基于钝化微分的压电微动平台PID控制

为避免压电微动平台在工作过程中受到扰动或冲击,采用改进比例、积分、微分(PID)控制器对其进行控制。首先,在平台的PID控制器中引入低通滤波器,以降低微分环节对扰动或冲击的敏感性(即使微分环节对扰动或冲击产生钝化效应),进而设计出了压电微动平台的改进PID控制器;接着,基于所搭建的压电微动平台位移测量系统,实验验证了所设计的钝化微分PID控制器的效果。实验结果表明,在钝化微分PID控制作用下,平台具有较快的响应,达到5μm阶跃目标的响应时间为0.3s,无超调;平台的定位误差显著减小,在跟踪最大值为15.25μm的变幅值三角波时,定位误差中线由无控制时的-0.7～1.2μm减小为-0.1～0.1μm。     

基于液压放大的压电微动平台设计与试验

针对传统微动平台难以满足微/纳米定位的要求,该文结合液压放大原理,提出一种基于液压放大的两自由度压电微动平台,并对其进行了结构设计。采用正交设计方法对其进行有限元双向流固耦合分析,优化了其结构参数。研制了实物样机并进行试验研究。开环控制试验结果表明,当压电驱动器输入为90 μm时,压电微动平台最大输出位移为603.0 μm,放大倍数约为6.7;闭环控制试验结果表明,采用分段微分、积分、比例(PID)算法能降低超调量,且响应时间、稳态时间均减小,稳态误差降低（为±0.2 μm）,实现了微动平台的大范围输出精密定位。     

多层压电执行器输出位移的模糊神经元PID控制

为了提升压电执行器输出位移的性能,该文采用模糊神经元比例、积分、微分(PID)控制器对其输出位移进行控制。首先,分析了压电悬臂梁执行器机电特性,搭建其动力学模型;其次,将模糊算法、神经元、PID三者相结合,设计出一种能快速、精确、抗干扰能力强的控制器;最后,对压电悬臂梁执行器控制系统进行了仿真,并通过实验验证了该控制器的性能。结果表明,压电执行器对5 μm阶跃目标位移的响应时间为0.3 s,且无超调,稳态误差中线由无控制时的0.57~0.66 μm减小为几乎为0;在跟踪由正弦信号、常值信号、斜坡信号所组成的目标位移时,跟踪误差几乎为0。该文所设计控制器可消除压电执行器的定位误差,并使其具有抗干扰能力强,响应迅速,无超调量等优点。     

压电陶瓷迟滞逆模型的前馈PID控制

为减小压带陶瓷迟滞特性对系统跟踪精度的影响,在Preisach模型的基础上对压电陶瓷迟滞性进行建模。借助Matlab软件对实验数据进行拟合和采用逆控制思想,在迟滞逆模型的基础上提出前馈PID(即比例、积分、微分)控制算法。实验结果表明,压电陶瓷最大迟滞性控制在2.2%内,输入、输出具有较好的线性关系,带前馈的PID控制具有良好的控制性能。     

压电微动平台的极点配置PID控制

为提高压电微动平台的位移输出精度,设计极点配置比例、积分、微分(PID)控制器对其进行控制。首先,在对压电执行器进行电学特性、机电特性分析的基础上,建立了压电执行器的数学模型;其次,在对平台进行受力分析、运动分析的基础上,建立了平台的动力学模型;然后,在保持平台极点虚部不变,且将系统闭环阻尼比取为1的情况下,将平台极点沿着平行于实轴的方向平移,设计出平台的PID反馈控制器;最后,实验验证了所设计控制器的有效性。实验结果表明,所设计的控制器可使平台具有较快的响应,在不考虑传感器噪声水平的情况下,平台在控制系统作用下的定位误差基本为0。     

基于积分分离PID控制的交流伺服系统

将PD控制和PID控制相结合应用于交流伺服系统的控制。在系统误差较大时,取消积分环节,可以避免由于积分累积引起系统较大的超调;当误差较小时,引入积分环节,可以消除系统静差,从而使系统的静态和动态性能指标较为理想。实验结果表明,基于积分分离PID控制的交流伺服系统具有响应速度快、稳态精度高等特点。     

