炼油化工企业节能降耗技术研究

可持续发展理念下，实施节能降耗控制已经成为炼油化工企业绿色生产的内在要求。在阐释炼油企业节能降耗控制必要性的基础上，分析炼油企业节能降耗生产中的问题，并指出节能降耗技术在炼油化工企业生产中的应用要点。期望能进一步减少炼油企业生产中的能源消耗，提升企业生产效益，促进炼油化工企业的持续、稳定发展。     

炼油企业安全生产管理特点研究

由于炼油加工较为复杂,对生产技术的要求较高,因此安全生产管理难度较大,炼油企业为实现稳定、持续发展目标,需加强对安全生产管理的研究。本文分析了炼油企业特征,研究了炼油企业安全生产管理现状,并探究了安全生产管理特征。     

炼油企业生产运营系统的活动模型研究

本文针对炼油企业各个环节的特点,建立了炼油企业生产运营系统活动模型。将需求预测、生产计划和原油采购等部分进行活动模型分解。建立了炼油企业生产运营系统IDEFO模型。     

浅谈炼油生产装置防火防爆

石化企业炼油生产装置的原料和产品大多有毒、易爆、易燃,并且随着石化行业的发展,企业规模越来越大型化,生产过程也越来越复杂,由此而形成的火灾隐患也越来越大。从石化炼油生产装置的工艺特点和火灾特点出发,分析了预防炼油生产装置火灾的对策,为防控石化炼油企业火灾提供了建议。     

浅谈炼油企业的安全管理

炼油企业加工流程复杂,工艺技术要求高,危险因素多,安全生产管理难度大,在很大程度上制约着企业的发展。本文主要根据现代炼油企业安全生产实际管理经验从实际出发针对现代炼油企业安全管理提出了建议和措施。     

炼油设备的维护与保养

炼油企业在社会经济发展中具有重要的地位,炼油设备的好坏是影响炼油企业稳定、持续发展的关键部分。炼油设备经过长时间的使用,会都受到众多外界因素的影响,导致炼油设备在运行中出现问题,影响到炼油生产的质量与效率。因此,需要相关的技术人员定期对炼油设备进行维护和保养,有利于炼油生产的正常运转,从而提升炼油企业的经济效益与社会效益。主要对就炼油设备的维护与保养进行了简单的分析,希望可以为相关从业者提供参考借鉴。     

试论促进炼油企业常减压装置加热炉热效率提高的途经

炼油企业的常减压装置在企业运行中挥着重要的作用,依据炼油企业常减压加热炉的实际生产情况,从提高加热炉热效率角度出发,提出必要的控制措施,从而促进我国炼油企业的快速发展。     

炼油企业原油金融衍生品工具应用研究

原油贸易具有全球性特点,其交易金额巨大,影响因素较多,复杂性和不确定性显著。原油期纸货流通性强,期纸货交易量远大于原油实际贸易量,应用原油金融衍生品对冲炼油企业生产经营风险具备可行性。炼油企业可通过使用原油金融衍生品工具,从炼油全产业链的角度,充分降低原油采购、运输、库存运作和产品销售及出口等环节的经营风险,理论上可锁定炼油利润,有助于炼油企业生产经营优化及稳定创效。     

全面推广使用车用乙醇汽油对炼油企业汽油生产的影响

绿色发展是我国新时代建设的重要诉求,我国将在2020年全面推广使用车用乙醇汽油。本文应用ASPEN PIMS软件,选取两家汽油池结构不同的炼油企业开展乙醇汽油调合组分油生产测算分析。结果表明,全面生产乙醇组分油将给部分炼油企业的汽油总量、高标号比例、加工流程等方面带来不利影响;各炼油企业所受影响程度因汽油调合组分结构及性质而异。为确保乙醇汽油供应,炼油企业应提前做好推广应对工作、优化国Ⅵ组分油生产方案、合理配置烷基化油等生产资源。     

夹点技术在炼油企业生产计划中的运用

本文通过分析炼油企业产品传递或配送过程中的质和量的约束关系,即时间和产品加工量的约束关系,提出将能量综合集成技术夹点技术运用于炼油企业生产计划。使企业能快速响应市场变化,降低生产成本,指导企业生产经营过程。文章最后以某炼油企业为例建立一个实例模型,表明了该模型的有效性和实用性。     

Effect of the density of the electronic states at the valence orbital of the bridge redox molecule on the dependence of the tunnel current on the overvoltage in the case of fully adiabatic electron transition

