Screening of 42 Bacillus isolates for ability to ferment soybeans into dawadawa

Forty-two cultures of Bacillus species isolated from soybean dawadawa were screened for their proteolytic activity on Skim Milk Agar, amylolytic activity on Starch Agar, and ability to grow on Soybean Agar. Distinct differences were observed between the cultures for all the criteria. Eleven isolates were selected for laboratory fermentation trials and each produced soybean dawadawa which was found acceptable by a taste panel. The pH of the samples, which increased from 6.37-6.58 to 8.22-8.85 during fermentation, were significantly different at P< or =0.05 for the different cultures. In the fermented samples, Bacillus counts exceeded 10(9) cfu/g, with the population of only one sample being significantly different at P< or =0.05. A market focus group familiar with soybean dawadawa selected Bacillus subtilis 24BP(2) and B. subtilis FpdP(2) as the best potential starter cultures. A taste panel found no significant differences in overall acceptance between soybean dawadawa either fermented spontaneously or with B. subtilis 24BP(2) and also between soybean dawadawa fermented with either B. subtilis 24BP(2) or B. subtilis FpdP(2).     

The comparative ability of four isolates of Bacillus subtilis to ferment soybeans into dawadawa

In an attempt to develop starter cultures for fermenting soybeans into the traditional West African condiment dawadawa, four isolates of Bacillus subtilis: 24BP(2), 72RP(17), 72BP(30), and FpdBP(2), which had been selected from 42 Bacillus cultures in a previous study by the current authors, were used separately to produce soy-dawadawa. The accompanying microbiological and biochemical changes, including enzymatic activities, as well as the organoleptic quality of the products were evaluated including that of a control sample which was fermented spontaneously. Significant differences existed in the ability of the four isolates to hydrolyse the soybean proteins, starch, and fat to produce dawadawa. Bacillus subtilis 24BP(2) recorded the highest protease and amylolytic activities, 101 U/ml and 26.68 mg/ml, respectively, and liberated the most amino acids, 117.64 mg/g dry wt., during fermentation. Bacillus subtilis 24BP(2) also grew to the highest population of cells in the final product. Taste panelists found soybean dawadawa produced by each of the four isolates acceptable and rated soup flavoured with soy-dawadawa produced by Bacillus subtilis FpdBP(2) as the best sample. Panelists scored it higher than the control sample and soy-dawadawa produced by Bacillus subtilis 24BP(2) in that order.     

利用纳豆菌种发酵奶液的研究

纳豆激酶具有溶解血栓的作用,纳豆激酶是由纳豆菌发酵大豆产生,纳豆有比较特殊的味道,利用纳豆芽孢杆菌进行奶液发酵,能够获得较高的纳豆激酶活力,而且没有特殊的气味,本文针对不同发酵时间对利用纳豆菌发酵奶液在色泽、口感、pH、芽孢杆菌数、纳豆激酶酶活力进行测定,结果表明利用纳豆菌对奶液进行发酵,成熟只需16h,就能得到较高的纳豆激酶酶活力,并能在4℃冰箱中保存5天,酶活的减少率低于10%。     

Effect of boiling and roasting on the fermentation of soybeans into dawadawa (soy-dawadawa)

Soybeans which had initially been dehulled by either boiling (boiled/dehulled) or roasting (roasted/dehulled) before peeling, were cooked and fermented into dawadawa, a traditional food condiment. The micropopulation, enzymatic activities, proximate composition, amino acid, and aroma profiles of the two types of soybean dawadawa were evaluated during fermentation. Only minor differences were found in the microbial profiles of the two types of soy-dawadawa. Although boiled/dehulled soy-dawadawa initially had lower microbial counts, it recorded higher counts at the advanced stages of fermentation. Proteolytic and amylolytic Bacillus species including Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus firmus dominated the micropopulation of the two types of soy-dawadawa with Bacillus subtilis accounting for about 50% of the Bacillus species in all samples. Lactic acid bacteria and yeasts occurred in low numbers in the two types of soy-dawadawa. The proximate composition of the two types of soy-dawadawa were similar, and their contents of moisture and protein increased whilst fat and ash decreased during fermentation. Both types of fermenting soy-dawadawa recorded similar levels of alpha-amylase activity, but boiled/dehulled soy-dawadawa showed slightly higher protease activity. The levels of isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, arginine and proline increased significantly with fermentation time in both types of soy-dawadawa. With respect to differences in their aroma profiles, hexanodecanol, octadecyl acetate, 1,2-dimethyl benzene, tetradecene, (E)-5-eicosene, cyclohexadecane, and hexacosane were found only in the roasted/dehulled samples, whilst 1,2-ethanediol, ethyl acetate, dimethyl disulfide, cyclotetradecane, decene, indole , 2 butyl-octenal, acetophenone, and toluene were found only in the boiled/dehulled samples. A market focus group showed preference for roasted/dehulled soy-dawadawa over boiled/dehulled soy-dawadawa. Apart from the volatile aroma compounds, the biochemical and microbiological profiles of the two types of soy-dawadawa showed only minor differences and were also similar to the profiles reported for African locust bean dawadawa.     

