Performance analysis of a hybrid DS/SFH CDMA system usinganalytical and measured pico cellular channels

This paper presents the throughput and delay analysis of a packet-switched code division multiple access (CDMA) network based on the hybrid direct sequence (DS)/slow frequency hopping (SFH) spread-spectrum multiple access (SS MA) technique with Q-, B-, and D-PSK modulation using analytical and measured pico cellular channels. The performance of the hybrid DS/SFH, DS, and SFH multiple access techniques have been compared in a pico cellular personal communications network (PCN) environment. Multipath and multiple access interference are considered. The performance is evaluated for a given delay spread and a fixed bandwidth. The effects of forward error correction (FEC) coding and diversity techniques, such as selection diversity and maximal ratio combining on the performance, are also investigated     

混合DS／SFH CDMA扩频通信系统中的自适应跳频

文章基于进一步提高跳扩频通信系统的抗干扰性能，提出了在混合直接序列扩频（DS／SFHCDMA）通信系统中实现自适应跳频（AFH）方式，给出了基于优化考虑的自适应跳频地址编码方法，在给出信道仿真参数的前提下，对自适应跳频系统的误码性能进行了分析。结果表明自适应方式优于传统方式。     

Frequency-hopping versus interference cancellation for TD-CDMA

This work considers asynchronous time division code division multiple access (TD-CDMA) systems with RAKE receivers and one stage of parallel interference cancellation (PIC) or serial interference cancellation (SIC). A general method based on the concept of spherically symmetric signals is presented for the evaluation of the average probability of error of uncoded TD-CDMA systems. Slow frequency-hopping (SFH) with frequency overlap (FO) between adjacent carriers and interference cancellation are also included in the analysis, which considers the multipath Rayleigh fading channel (which models indoor and outdoor vehicular radio propagation). We analyze quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation with coherent demodulation and multipath (frequency) diversity with maximal ratio combining (MRC). Power control, adaptive SFH, and interference cancellation are employed for improving the bit-error rate (BER) performance. It is found that the scheme with SFH, in spite of the FO, always improves the performance substantially, and interference cancellation, in general, provides the highest BER improvement     

A comparison of slow-frequency-hop and direct-sequencespread-spectrum communications over frequency-selective fading channels

Spread-spectrum modulation can provide protection from the selective fading that is typically encountered in mobile radio networks. Because the methods of combating frequency-selective fading are quite different for slow-frequency-hop (SFH) and direct-sequence (DS) spread spectrum systems, these two types of modulation perform very differently. The purpose of this paper is to compare the performance of SFH and DS systems under identical conditions for several models of the wide-band fading channel. Each system has the same bandwidth, transmits over the same frequency-selective Gaussian wide-sense-stationary uncorrelated-scattering channel, and uses error-correction coding to combat thermal noise and fading. The probability of bit error at the output of the decoder is determined for each system by a combination of analysis and simulation. Results are presented for systems with a single transmitter-receiver pair and for networks with multiple simultaneous transmissions (i.e., multiple-access communications). The multiple-access network is distributed, so that control of power by a central terminal, such as a base station, is not possible. The results illustrate the tradeoffs in performance between SFW and DS spread-spectrum systems as a function of the parameters of the signals and the channel model. The performance of the SFH system is shown to be less sensitive to the exact characterization of the channel delay spectrum than the DS system. For most of the channels considered in this paper, SFH spread spectrum gives better performance than DS spread spectrum     

Performance comparison of antenna diversity and slow frequencyhopping for the TDMA portable radio channel

The authors compare the performance of a TDMA (time-division multiple-access) system plan using two-branch antenna diversity to other TDMA system plans using channel and time slot interleaving and slow frequency hopping/burst error correction (SFH/BC). Results indicate that the system designer can trade off spectral efficiency by using a double-error-correction code with channel interleaving and SFH to make the SFH/BC system perform as well as a system using two-branch antenna diversity. For a system with interleaving and SFH, the number of hopping frequencies required depends on the code used and on the design of the demodulator (i.e. hard versus soft decisions). As long as the code is chosen such that the system can handle the complete failure of one of the hopping frequencies, it can achieve about the same outage probability or speech block dropping rate as a system using antenna diversity. However, this equality is exacted at the price of spectral efficiency. In this instance, the decrease in required signal-to-interference ratio (S/I) is not enough to offset the decrease in the number of available channel sets caused by the wider bandwidth required to transmit the lower rate code. Other coding plans must be evaluated for relative spectral efficiency     

