提高钢包的操作水平：通向成功的系统方法

一个健全的、可预测的钢包操作程序在对操作总成本的效益作出贡献的同时，还提高了生产的可预测性、可靠性和安全性。钢包耐火材料的质量、炉衬工作层的设计、钢包周转实践以及耐火材料桶衬修补系统的改进等，使钢包寿命全面提高，超过了１１５％。本文讨论了这些改进的效果和采用的检测及监控操作的方法。根据埃克米钢公司工艺流程中面临的变化，本文对进一步改进计划也作了探讨。     

钢包寿命的提高及耐火材料的改进

1钢包寿命的提高武进大众钢铁有限公司在钢包的砖型设计及操作实践上作了许多改动，使钢包寿命逐步得到提高。1996年初，钢包寿命仅有30次左右。随着砖型及耐火材料材质的改进，至1997年时钢包寿命稳定在60－65次以上。随着维护的加强及操作水平的提高，1998年又稳定提高至80－90次以上。1．l砖型的改进按照40try精炼炉尺寸特性等自身特点，对钢包砖型进行了重新设计。用原砖型砌筑的钢包沿高度方向共砌11层，其中10层为扇形砖，第11层为万能弧形砖，在使用过程中极易脱落，造成钢水从钢包上口耐火砖脱落处渗入，发生穿包等严重事故；改造后…     

钢包釉对钢中总氧含量及夹杂的影响研究

炼钢过程中出钢后钢渣附着在钢包工作衬壁上,形成钢包釉,对钢-耐火材料的反应产生重要影响,是钢中夹杂的主要来源之一,同时对钢中总氧含量也产生影响.本文通过设计不同钙硅比的钢包釉层,研究其对钢中总氧含量及夹杂物的影响.研究发现:铝镁质耐火材料与钢水直接接触时,耐火材料组分溶解进钢水中形成夹杂,增加了钢中的夹杂和总氧含量;耐火材料表面覆盖釉层时,耐火材料与钢水通过界面层间接反应,减少了钢中的夹杂和总氧含量.其中钙硅比高的界面层,钢中总氧含量低,夹杂的数量也少,但是夹杂的尺寸较大.     

铝尖晶石质不定形耐火材料在钢包包底上的应用

通过在钢包包底应用铝尖晶石不定形耐火材料，可以实现钢包使用寿命的稳定化，钢包施工的省力化和降低耐火材料成本。     

铝质与铝尖晶石质耐火材料

本文对钢用耐火材料及渣系统做了介绍。这包括对钢包用耐火材料，耐火材料与渣的相互作用进行了讨论，并对钢包与氩氧脱碳设备的造渣原理给予实际指导。     

钢包盖对钢包衬热机械性能的影响

Esfahan钢厂是伊朗年产量在220万t的钢铁企业之一。对钢铁企业来说,钢包的长寿命显得尤为重要。从这个意义上来理解,耐火材料的热机械性能和抗热震性就是非常重要的。目前经常使用热机械性能模拟实验来检测因使用了钢包盖而导致的浇铸过程中钢包用耐火材料性能的变化。研究结果表明,在连铸过程中,使用钢包盖可以减少钢包的热损失,从而使耐火材料内部的热量维持平衡,仅使其内部应力稍有增加。在转炉出钢前后的间歇期内,钢包加盖是有利的。使用钢包盖后,可改进钢包的周转过程,并提高钢铁企业的生产效能。     

VOD/VAD钢包内衬耐火材料耐用性的改进

日本钢管公司京浜钢铁厂通过对VOD／VAD钢包内衬耐火材料耐用性的改进，由使用镁白云石砖改为使用高铝砖，抑制了热剥落和结构剥落，提高了钢包的使用寿命，进而通过使用镁铝质浇注料，大幅度提高了钢包的使用寿命，降低了耐火材料费用。     

钢包在真空吹氧脱碳情况下的应用

伊热夫期克钢铁联合股份公司采用了在３０ｔ钢包中以真空吹氧脱碳（ＶＯＤ）法精炼耐蚀钢的工艺。钢包内衬砌筑使用的是“镁砖”耐火材料联合股份公司生产的镁铬耐火材料,在掌握这一操作方法时,研究了工艺参数和内衬配置对钢包寿命的影响。研究结果表明：决定内衬工作层损毁的主要因素是耐火材料砌体砖缝的密度度、精炼期炉渣的成分、搅拌强度和冶炼间歇期钢包的热维护,同时还进行了有关改进钢包内衬配置以强化渣线部位的工作。另外,还优选了搅拌方式和还原混合物的成分,其中包括石灰用量以及铝和硅的适当比例,所采取的一些措施,使钢包内衬寿命提高了１．２倍,钢包盖耐火材料的寿命提高了１．５倍。     

