阵输出特性的研究

光波导光学相控阵器件端面的平整性对其输出特性有很大影响。基于光场相干叠加原理,建立了非平整端面下光波导光学相控阵的远场光场分布模型,给出了远场光场分布的一般公式,分析了非平整端面如何影响输出面上光场的相位以及输出面相位的变化如何影响远场光场分布。利用该模型计算和分析了倾斜平面、凹面、单层凹陷以及随机起伏面这几种特殊非平整端面下光波导光学相控阵输出光强分布的特点。研究结果表明:当光波导光学相控阵的端面非平整时,会不同程度地改变远场主瓣的位置和强度,影响光束扫描精度和功率。     

Estimation of wave fields of incident beams in a transmission electron microscope by using a small selected-area aperture

The direction of an electron beam in a nanometer-sized area is measured directly by utilizing a selected-area aperture. By the measurements at several areas in a beam, the wavefront curvature and thus the defocus value of the beam are detected. From the defocus value, the wave field at the specimen plane is also reproduced in consideration of the influences of the condenser aperture and spherical aberration of the illumination lens. The result shows that phase deviation of 2π is caused only at about 10?nm apart from the beam center in a beam with a typical diameter for high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Based on the defocus value, the convergence angle of the beam is also estimated to be about 6?mrad without being influenced by the partial coherence, that is, independently of the type of the electron gun. Measuring the defocus values for only two beam diameters enables us to determine geometrical parameters peculiar to the illumination system, based on which wave fields of any beam diameters by any condenser aperture sizes can be estimated. The technique proposed in this paper is effective in evaluating the influence of wavefront curvature of incident beams on various kinds of precise measurements conducted in transmission electron microscopes.     

Continuum modeling of the dynamics of externally injection-lockedcoupled oscillator arrays

Mutually injection-locked arrays of electronic oscillators provide a novel means of controlling the aperture phase of a phased-array antenna, thus achieving the advantages of spatial power combining while retaining the ability to steer the radiated beam. In a number of design concepts, one or more of the oscillators are injection locked to a signal from an external master oscillator. The behavior of such a system has been analyzed by numerical solution of a system of nonlinear differential equations which, due to its complexity, yields limited insight into the relationship between the injection signals and the aperture phase. In this paper, we develop a continuum model, which results in a single partial differential equation for the aperture phase as a function of time. Solution of the equation is effected by means of the Laplace transform and yields detailed information concerning the dynamics of the array under the influence of the external injection signals     

Antenna Effective Aperture Measurement With Backscattering Modulation

A scattering measurement method for antenna characterization is described. The antenna backscattering is modulated by an oscillator circuit. The modulation begins, when a known RF power is transferred to the oscillator circuit from the antenna. This enables the measurement of the effective aperture of the antenna, from which the antenna bandwidth and radiation pattern are obtained. A theory for antenna aperture measurement is developed using a simple circuit model for the antenna-oscillator system. A dipole and a PIFA with a reactive input impedance at the application frequency were measured. The antenna aperture was measured to an accuracy of 9%, and the measurements complied with simulated and measured references. The method provides simple and accurate bandwidth and radiation pattern measurements with the reactive load the antenna is designed to work with.     

大功率垂直腔底发射半导体激光器的光束质量

从M2因子、远场发散角、近场及远场光强分布等方面对大功率底发射半导体激光器光束质量进行研究,分析了不同器件参数对光束质量的影响,为寻找有效改善光束质量的方法提供了依据。设计了一种具有新型排列方式的垂直腔面发射半导体激光(VCSEL)阵列。通过调制阵列中各单元直径以及单元间距,在4 A的工作电流下得到1 kW/cm2的高功率密度和高斯远场分布。与具有相同出光面积的单管器件和4×4二维阵列比较,新型阵列的光谱特性及光束质量均具有优越性。     

Quasi-optical 150-GHz power combining oscillator

A quasi-optical power combiner for a five-element in-line oscillator array is experimentally investigated at 150 GHz. The combiner consists of a periodic dielectric phase grating (hologram) which transforms the near-field of a rectangular horn antenna array into a pseudo-plane wave. The horn array is excited by IMPATT oscillators operating uniformly in both amplitude and phase. A dual offset reflector set-up transforms the pseudo-plane wave to a Gaussian beam which matches the field pattern of a dual mode receiving antenna. Even though an inter-element spacing of 9.5 /spl lambda/ has been chosen, the passive structure gives a power combining efficiency of 74.1%. The power combining oscillator has been operated in both free-running and injection-locked mode. A CW output power of 78.0 mW and 83.5 mW was measured for the free-running and injection-locked oscillator, respectively, which is corresponding to a power combining efficiency of 66.5% and 71.2%, respectively.     

相控阵雷达高速布相的设计与实现

随着相控阵雷达技术的发展，对波控系统的要求越来越高，特别是大尺寸天线阵面波束的快速扫描问题。本文介绍了应用双口RAM对阵面所有单元实现高速布相的方法。     

Circularly polarized feed for cylindrical parabolic reflector antennas

The feed design described is a linear array of crossed dipoles above a ground plane. The radiation patterns of the longitudinal and the transverse dipoles are made equal by parallel longitudinal rods, referred to as beam forming rods or beam matching rods. When used as a circularly polarized feed for an offset parabolic cylinder antenna, aperture efficiencies (spillover included) as high as 0.89 are potentially available if the field distribution along the array is uniform. The beam patterns of the feed were computed both by the method of moments and the geometrical theory of diffraction and are compared with patterns measured on a model at 1.5 GHz. A method of matching the impedance for both linear polarizations is proposed using parallel impedance matching rods.     

一维阵列电子注平面聚焦系统磁场分布特性

针对平面集成行波管对一维阵列电子注聚焦的应用需求,设计了4通道电子注平面磁聚焦系统。将各通道磁场轴向和横向分量沿轴分布特征计算结果与测试结果进行对比,确认了Opera软件计算磁场分布特征的准确性。为与轴对称周期永磁(PPM)聚焦系统电子注通道内磁场分布特性进行对比,建立了轴对称PPM聚焦系统模型,测试结果与计算结果一致性较好。通过平面聚焦系统与轴对称PPM聚焦系统电子注通道内的磁场纵向和横向分布特性对比表明,两种聚焦系统电子注通道内纵向和横向磁场具有相同的分布特征,在离轴相同位置的圆周上横向磁场分量与轴向分量的比值均为B_x/B_z≈0.11,该平面聚焦系统可实现一维阵列圆形电子注的良好聚焦。     

湍流大气中激光束经卡塞格伦天线后的传输

将卡塞格伦天线系统等效为一个环形光阑和括束器的组合,通过将环形光阑展开为复高斯函数的叠加,并利用广义的惠更斯-菲涅尔积分公式得到了准直的光束经卡塞格伦天线系统后衍射场的强度解析表达式。研究了湍流大气中光束经卡塞格伦天线衍射的传输特性及光强分布随折射率结构常数和天线遮挡比的影响。该研究工作将对大气激光通信中的端机性能的评估具有一定的意义。