Error probability for block codes over channels with blockinterference

A methodology is presented to evaluate analytically the error probability for block codes over block interference channels. The proposed analysis is based on the knowledge of the moments of the bit-error probability over the interference, thus allowing, for instance, fast performance evaluation of block-coded slow frequency hopping (SFH) systems with antenna diversity over fading channels. As an example of application, slow frequency hopping multiple access (SFHMA) systems with nonideal interleaving are analyzed in the presence of fading, cochannel interference, and additive Gaussian noise     

Adaptive Equalization and Reed–Solomon Coding in High-Data-Rate Frequency-Hop Spread-Spectrum Communications

There is an increasing need for mobile packet radio networks that support link data rates of hundreds of kilobits per second to several megabits per second. If a radio network employing slow-frequency-hop (SFH) spread-spectrum modulation operates at these high data rates, however, the channel is likely to exhibit frequency-selective fading within each frequency slot of the SFH system. The frequency selectivity manifests itself as intersymbol interference at the receiver, and adaptive equalization must be employed in the receiver for each dwell interval in order to compensate for the intersymbol interference. In this paper, we examine the performance of a SFH spread-spectrum system with Reed–Solomon coding in a channel that exhibits time-selective and frequency-selective fading within each frequency slot. The performance is evaluated for systems in which the receiver employs maximum-likelihood sequence estimation in an equalizer that is retrained on a hop-by-hop basis. The performance of a receiver that uses errors-only decoding of Reed–Solomon codewords is considered. The use of the parity-bit method for erasure insertion and errors-and-erasures decoding is also investigated. The performance of a receiver that employs erasures of individual symbols only is compared with the performance of a receiver that also employs threshold-based erasures of entire dwell intervals. The effect of the system bandwidth and the Doppler spread on the comparison is also examined.     

SFH CDMA系统神经网络跳频方法

文章针对采用自适应跳频的DS／AFHCDMA系统的特点，在多目标优化的基础上采用神经网络方法实现自适应跳频地址编码，从而克服了系统在用户数量较大时跳频算法复杂性带来的实时性问题。结果表明，利用神经网络方式进行自适应跳频编码是有效、可行的方法。     

Spectral efficiency for a hybrid DS/FH code-divisionmultiple-access system in cellular mobile radio

The spectral efficiency of a hybrid cellular direct-sequence/frequency hopping code-division muItiple-access (DS/FH-CDMA) system operating in a Rayleigh-fading environment is examined. In this work, spectral efficiency is evaluated in terms of the theoretically achievable channel capacity (in the Shannon sense) per user, on the condition that this is estimated in an average sense. The analysis covers the downlink assuming a static model of operation and a direct-sequence/slow-frequency hopping (DS/SFH) as well as a direct-sequence/fast-frequency hopping (DS/FFH) scheme. As it is shown, the spectral efficiency of cellular DS/FFH-CDMA operating in a Rayleigh-fading environment is greater than that of broad-band DS- and DS/SFH-CDMA systems operating under normalized conditions. This is justified by the combination of path-diversity reception as achieved by conventional coherent RAKE receivers and the frequency diversity that is inherently present in FFH transmission     

Multicarrier DS/SFH-CDMA systems

Multicarrier direct-sequence/slow-frequency-hopping (MC DS/SFH) code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems are proposed, in which multiple carriers are modulated by the same DS waveform and hopped in frequency according to a random hopping pattern. The receiver dehops the received signal with the same pattern, provides RAKE receivers for each carrier, and combines the outputs with a maximal ratio combiner (MRC). The performance of the proposed system is investigated over a frequency-selective Rayleigh-fading channel and compared to that of the MC DS-CDMA systems. It is shown that for the same diversity order, the MC DS/SFH-CDMA systems are superior in reducing multiple-access interference (MAI) while preserving the good capability of narrowband interference suppression, when the system parameters are selected properly.     