DOFASCO厂炉外精炼钢包用耐火材料

该文章将介绍ＤＯＦＡＳＣＯ厂过去五年内对炉外精炼钢包用耐火材料做的一些改进，并要对下列题目进行论述：（１）整体钢包衬结构；（２）渣线改进；（３）包壁的改进；（４）包底的改进。     

VOD钢包用耐火材料

ＶＯＤ钢包冶炼条件因生产厂家不同耐异，所以，所采用的耐火材料也各不相同。，由于侵蚀取决于渣状态，所以对还原引起侵蚀的重要性作了讨论。为改进ＶＯＤ钢包用耐火材料，渣浸润后耐火材料的耐热震性也极其重要。     

Insulating Permanent Lining of Calcium Hexaluminate Based Castable for 300t Ladle in Baosteel

Minimizing of heat loss of liquid steel through the ladle lining led to the integration of increasing insulation function of the permanent lining and high-quality insulating layer between the permanent lining and the ladle steel shell.In this paper,a study was made on physical and thermomechanical properties and corrosion resistance of calcium hexaluminate based castables.The chemical and physical properties of CA6 based castables fabricated in this work can fulfill general requirements of the permanent lining in ladle.The permanent linings of CA6 based castables offer superb thermal insulation and corrosion resistance,compared to conventional refractory systems of 300t ladle in Baosteel.Both functions of insulation and safety work effectively in whole process of ladle operation.     

Siliceous refractories for iron ladles of the mixer type

Conclusions For the first time in the linings of iron-carrying ladles of the mixer type we have tested siliceous refractory products. They showed satisfactory resistance in all zones of the ladle in contact with metal, and especially in the zone where the iron jet hits the lining, which means that in contrast to ladles with mullite-silica linings we can carry out the complete campaign for the ladle without repairing this section.In the zones not contacting the iron, and in the central parts of the lining made of siliceous articles, they are less resistant than those made of mullite-silica.On the basis of these tests in mixer-type ladles we recommend the use of combined linings from siliceous and high-alumina articles.The annual savings from the use of siliceous linings is 67,000 rubles.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 2, pp. 21–24, February, 1982.     

钢包用轻重质复合保温砖的研究与开发

精炼钢包永久衬用轻重质复合保温砖的重质部分相当于高铝砖，轻质部分相当于粘土质隔热砖。实际使用表明，采用轻重质复合保温砖作钢包永久衬，节能效果明显．可以获得显著的社会经济效益。     

Multifunctional Refractory-lined Vessel: Ladle Aggregate

A ladle primarily is a container used to transport molten steel from the steelmaking unit to the casting facility.The essential requirements are heat resistant,insulative and strong enough to hold molten steel up to 300 t,with a structure of multilayered refractory lining in a steel shell vessel.When a ladle is assembled with three-phase graphite electrodes,a ladle furnace forms,starting steel refining process with/without the vacuum tank degasser and RH circulating degasser,in order to meet the growing demand on high purity and higher quality steel.The working lining is under aggressive conditions that comprise the chemical reaction with molten steel,the severe corrosion of liquid slag,the disaggregation through oxidation,and the strong stress due to the impacting of the melts and gases and the effects of thermomechanical behaviors.Magnesiacarbon brick is one of the major materials,being indispensable for the slagline of a ladle furnace.Alumina-magnesiacarbon brick has played an important role to substantially increase the service life in the metal zone,from the early lining materials of high alumina and doloma bricks.The permanent lining must assume sufficient responsibility to allow finishing the process of the engaged charge in case of a failure in the working lining.The insulation layer must be as thin as possible in order to maximize the ladle’s capacity,and reduce the shell temperature for saving energy.In this issue,several integrant refractories are reviewed or investigated in order to compile a lining overview,and to contribute a prolonged service life under aggressive working conditions of the ladle furnace.     