Effect of the density of the electronic states at the valence orbital of the bridge redox molecule on the dependence of the tunnel current on the overvoltage and on the width at half maximum of the current-overvoltage curve is studied. A number of the approximate expressions for the density of states, the tunnel current and the width are obtained in the fully adiabatic limit for different particular cases. It is shown that at small values of the coupling of the electronic levels of the electrodes with the valence orbital of the redox molecule and the small values of the bias voltage two regions of the reorganization Gibbs energy exist with different dependence of the width on the reorganization Gibbs energy. The results of calculations of the density of states, the tunnel current and the width are presented and used for the interpretation of the experimental data [N.G. Tao, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 (1996) 4066, I. Visoly-Fisher, K. Daie, Y. Terazono, C. Herrero, F. Fungo, L. Otero, E. Durantini, J.J. Silber, L. Sereno, D. Gust, T.A. Moore, A.L. Moore, S.M. Lindsay, PNAS 103 (2006) 8686].     

陶瓷墙地砖干法制粉造粒立柱与颗粒均匀度的影响

针对陶瓷墙地砖干法制粉造粒立柱对颗粒均匀度的影响.基于不同的造粒立柱几何参数,采用干法制粉制备颗粒,分析造粒立柱对颗粒均匀度的影响;同时基于CFD方法构建陶瓷墙地砖干法制粉混料过程欧拉-欧拉双流体模型,数值模拟验证实验的正确性.实验检测表明:当造粒立柱几何参数依次为6 mm、7 mm、8 mm、9 mm、10 mm时,对应制备颗粒最大均匀度为4.81、4.97、5.23、5.17、4.99,颗粒平均均匀度为4.71、4.85、4.98、4.87、4.83.数值模拟表明:当造粒立柱几何参数依次为6 mm、7 mm、8 mm时,粉体的分散性逐渐变好,团聚现象逐渐消失;当造粒立柱几何参数依次为9 mm、10 mm时,粉体的分散性逐渐变差,团聚现象逐渐明显.综合分析说明:造粒立柱几何参数为8 mm时,颗粒均匀度最大,粉体分散性最好,团聚现象不明显,且实验检测与数值模拟基本相吻合.     

Refractory compounds of basic composition for the monolithin lining of steel-teeming ladles

Conclusions Questions of the method of production of basic ramming compounds at Panteleimonovka Refractory Plant and their use in the monolithic lining of the walls of 160-ton steel-teeming ladles of the No. 2 Converter Shop of Kirvoi Rog Steel Combine are considered.An analysis of the wear of the lining during service showed that it occurs as the result of spalling of the sintered zone and salamandering of the lining. The use of a movable thermally insulated lid made it possible to hold the temperature of the ladle lining within limits of 730–1120°C between heats and to obtain a basic rammed lining life of 21–39 heats as opposed to an average life for the shop of 14.8 heats.A reserve for increasing the ladle basic lining life is optimization of the thermal conditions of its service, including high-temperature heating of the lining before pouring of the metal, the use of thermally insulated lids with the minimum consumption of time for placing of them, an increase in the life of the well refractory to the life of the walls and bottom, and elimination of cooling of the lining between heats.A Discussion: Problems of the Production and Use of Refractories for the Lining of Steel-Teeming Ladles. [For the start of the discussion see No. 8 (1988) and for the continuation Nos. 9–12 (1988) and Nos. 1–3, 5, and 7 (1989).]Deceased.I. I. Glaka, N. F. Drobot, N. V. Kurmaz, B. P. Zinchenko, S. A. Poznyak, I. M. Ryaboshapkin, V. V. Slushko, A. A. Chulkov, Yu. Bormatov, S. I. Vanchyuk, V. I. Dobrovol'skii, B. G. Zhuravel', N. I. Kiyan, L. I. Nekrasov, N. M. Sokolov, P. V. Khomenko, G. A. Nikitenko, S. Dorgobuzov, P. I. Valiev, N. N. Gorbatko, V. I. Kovalenko, and M. I. Lyakhov of Krivoi Rog Steel participated in the preparation and tests of the basic monolithic linings.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 8, pp. 1–4, August, 1989.     

