基于SOFC的变压器油中溶解气体分析在线监测仪

介绍了固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）的工作原理,从四大守恒定律出发,建立了管式SOFC的数学模型,以H2 ,CO,CH4 ,C2 H2 ,C2 H4 ,C2 H6 这6种可燃气体为研究对象,给出了可燃气体的含量与SOFC输出电压峰面积的函数曲线图。结果表明函数曲线是单调的,在一定范围内呈现出近似于线性的特征。将SOFC结合现代色谱技术,成功研制出变压器油中溶解气体分析（DGA）在线监测仪。现场投运结果表明该技术可以满足电力变压器DGA在线监测与故障诊断的要求,具有线性度好、灵敏度高、方便、清洁和自动化程度高等优点。     

TransFix变压器油在线监测系统在小浪底水电厂的应用

简要介绍了小浪底水电厂开展变压器油色谱在线监测的意义,以及采用动态顶空平衡法进行油气分离、采用光声光谱技术进行气体检测的TransFix变压器油中溶解气体及微水在线监测系统的原理及应用情况,给出了相关的试验数据.     

某富营养化池塘夏季温室气体通量的昼夜变化

为揭示富营养化浅水池塘昼夜性的温室气体通量特征,利用DLT-100温室气体分析仪高采样频率的优势,通过48 h的在线观测,获得了宜昌野猪林池塘夏季CH4和CO2扩散和冒泡释放的昼夜性通量数据。观测点F点水气界面总CH4和CO2通量分别约为595.2,1 450.8 mg/(m2·d),CH4和CO2气泡排放量分别占到总排放量的99.7%和3.0%。观测期内冒泡存在高度时间变异性,最大的一次CH4冒泡释放速率为424.28 mg/(m2·h),占2 d内总气泡释放量的35.75%,而大多数时段的CH4冒泡速率低于20.0 mg/(m2·h)。监测期内CH4和CO2扩散通量的最高值分别为各自最低值的6.0和6.5倍。监测表明,富营养化浅水池塘夏季CH4通量非常高,且主要以冒泡方式释放;而CO2通量明显响应于浮游植物光合作用和呼吸作用交替的新陈代谢作用,存在昼夜性的变化规律。     

三峡电厂油气在线监测应用状况分析

介绍了北京SERVERON公司产品TM8油气在线监测装置及其在三峡水力发电厂4号主变压器上的应用状况，展示了利用在线溶解气体数据对变压器设备维护的辅助决策作用，并对今以后组建全厂油气在线监测系统提出了总体规划方案和新的用户需求。     

宜昌求索溪冬季温室气体通量昼夜变化特征

为探索小型水域温室气体的排放规律,采用温室气体快速分析仪-密闭式静态通量箱法对湖北宜昌市三峡大学求索溪冬季水-气界面温室气体通量(CH4和CO2)进行了24 h连续观测。观测结果显示,CH4和CO2的变化呈正相关,CH4和CO2全天均处于释放状态;CO2通量与气压、水温呈正相关,与气温、p H值、溶解氧、叶绿素a呈负相关;CH4仅与气压呈正相关而与其他环境因子均呈现负相关;CH4和CO2在10:00和21:00左右同时接近全天的平均值,该时段可作为单次采样时间参考。     

油色谱分析在变压器故障识别中的应用

对油色谱分析方法及油中溶解气体含量在线监测系统进行简单的介绍,并应用油色谱分析方法对实际测量数据进行分析,同时应用三比值法对变压器可能存在的故障进行诊断。检修情况表明,诊断结果与实际情况相符。     

变压器电晕放电紫外脉冲检测法

变压器局部放电常用检测方法包括脉冲电流法、油中溶解气体分析（DGA）法、超声波法、无线电干扰电压（RIV）法、光测法、射频检测法及化学方法等。在上述方法分析的基础上,根据电晕放电的紫外光特性提出了用紫外脉冲检测变压器内部放电的新方法。分析了变压器电晕放电与紫外光特性的关系、紫外光在变压器内部的传播特性,论证了电晕放电的紫外脉冲法检测原理,提出了变压器内部电晕放电故障定位方法,设计了紫外脉冲监测方法并进行了实验验证。结果表明,紫外脉冲法可用于变压器电晕放电的在线监测。     

几起变压器油中溶解气体含量异常的案例分析

介绍了几起变压器油中溶解气体含量异常案例的分析过程,阐述了如何正确利用油中溶解气体含量分析进行变压器的故障诊断,避免发生误判断。     

一种变压器油中溶解气体故障诊断方法

为了提高变压器油中溶解特征气体的分析诊断准确度,结合模糊理论和改进遗传算法对改良IEC三比值分析法气体比值边界和故障编码进行模糊处理,通过模糊推理得到故障诊断结果,大幅度降低其他干扰气体对诊断结果的影响,从而提高变压器油中溶解气体色谱分析的准确度和精度,提高变压器绝缘油的运行可靠性。     

基于灰关联熵的充油变压器故障诊断方法

油中溶解气体分析是目前发现变压器潜伏性故障的重要方法，鉴于用IEC推荐的三比值法中编码缺陷（编码超出码表）及变压器故障诊断的复杂性，文中详细阐述了如何将灰关联熵应用于变压器故障诊断。首先通过统计方法，选择典型油中气体作为参考列，并经反复调整，挖掘出油中气体所含故障信息，然后利用灰关联熵方法进行变压器故障类型诊断。该方法基于融合互补的思想，将灰关联分析方法与信息熵理论有机结合起来，克服了单一灰关联分析中易造成局部关联及信息损失等缺陷，尽可能多地包含变压器本体所含信息。实例分析结果表明，该方法具有较好的分类效果。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.