钢包永久层结构及砌筑方法的设计

对钢包永久层结构及砌筑方法进行了新的设计，永久层内表面光滑，底为球面拱形。应用表明，整体强度高，延长了永久层的使用寿命。     

Wear of the periclase-lime lining of steel teeming ladles in ladle desulfurization of steel

Conclusions Wear of a periclase-lime steel teeming ladle refractory lining is a complex physicochemical process in which it is practically impossible to distinguish a predominant elementary direction of action of the molten slag and metal.Replacement of liquid synthetic slags with solid slag-forming mixtures in ladle desulfurization of steel does not have a significant influence on wear of the lining working layer.An increase in the amplitude and number of thermal cycles significantly increases formation of cracks in the refractory lining and, consequently, accelerates its wear. An increase in temperature gradient within the refractory layer significantly increases crack formation.The presence of high-temperature contact of the periclase-lime lining working layer with strong deoxidizers accelerates its wear.Reduction of the magnesium and calcium of the refractories by the carbon of the binder under ladle service conditions may occur only with escape of gaseous CO through the reinforcing layer and the joints of the refractory lining in special gas escape holes in the ladle shell.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 3, pp. 33–36, March, 1993.     

Guniting the lining of 300-ton steelcasting ladles

Conclusions The practice of guniting the lining of steelcasting ladles has been introduced for the 300-ton ladles of the open-hearth division of the Cherepovetsk Metallurgical Plant. The guniting parameters are as follows: the temperature of the lining of the ladle wall should be 60–120°C; the amount of wetting agent (sodium silicate solution) for the optimal adhesion of the G unite layer to the brick masonry should give the G unite mix a moisture content of 8–15%, and the density of the aqueous sodium silicate solution should be 1.15–1.30 g/cm³.The guniting operation is carried out with a remote-controlled centrifugal-action machine which permits the operation to be carried out at a temperature in the ladle of 200°C. The durability of the ladle lining increases significantly when the lining is gunited regularly up to five times per campaign. The estimated economic benefit from the practice of guniting the 300-ton steelcasting ladles is 85,000 rubles/yr.Deceased.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 2, pp. 29–32, February, 1978.     

烘烤过程钢包包壁温度场的有限元研究

利用有限元法计算了烘烤过程钢包包壁温度场 ,研究了工作层、永久层和保温层厚度对钢包包壳温度的影响     

Ladle service under the conditions of vacuum-oxygen decarburization

The Izhstal plant has created a technology for treating corrosion-resistant steel by the method of VOD in a 30-ton ladle. The lining of the ladle is made of periclase-chromite refractories produced by the Magnezit Works JSC. The effect of the process parameters and lining patterns on the endurance of the ladle was studied in development of the process. The main factors determining the wear of the functional layer of the lining are the density of its joints, the composition of the slag of the refining period, the intensity of the mixing, and the thermal regime of the ladle between the heats. The pattern of the lining has been improved by reinforcing the slag line. The mixing regimes and the composition of the killing mixture have been improved where the consumption of lime and the proportion of aluminum to silicon are concerned. These measures have increased the endurance of the ladles by a factor of 2.2 and that of the refractory roofs by a factor of 2.5. Translated from Ogneupory i Tekhnicheskaya Keramika, No. 5, pp. 41–43, May, 2000.     

Testing ladle brick made by various factories

Conclusions The resistance of linings in steel-casting ladles depends on the working conditions and the construction of the lining, the quality of the brick laying during repairs of the working layer, and the resistance of the ladle brick. The greatest effect on the wear of the lining in ladles is exerted by the following working conditions: chemical composition of the slag, temperature of the metal being cast, the dwell time of metal and slag in the ladle during one casting, the height of the slag layer in the ladle, the thickness of the lining in each belt of the structure. The quality of the structure in the ladles is mainly determined by the size of the joints, the care with which they are filled with mortar, uniformity of drying and warming-up of the ladles before filling them with metal.The resistance of the ladle brick depends mainly on the apparent porosity and nature of the pores and the concentration of fluxes and mullite in the brick.The highest resistance in service was shown by Zaporozh'e ladle brick made from Polozhe kaolin and having the lowest apparent porosity. The concentration of iron oxides in the brick was moderate, and on average equalled 1.39%.In terms of falling resistance the ladle brick of the remaining concerns can be placed in the following order: Chasov-Yar, Semiluks, Bogdanovich, Magnitogorsk, and Borovich.In order to increase the resistance of steel casting ladle linings it is necessary to increase the resistance of the ladle brick by reducing the apparent porosity, using raw materials with low concentrations of fluxes and improving the firing in order to obtain the maximum conditions of the ladle, reducing to a minimum the quantity of slag and reducing the casting time; to use a more rational thickness for laying the ladles over the courses, taking into account better use of their capacity.Translated from Ogneupory, No.5, pp. 27–32, May, 1970.