Capacity of synchronous coded DS SFH and FFH spread-spectrummultiple-access for wireless local communications

The performance of synchronous spread-spectrum multiple-access (SSMA) communications based on direct-sequence (DS), slow frequency-hopped (SFH), and fast frequency-hopped (FFH) systems for wireless local communications of micro-cellular personal communications is analyzed. Using an indoor multipath fading channel model with clusters of arriving rays, we investigate multiuser DS systems with RAKE and diversity reception by selection combining (SC), multiuser SFH systems with equal-gain (EG) diversity reception, and multiuser FFH systems with correlated EG and self-normalization (SN) combining techniques. Reed-Solomon codes are considered to further improve the system performance. Given a fixed available bandwidth with narrow band interference (NBI), capacities and packet error rates are determined under various system configurations. Total capacities of hybrid frequency-division multiple-access (FDMA)/SSMA (DS and SFH) systems are compared with those of wide-band SSMA systems. For high data rate communications, wide-band DS-SSMA systems have larger capacities than hybrid FDMA/DS-SSMA systems. For low data rate communications, a capacity comparison between wide-band DS-SSMA and hybrid FDMA/DS-SSMA systems depends on fading statistics. Hybrid FDMA/SFH-SSMA systems have larger capacities than wide-band DS-SSMA systems, FFH-SSMA systems could not provide satisfactory performance due to correlation among hopping bands     

Reliable adaptive modulation and interference mitigation for mobile radio slow frequency hopping channels

The long range fading prediction algorithm for Slow Frequency Hopping (SFH) systems is proposed and demonstrated to enable combined adaptive modulation and adaptive frequency diversity to mitigate the effects of fading and partial-band interference. Significant performance gains are demonstrated relative to non-adaptive methods in realistic mobile radio SFH channels where the total bandwidth does not exceed approximately 15 times the coherence bandwidth.     

Slow frequency-hopping multicarrier DS-CDMA for transmission overNakagami multipath fading channels

A novel multiple access scheme based on slow frequency hopping multicarrier direct-sequence code division multiple access (SFH/MC DS-CDMA) is proposed and investigated, which can be rendered compatible with the existing second-generation narrowband CDMA and third-generation wideband CDMA systems. The frequency hopping patterns are controlled by a set of constant-weight codes. Consequently, multirate communications can be implemented by selecting the corresponding sets of constant-weight codes having the required weights controlling the SFH patterns invoked. Two FH schemes, namely random and uniform FH, are considered and their advantages as well as disadvantages are investigated. We assume that the system operates in a multipath fading environment and a RAKE receiver structure with maximum ratio combining (MRC) is used for demodulation. The system's performance is evaluated over the range of multipath Nakagami (1960) fading channels, under the assumption that the receiver has all explicit knowledge of the associated frequency-hopping (FH) patterns invoked. Furthermore, the performance of the SFH/MC DS-CDMA system is compared to that of the conventional single-carrier (SC) DS-CDMA system and that of the conventional MC DS-CDMA system, under the assumptions of constant system bandwidth and of constant transmitted signal power     

DS－SFH扩频多址系统在瑞利衰落信道中多径分集的性能研究

本文讨论了混合ＤＳ－ＳＦＨ扩频多址ＳＳＭＡ通信系统在瑞利衰落信道中多径分集接收的性能。基于多径干扰、多址干扰和信道噪声之和为一个高斯随机变量的分析，推导了在等增益组合（ＥＧＣ）和选择最大（ＳＭ）多径分集接收算法下，扩频系统的平均差错概率。理论分析和数值模拟指出：扩频多径分集接收可以明显地改善ＤＳ－ＳＦＨＳＳＭＡ系统的性能，在提高系统性能方面，等增益组合算法优于选择最大分集算法。     