管道泡状流相分布模式和分布机理研究进展

对管道泡状流的相分布模式和分布机理进行了详细的回顾和介绍。从前人研究的结果发现,相分布与流动条件有关,对于小管径泡状上升流,相分布主要表现为壁面峰值分布、中间峰值分布、中心峰值分布、过渡分布和扁平分布模式;而对于小管径泡状下降流,相分布主要表现为偏离中心峰值分布、钟形分布和中心峰值分布模式。然而对于大管径泡状流,相分布与流向无关,主要表现为壁面峰值分布和中心峰值分布两种模式。除此之外,还存在双峰分布模式和双鞍分布模式。影响相分布的主要因素有气泡尺寸、管道尺寸、气液相速度、气泡的注入位置和注入方法、重力水平,而气泡尺寸为关键因素。调查发现,到目前为止仍未形成一个可以解释所有相分布模式的通用机理。部分物理现象仅通过分析升力、湍流扩散力、壁面斥力以及其他力的平衡给予定性分析。未来应进一步研究相间作用力模型、湍流相干结构对气泡输运机理等问题。     

煤炭高梯度磁选-浮选脱硫降灰试验

通过分析煤样性质,说明原煤中无机硫主要以硫化铁硫为主,有机硫较高,仅依靠物理方法很难达到理想脱除效果。通过煤粉高梯度磁选试验研究了磁介质、磁通密度、脉冲对煤炭磁选效果的影响。结果表明:聚磁介质选用不加铜套细网介质,当磁通密度为1.295 T,脉冲为25次/min时,煤粉湿法高梯度磁选脱硫效果最好,此时硫分为1.59%,精煤产率为85.44%,脱硫率为31.87%,脱灰率为38.17%,黄铁矿硫脱除率为45.02%。通过正交试验确定了最佳高梯度磁选条件为:煤粉粒度0.075 mm,磁通密度1.295 T,脉冲25次/min,可得到硫分1.35%,灰分10.37%的磁选精煤产品。最后对磁选精煤进行再浮选试验,得到最佳浮选条件为:石灰500 g/t,捕收剂1360 g/t,起泡剂90 g/t,可获得产率76.29%,硫分1.28%,灰分8.14%的精煤,产品脱硫率为57.73%,脱灰率为58.52%,黄铁矿硫脱除率为84.56%。采用磁选-浮选综合流程,煤粉基本达到理想的脱硫降灰效果,可作为煤种脱硫降灰技术方案的参考。     

Will it Pay?: The Economics of Establishing a Bleaching,Dyeing and Finishing Works

Meetings of the Scottish Region, held in the Whitehall Restaurant, Glasgow, on 1 October 1968, Mr J. B. Scales in the chair; of the Nottingham Junior Section, held in the Midland Design and Building Centre, Nottingham, on 28 October 1968, Mr C. E. Woodward in the chair; of the Northern Ireland Region, held in the Abercorn Restaurant, Belfast, on 12 November 1968, Mr T. H. Wood in the chair; of the West Riding Region, held at the University of Bradford, on 12 December 1968, Professor R. L. Elliott in the chair; of the West of England and South Wales Region, held at ICI Ltd, Bristol, on 15 January 1969, Mr N. W. Palmer in the chair; of the Manchester Region, held at the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, on 16 January 1969, Mr J. Greenwood in the chair; of the Huddersfield Junior Section, held in the Huddersfield College of Technology, on 10 February 1969, Mr C. Senior in the chair; and of the Leeds Junior Section, held at the University of Leeds, on 11 March 1969, Mr A. S. Ferguson in the chair The economics of establishing a bleaching, dyeing and finishing works in modern buildings on a virgin site or on an existing site with good water and effluent services where the old buildings have been demolished are considered.     

Some gas phase reactions during the firing of magnesite-chromite refractories in a tunnel kiln

Conclusions A correlation is shown between the high-temperature, physicochemical processes in basic refractories, changes and reactions in the gaseous phase, and the nature of the wear of the roof of a tunnel kiln.As a result of dissociation, oxidation, and volatilization the waste gases are enriched with vapors of alkalis, CrO₃, sulfur trioxide, and oxides of iron and magnesium, and become corrosive with respect to the kiln lining. The reaction of the oxides vapors with each other and with the lining of the roof and their condensation determines the nature of the wear in the magnesite-chromite refractories, the chemical and mineral compositions of the resulting deposits and crusts. The main source of alkalis and sulfur trioxide is the sulfite yeast dregs (sulfite lye) present in the goods being fired.We determined the temperature relationship with the composition and amounts of deposits and crusts. Carcase and skeletal deposits and crusts formed on the firing section of the kiln, mainly periclase and spinel compositions; in the warming-up section the deposits were brittle, granulated, consisting of sulfates, chromates, chromium oxide, periclase, and spinels.It was found that the deposits on the walls of the pores in the MKhS refractories consist of sulfates and chromates, forming solid solutions.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 5, pp. 13–16, May, 1980.     