Natto Characteristics as Affected by Steaming Time, Bacillus Strain, and Fermentation Time

ABSTRACT: Natto was made in a laboratory scale from soybean using 2 steaming times, 9 Bacillus natto strains, and 6 fermentation times. Natto characteristics including color, firmness, viscosity, ammonia content, and bacteria population were determined. The highest viscosity value of the final products was the natto inoculated with B. natto "Itobiki strain"; the 2nd was natto with B. natto NRRL B-3383 strain. A higher steaming time reduced fermentation time and ammonia content in the final products. A combination of soaking at the room temperature for 20 h (weight increase ratio: 2.1 to 2.3), steaming at 121°C for 40 min, inoculated with "Itobiki strain" or NRRL-3383 strain, and fermented at 40 to 42°C for 18 h was able to produce good natto products in a laboratory scale.     

In vitro digestibility of Bacillus fermented soya bean

Bacillus fermented legume products include among others dawadawa and soumbala made from African locust bean, and natto and kinema made from soya bean. Bacillus subtilis is the dominant species involved in the fermentation. During Bacillus fermentation for 48 h of autoclaved soya bean the quantity of soluble and dialyzable matter increased from 22% and 6% up to 65% and 40%, respectively. Protein and carbohydrate degradation during fermentation of soya bean with several Bacillus spp. was investigated and appeared to be substantial during the first 18 h of fermentation resulting in the release of high levels of peptides and oligosaccharides. In vitro digestibility was increased from 29% up to 33–43% after Bacillus fermentation for 48 h. It was shown that Bacillus spp. were able to degrade soya bean macromolecules to a large extent resulting in water-soluble low molecular weight compounds. In vitro digestion of Bacillus fermented soya bean using gastrointestinal enzymes only slightly increased the amount of dialyzable matter, which clearly demonstrated the beneficial effect of Bacillus fermentation on food nutrient availability.     

纳豆腐乳发酵工艺优化

以腐乳半成品为试验材料,以感官评价和纳豆枯草芽孢杆菌菌落数为评价指标,采用单因素试验和正交试验设计确定并优化了纳豆腐乳的发酵工艺。结果表明,最佳发酵工艺为大米添加量9%、纳豆枯草芽孢杆菌接种量5%、发酵前16 h温度为37 ℃,后8 h为50 ℃、发酵相对湿度为60%。在此最佳条件下制备的纳豆腐乳具有白腐乳应有的滋味和香气,氨基酸态氮含量可达0.44 g/100 g,纳豆枯草芽孢杆菌菌落数为1.63×108 CFU/g、食盐含量低于6.4 g/100 g、纳豆激酶酶活可达2 712 FU/g,具有溶血栓效果,是一种新型特色腐乳,具有广泛的市场应用前景。     

米糠饮料发酵条件的研究

采用纳豆芽孢杆菌对米糠进行发酵,通过交互试验比较接种量、发酵温度和发酵时间对纳豆激酶活性和饮料感官评分的影响,确定最佳发酵条件为:接种量4%、发酵温度35℃和发酵时间24h。在此条件下可以获得酶活性达到621.5U/mL、口感较好、兼具米糠营养成分和纳豆营养产物的新型发酵饮料。     

发酵酶解法提取紫菜蛋白多肽及其特性研究

利用纳豆芽孢杆菌或枯草芽孢杆菌对紫菜进行发酵,并结合木瓜蛋白酶酶解的方法提取紫菜蛋白多肽,考察了发酵酶解法对蛋白提取率的影响。结果发现,以未加热处理的紫菜为原料,纳豆芽孢杆菌接种量4%,在30℃下发酵24 h,再利用木瓜蛋白酶(1 mg/mL)酶解3 h后,紫菜蛋白提取率为82%,而利用接种量2%的枯草芽孢杆菌时蛋白提取率可达89%。根据紫菜发酵酶解物的性质分析结果,发现提取物的氨基酸组成与紫菜相同,蛋白溶解性不受pH影响,在pH 3.0下乳化活性最高,而在pH 9.0下乳化稳定性最好。     