采用变间隔阈值PI模型的压电平台前馈控制

为提高压电微动平台在运动过程中的定位精度,设计前馈控制器来控制平台输出位移。首先,根据压电微动平台迟滞曲线的特点,在不降低模型精度要求的前提下,对迟滞曲线非线性较大区域进行细密划分,对线性较好区域进行稀疏划分,进而建立了变间隔阈值的平台Prandtl-Ishilinskii(PI)迟滞模型;接着,通过对所建平台迟滞模型求逆,给出了平台的前馈控制算法;最后,将所设计的前馈控制器作用于平台,对其进行了实际控制。结果表明,在4μm的目标阶跃激励下,平台的响应时间为0.01s,无超调,稳态误差中线从无控制时的0.4~0.5μm减小为0~0.2μm;在最大值为20.7μm的幅值衰减三角波输入作用下,平台定位误差中线的最大正负差值从无控制时的3.82μm减小到1.15μm。所设计的控制器可有效减小压电微动平台的迟滞误差。     

一种ITAE六旋翼无人机双闭环串联-前馈PID姿态控制算法

针对传统比例积分微分(PID)控制算法在多旋翼姿态控制时因闭环零点所导致的系统超调量增加、反应速度降低的问题,以六旋翼无人机为研究平台,提出一种时间加权绝对误差值积分(ITAE)指标双闭环串联-前馈PID姿态控制算法。结果表明,在该算法下系统的超调量σ可控制在2%以下,调节时间ts控制在0.5 s以内,可实现对六旋翼无人机高度、偏航角、仰俯角和滚转角的控制,可保证无人机系统的稳定性且使稳态误差接近于0。该算法有效解决了传统PID控制算法在进行姿态控制时存在的超调量大、调节时间长的问题,同时也解决了前馈滤波PID算法控制时出现的超调量降低、调节时间增加的问题,说明算法对六旋翼无人机具有较好的控制效果。     

LD组件温度稳定性设计

为了研究热电致冷器模块对半导体激光器温度控制系统稳定性的影响,采用模拟比例-积分-微分(PID)网络作为系统的控制器,通过对PID控制网络的调整,优化了热电致冷模块的响应,并根据调整后的PID控制网络及各组成部分的特性建立系统的数学模型,分析了系统对单位阶跃输入的稳态误差和稳定性。经仿真比较,结果表明,优化后的系统具有很好的瞬态特性和稳定性。     

压电陶瓷迟滞建模及控制仿真

为了提高压电陶瓷驱动器在调节光学谐振腔长度时的精度,设计了一种压电陶瓷驱动系统。同时,为了改善压电陶瓷的迟滞特性,利用Duhem迟滞模型对其进行建模,利用梯度下降法对模型参数进行辨识,得到迟滞模型;并利用逆模型补偿及比例、积分、微分(PID)复合控制方法进行控制。实验结果表明,Duhem模型可以有效地拟合压电陶瓷驱动器的迟滞,在15 μm的范围内,最大拟合误差小于0.2 μm ;同时,在复合控制下,驱动器的最大控制误差为12 nm,表明该复合控制方法的有效性。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.     

New insert layer structure OLEDs

An insert layer structure organic electroluminescent device（OLED） based on a new luminescent material （Zn（salen）） is fabricated. The configuration of the device is ITO/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1. Effective insert electrode layers comprising LiF（1nm）/Al（5 nm） are used as a single semitransparent mirror, and bilayer cathode LiF（1 nm）/A1（100 nm） is used as a reflecting mirror. The two mirrors form a Fabry-Perot microcavity and two emissive units. The maximum brightness and luminous efficiency reach 674 cd/m^2 and 2.652 cd/A, respectively, which are 2.1 and 3.7 times higher than the conventional device, respectively. The superior brightness and luminous efficiency over conventional single-unit devices are attributed to microcavity effect.