Lipids and phenols in table olives

The olive fruit is essentially constituted by the epicarp, or skin, mesocarp, or pulp, and the endocarp, or stone, and the latter includes the seed. Table olives (also called eating olives) are prepared from healthy, specifically cultivated, olive varieties picked at the right maturation stage and whose quality, after appropriate processing, corresponds to that of an edible well preserved product. The most important industrial preparations of table olives are the Spanish (or Sevillian) for green olives, the Californian for oxidised black olives, and the Greek for naturally black olives. In the Spanish and Californian procedures, olives are treated with a diluted aqueous NaOH solution, that brings about several changes in the susceptible classes of compounds in the fruit. Note, however, that the composition of the triglycerides remain unaffected by these procedures. After the treatment the olives are rinsed to remove the alkali, and the fruit is then left to ferment in brine for several months. The production of naturally black olives in brine, according to the Greek traditional method, is a simple, natural process which does not use chemicals. The main phenols in the olive are oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol (β(3‐4‐dihydroxyphenyl)ethanol), tyrosol (β(4‐hydroxyphenyl) ethanol) and verbascoside; the major polycyclic triterpenes are the oleanolic and maslinic acids. The NaOH treatment hydrolysed oleuropein into β(3‐4‐dihydroxyphenyl) ethanol, oleoside 11‐methylester and oleoside. These last glucosides and the oleuropein itself, in acidic medium, yielded glucose and a number of compounds called, collectively, oleuropein aglycones. During the fermentation process phenols diffuse from the pulp into the brine. Also, even during the alkaline treatment, there is the rapid diffusion of the pentacyclic oleanolic and maslinic acids salts into the brine.     

N,N-dialkylamides of long chain fatty acids as plasticizers

A number of N,N-dialkylamides have been prepared, characterized and evaluated as plasticizers for poly (vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate) copolymer. Among these are the N-oleoyl derivatives of diisopropyl, dibutyl, diisobutyl, diamyl, dihexyl, diheptyl, dioctyl, di-2-ethylhexyl and didecylamines. Also included are the N,N-dibutylamides of 2-ethylhexanoic, neodecanoic, neotridecanoic, palmitic, stearic, linoleic, erucic, ricinoleic, naphthenic, dimer, pinic, epoxystearic, animal, cottonseed, hydrogenated cottonseed, rapeseed,Limnanthes douglasii seed and parsley seed acids. Optimum low-temperature plasticizing properties are achieved for the N-oleoyl derivatives of dibutyl, diamyl and dihexyl amines. These low-temperature properties are comparable to those of the adipate and sebacate plasticizers without the adverse volatility characteristics of the adipates. Compatibility of the N,N-dialkyloleamides extends through the dihexyl derivative. A brief heat stability study of some selected plasticized polylvinyl chloride copolymer compositions indicates that the thermal stabilization of amide plasticizers is not an insurmountable problem. Presented at the AOCS Meeting at Houston, Texas, April 1965. Laboratory of the So. Utiliz. Res. Devel. Div., ARS, USDA.     

陶瓷墙地砖干法造粒过程坯料粉体成形与造粒室转速的影响

为分析陶瓷墙地砖干法造粒过程坯料粉体成形与造粒室转速的关系.基于欧拉-欧拉双流体模型模拟陶瓷干法造粒混料过程数理模型,同时对坯料粉体粗糙度、粉体级配及粉体流动性指数进行实验分析,验证数值模拟的正确性.当造粒室转速分别为120 RPM、140 RPM、160 RPM时,坯料粉体体积分布大小基本保持不变,坯料粉体均匀性和分散性逐渐变好,团聚现象逐渐消失;当造粒室转速分别为180 RPM、200 RPM时,坯料粉体体积分布大小仍基本保持不变,坯料粉体均匀性和分散性逐渐变差,团聚现象逐渐明显.实验结果表明:当造粒室转速分别为120 RPM、140 RPM、160 RPM、180 RPM、200 RPM时,坯料粉体粗糙度系数平均值依次为1.79、1.77、1.68、1.74、1.78;粉体级配百分比依次为73％、77％、89％、80％、72％;流动性指数依次为63.54、66.95、69.75、68.32、67.21.综合分析说明:造粒室转速为160 RPM时,坯料粉体均匀性和分散性良好,且无明显团聚现象,此时坯料粉体粗糙度系数平均值最小、粉体级配百分比最高、流动性指数最大,即造粒效果最好.