Screening of a Bacillus subtilis strain producing both nattokinase and milk-clotting enzyme and its application in fermented milk with thrombolytic activity

Bacillus subtilis is a generally recognized as safe probiotic, which is used as a starter for natto fermentation. Natto is a functional food with antithrombus function due to nattokinase. Compared with natto, fermented milk is a more popular fermented food, which is commonly fermented by Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus. However, there is no report on B. subtilis–fermented milk. In this study, to produce a functional fermented milk with antithrombus function, a B. subtilis strain (B. subtilis JNFE0126) that produced both nattokinase and milk-clotting enzyme was isolated from traditionally fermented natto and used as the starter for the functional fermented milk. In liquid fermentation culture, the peak values of thrombolytic activity and milk-clotting activity were 3,511 U/mL at 96 h and 874.5 Soxhlet unit/mL at 60 h, respectively. The optimal pH and temperature were pH 7.0 at 40°C for nattokinase and pH 6.5 and 55°C for milk-clotting enzyme, respectively. The thrombolytic activity in the fermented milk reached 215.1 U/mL after 8 h of fermentation. Sensory evaluation showed that the acceptance of the milk fermented by B. subtilis JNFE0126 was similar to the traditional milk fermented by L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus. More importantly, oral intake of the fermented milk by the thrombosis-model mice prevented the development of thrombosis. Our results suggest that B. subtilis JNFE0126–fermented milk has potential as a novel, functional food in the prevention of thrombosis-related cardiovascular diseases.     

Cytokine responses of human intestinal epithelial-like Caco-2 cells to the nonpathogenic bacterium Bacillus subtilis (natto)

Intestinal epithelial cells produce cytokines in response to pathogenic bacteria. However, cellular responses of these cells to nonpathogenic strains, such as Bacillus subtilis, are yet to be determined. In this study, we investigate whether epithelial-like human colon carcinoma Caco-2 cells produce cytokines in response to B. subtilis or B. subtilis (natto). The latter strain is utilized for manufacturing the fermented soy food "natto". Live cells of nonpathogenic B. subtilis JCM 1465(T), B. subtilis (natto) and E. coli JCM 1649(T), as well as pathogenic S. enteritidis JCM 1652 and P. aeruginosa JCM 5516 strains, induced secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and/or IL-8, but not IL-7, IL-15 or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). Transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) of Caco-2 cell monolayers cultured with E. coli, S. enteritidis or P. aeruginosa decreased more rapidly than that of cells cultured with B. subtilis or B. subtilis (natto). The amounts of cytokine induced by B. subtilis (natto) cells were strain-dependent. Moreover, B. subtilis (natto) cells subjected to hydrochloric acid treatment, but not autoclaving, induced a higher secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 than intact cells. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors, including AG126 and genistein, suppressed cytokine secretion. Our results suggest that the nonpathogenic B. subtilis (natto) bacterium induces cytokine responses in intestinal epithelial cells via activation of an intracellular signaling pathway, such as that of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB).     

纤溶酶高产菌株的筛选与鉴定

作为一种新型的溶血栓药物,大豆类发酵食品中所含有的纤溶酶具有安全性好、作用迅速,成本低,以及可通过液体发酵大规模生产等优点。采用酪蛋白平板法与纤维蛋白平板法相结合的方法,从市售纳豆产品中分离筛选出一株高产纤溶酶生产菌,发酵48 h后,测得其粗酶活为483.72 IU/mL,通过形态学,生理生化特征,16S rDNA序列鉴定及系统发育树的分析,鉴定该菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）。     

In vitro digestibility of bacillus fermented soya bean

Bacillus fermented legume products include among others dawadawa and soumbala made from African locust bean, and natto and kinema made from soya bean. Bacillus subtilis is the dominant species involved in the fermentation. During Bacillus fermentation for 48 h of autoclaved soya bean the quantity of soluble and dialyzable matter increased from 22% and 6% up to 65% and 40%, respectively. Protein and carbohydrate degradation during fermentation of soya bean with several Bacillus spp. was investigated and appeared to be substantial during the first 18 h of fermentation resulting in the release of high levels of peptides and oligosaccharides. In vitro digestibility was increased from 29% up to 33–43% after Bacillus fermentation for 48 h. It was shown that Bacillus spp. were able to degrade soya bean macromolecules to a large extent resulting in water-soluble low molecular weight compounds. In vitro digestion of Bacillus fermented soya bean using gastrointestinal enzymes only slightly increased the amount of dialyzable matter, which clearly demonstrated the beneficial effect of Bacillus fermentation on food nutrient availability.     