MC DS/SFH-CDMA systems for overlay systems

We introduce the slow frequency hopping (SFH) technique to the multicarrier (MC) code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems for overlay situations. Using lower chip rate, which results in a narrower spectrum for each carrier and hopping the signal in frequency, the MC direct sequence (DS)/SFH system achieves better performance than the MC DS CDMA system in most cases, especially when the bandwidth of the narrowband interference (NBI) is narrower than one subchannel. It also exhibits a stable performance against the variations of the NBI location and bandwidth. When there is no NBI, the two systems perform approximately the same. The evaluation is performed over a frequency selective Rayleigh fading channel, with both Gaussian approximation and Monte Carlo simulation     

Analytical outage evaluation of TDMA local radio systems withcoding and diversity

A completely analytical approach is presented in order to evaluate outage probability of TDMA (time-division multiple access) local radio systems using coding and diversity to combat frequency selective fading. First, starting from a multiray model for multipath propagation, performance sensitivity is tested by suitably simplifying the channel model. An analytical expression is obtained of the probability that BER may exceed a fixed value in the presence of a simplified channel model. A suitable upper bound formulation is given to express the same probability in the presence of coding and diversity techniques. Finally, some application examples are proposed both with reference to slow frequency hopping and space diversity systems     

GMSK在跳频通信中的应用及其性能分析

本文将ＧＭＳＫ调制引入到跳频通信中,以利用ＧＭＳＫ高频谱效率的特点在跳频通信中实现高速数据传输。首先给出了采用ＧＭＳＫ调制的慢跳频通信系统ＳＦＨ－ＧＭＳＫ原理与实现方法,提出了基本的数学模型。在此基础上,获得了在不同的跳频间隔长度下ＳＦＨ－ＧＭＳＫ信号的频谱图。随后给出了基于Ｖｉｔｅｒｂｉ算法的ＳＦＨ－ＧＭＳＫ信号的非相干解调方案,并通过计算机模拟获得了该解调方案的误码性能。     

The error performance of CD900-like cellular mobile radio systems

The symbol error performance of CD900-like digital cellular mobile radio systems over narrowband and urban wideband transmission channels was investigated. The basic performance is presented for Gaussian, flat-fading Rayleigh, and log-normal channels in the presence of selection and ratio combining space diversity schemes. For wideband channels having more than one resolvable fading path, a CD900-like system without diversity reception suffers from large residual symbol error probabilities P_R(≈10^-1). The introduction of adaptive correlation diversity (ACD) mitigates the effects of multipath, yielding a P_R of 6×10^-5. Although this P_R value is relatively low, the probability of symbol error (P_e) versus signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is significantly poorer than for the Gaussian channel. By combining the ACD scheme with space diversity, the P_R is eliminated by P_e >10^-5, and the channel SNR is within 5 dB of the Gaussian channel performance when P_e is 10^-10     

基于SFH/GMSK调制的军事卫星通信系统及性能仿真

基于高效调制技术的军事卫星跳频通信系统的应用已经越来越广泛。该文将当前军事卫星通信中广泛运用的高效调制方式GMSK与跳频技术相结合,搭建了SFH/GMSK卫星通信系统模型,并在其中加入卷积编码以改善系统性能,最后对系统模型结合一定的干扰条件进行仿真分析。对SFH/GMSK通信系统的研究,对军事卫星通信中的高效传输技术的研究有重要的参考价值。     

跳频/多载波频率分集/扩频多址无线通信系统的研究

本文提出了一种跳频／多载波频率分集／扩频多址（ＦＨ／ＭＣＦＤ／ＳＳＭＡ）无线通信系统,给出了ＦＨ／ＭＣＦＤ／ＳＳＭＡ系统的发送和接收模型,对判惟变量统计特性进行了分析,然后对峰窝系统反向链路在理想定时和信道估计条件下用户平均接收误码率进行了仿真。结果表明,ＦＨ／ＭＣＦＤ／ＳＳＭＡ蜂窝通信系统具有较好的抗多径衰落能力,同单载波ＦＨ／ＳＳＭＡ系统相比其误码性能和频谱效率有显著改善。