Formation of Succinyl Genistin and Succinyl Daidzin by Bacillus Species

ABSTRACT:  6"- O -Succinyl-4'-hydroxyisoflavone-7- O -β-D-glucopyranoside (succinyl-β-daidzin) and 6"- O -succinyl-6,4'-dihydroxyisoflavone-7- O -β-D-glucopyranoside (succinyl-β-genistin), 2 new isoflavone metabolites, are found in  cheonggukjang  or  natto , traditional soy-based foods fermented with  Bacillus  species. Standard isoflavones including daidzin, genistin, daidzein, and genistein, and mixtures of isoflavones extracted from roasted soybeans were added to the medium growing  Bacillus subtilis  or  B. subtilis  natto and formation of succinyl-β-daidzin and succinyl-β-genistin were monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Samples containing  Bacillus  with daidzin and genistin produced succinyl-β-daidzin and succinyl-β-genistin, respectively, while those with daidzein and genistein did not produce succinyl derivatives. Daidzin in samples with  B. subtilis  and  B. subtilis  natto decreased by 39.7% and 10.7%, respectively, for 4 h incubation while genistin decreased by 66.8% and 17.6%, respectively. Genistein decreased faster than daidzein during incubation with  B. subtilis  or  B. subtilis  natto without formation of succinyl derivatives. In the case of mixture of isoflavones, succinyl derivatives increased and β-glucosides and aglycones of isoflavones decreased significantly for 8 h incubation ( P  < 0.05).     

Volatile compounds in Bacillus‐fermented soybeans

Thua nao, a traditional, proteolytic, fermented soybean condiment of northern Thailand, was prepared from cooked whole soybeans by natural flora fermentation. The microbial flora during the fermentation was dominated by Bacillus species. The formation of volatile compounds during the fermentation was studied. In addition, the volatile compounds of two samples of commercial dried thua nao and two samples of commercial Japanese natto were analysed. Fermentation led to a large increase in the concentration of total volatile compounds, from 35 µg kg^?1 wet weight in cooked soybeans to 3500 µg kg^?1 wet weight in 72 h fermented material. The major volatile compounds in fermented beans were 3‐hydroxybutanone (acetoin), 2‐methlybutanoic acid, pyrazines, dimethyl disulphide and 2‐pentylfuran. Sun drying of 72 h fermented material resulted in the loss of 65% of total volatiles, including important aroma compounds. The commercial dried thua nao samples had low concentrations of total volatile compounds (380 µg kg^?1 wet weight). It is suggested that improved drying/preservation methods are needed to retain aroma compounds in the traditional products. The natto samples were devoid of aldehydes, aliphatic acids and esters, and sulphur compounds, whereas the thua nao samples contained a diversity of these compounds. Previous investigators have reported these compounds in natto and it is not possible to suggest the existence of systematic differences between the volatile compounds in traditional thua nao prepared with an undefined, mixed microbial flora and those in natto fermented with Bacillus subtilis. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

鹰嘴豆纳豆优良发酵菌株的筛选与初步鉴定

分别从五个品牌的纳豆样品及树林土样中分离出27、23株芽孢杆菌（Bacillus spp.）,这50株菌经过菌落形态观察和酪蛋白 平板筛选后,分别从土壤和纳豆样品中筛选出了10株和3株共计13株分解酪蛋白能力较强的芽孢杆菌。 采用这13株菌进行鹰嘴豆 纳豆发酵对比,并对成品进行感官评价及纳豆激酶活性的测定。 结果表明,从土壤中分离出的菌株S-18产纳豆激酶活力最高,为（3269.38±52.59） U/g,具有鹰嘴豆纳豆发酵良好的应用前景。     

苦荞对发酵豆乳纳豆激酶活力、风味及抗氧化活性影响

相较于纳豆,以纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵获得的发酵豆乳食用更方便,但同样存在纳豆激酶活性低、风味不良等缺点。作者首先研究了苦荞、糙米、薏米、藜麦、燕麦粉对纳豆芽孢杆菌产纳豆激酶能力的影响。结果表明,添加苦荞的效果最好,当添加质量分数为3%时,纳豆芽孢杆菌液体发酵的酶活力由原来的5 803.12 U/mL提高到23 326.23 U/mL;然后研究了苦荞粉对纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵豆乳的纳豆激酶活力、风味及抗氧化活性的影响。结果显示,当添加的苦荞质量为大豆质量的50%时,发酵豆乳的纳豆激酶活力、挥发性盐基氮质量浓度和总抗氧化能力分别为 4 460.28 U/mL、3.45 mg/dL和16.34 mmol/L,分别为纯大豆发酵所得豆乳的161.42%、79.84%和196.39%。添加苦荞能够明显提高发酵豆乳中纳豆激酶活力,并且改善风味和抗氧化活性。该研究可为开发富含纳豆激酶、食用方便的纳豆食品提供借鉴。     

中式纳豆制备技术的研究

为探索出符合中国人口味且纳豆激酶酶活力高的中式纳豆加工技术,该研究从市售的4种纳豆中分离出4株纳豆芽孢杆菌（Bacillus natto）,并筛选出一株产纳豆激酶能力最强的菌株NK3。以牛奶培养基替代传统的种子液培养基培养纳豆菌种,通过单因素试验考察发酵温度、时间、接种量、加水量对纳豆激酶酶活力的影响,采用正交试验优化纳豆发酵条件。结果表明,以牛奶为培养基培养的纳豆菌生长良好,在发酵温度27 ℃、发酵时间1.5 d、接种量5%、加水量6%条件下,菌株NK3发酵制备出的纳豆无氨臭味,有淡淡的奶香味,且纳豆激酶酶活力高达668.5 U/g。     

纳豆芽孢杆菌液态发酵对花生理化指标 及其蛋白在消化过程中致敏性的影响

为探究经发酵后的花生营养价值及其蛋白进入体内后致敏性的变化,更好地将微生物发酵应用于花生制品加工生产中。本实验以花生浆(RPP)为研究对象,依次采用高压蒸汽(121 ℃,20 min)、纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵12~60 h处理后,对其冻干产物进行理化性质检测,同时采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)和酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)检测其蛋白成分在模拟胃肠消化过程中致敏性的变化。结果表明,RPP经高压蒸汽处理后,其蛋白分子量、致敏性、可溶性蛋白含量降低,水解度和多肽含量增加;经纳豆芽孢杆菌进一步发酵后,随着发酵时间的延长,其蛋白分子量、致敏性降低,水解度增加,多肽和可溶性蛋白含量先增加后降低,且其水解度、多肽和可溶性蛋白含量的增加率最高分别为106.9%(发酵60 h)、339.6%(发酵48 h)、42.8%(发酵36 h)。在模拟消化过程中,花生致敏性的降低主要发生在胃液消化阶段,胃肠液连续作用对花生致敏性的影响比其单一作用效果更明显。结合理化指标及致敏性等因素可知,经纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵36 h的花生浆为最好的发酵花生产品,具有营养价值较高、理化性质较好、致敏性较低等特点。     

Use of Bacillus subtilis to enrich isoflavone aglycones in fermented natto

BACKGROUND: Natto is a food made by fermenting cooked soybeans with Bacillus subtilis. Soybean isoflavones are reported to provide many health benefits, including oestrogenic effects. However, isoflavone aglycones may be absorbed faster and in higher amounts in the human intestine than their glucosides. This study aimed to investigate the content of isoflavone components in commercial natto products as well as the use of B. subtilis strains to ferment cooked soybeans to produce a high level of isoflavone aglycones in natto. RESULTS: The content and composition of isoflavones in commercial natto products were predominantly (>76%) isoflavone glucosides. Fermentation of cooked soybeans with B. subtilis BCRC 14718 at 37 °C for 48 h was more effective in converting glucosides to aglycones than with other strains of B. subtilis, increasing the proportion of isoflavone aglycones from 12 to 68% of the total isoflavones in the fermented natto. The proportions of the isoflavone aglycones daidzein and genistein in cooked soybeans fermented with B. subtilis BCRC 14718 for 48 h increased from 6 to 54% and from 5 to 13% respectively. CONCLUSION: Bacillus subtilis BCRC 14718 incubated with cooked soybeans produces higher levels of isoflavone aglycones, which may enhance health benefits over traditional fermented natto. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry