羟丙基氧化高直链玉米淀粉的制备、表征及性能研究

以高直链玉米淀粉为原料,次氯酸钠为氧化剂,环氧丙烷为醚化剂,氢氧化钠为催化剂,对羟丙基氧化高直链玉米淀粉的制备、表征及性能进行了研究。考察了环氧丙烷用量、羟丙基化时间、羟丙基化温度、氢氧化钠用量和无水硫酸钠用量对羟丙基氧化高直链玉米淀粉取代度的影响。结果表明,制备氧化高直链玉米淀粉的较佳工艺条件为:羟丙基化时间18h、羟丙基化温度40℃、无水硫酸钠用量10%、氢氧化钠用量1.2%。高直链玉米淀粉经氧化后,在波数1 735cm-1处出现CO的伸缩振动峰;羟丙基化、氧化改变了高直链玉米淀粉热稳定性。氧化、羟丙基化能提高高直链玉米淀粉的冻融稳定性和膨胀能力,氧化使高直链玉米淀粉蓝值降低,羟丙基化基本不改变高直链玉米淀粉的蓝值。     

羟丙基和磷酸酯化对不同玉米杂交种淀粉糊化特性的影响

采用了实验室方法提取了高直链、糯性和普通玉米杂交种的淀粉，并分别进行了羟丙基化和磷酸酯化反应。采用快速粘度分析仪（RVA）和差示扫描量热仪（DSC）分别分析了淀粉的糊化和热力学性质。结果表明：羟丙基化和磷酸酯化反应都不同程度地降低了所有淀粉的热焓值和糊化温度，缩短了出峰时间，增加了峰值粘度。二者相比，羟丙基化更显著地降低了原淀粉的糊化温度和热焓值，缩短了出峰时间；而磷酸酯化则更明显地提高了原淀粉的峰值粘度和终粘度．     

表面糊化处理确定乙酰化羟丙基小麦淀粉中取代基团分布

采用表面糊化技术揭示小麦淀粉乙酰化、羟丙基化及复合改性处理过程中取代基团在颗粒内的分布及分子质量变化过程。通过扫描电子显微镜、凝胶排阻色谱研究淀粉的颗粒特性、分子质量及取代基团分布的变化。结果表明:随着表面糊化程度的提高,小麦淀粉表面变得粗糙,有明显的剥蚀现象,剩余淀粉保持颗粒状态;表面糊化处理后小麦淀粉总糖含量、蓝值均明显降低,剩余淀粉颗粒直链淀粉质量分数呈下降趋势;小麦淀粉经过乙酰化、羟丙基化以及乙酰化羟丙基复合改性后,随着表面糊化处理时间的延长,剩余淀粉颗粒的取代度呈下降趋势。表面糊化处理后外层糊化的程度越高,所获得的剩余淀粉颗粒取代度越低,这表明乙酰化、羟丙基化的取代反应主要在淀粉颗粒的外层发生,颗粒内部的取代程度较低。无论单一或复合改性淀粉,取代基团都主要分布在颗粒的表层。     

盐对不同直链含量玉米淀粉理化特性及流变学特性的影响

分析了盐对不同直链含量玉米淀粉的理化特性及流变学特性的影响。结果表明,盐抑制了淀粉颗粒的膨胀,盐浓度越大,抑制作用越强。盐质量浓度为0 g/100 mL的蜡质淀粉和普通淀粉膨胀势在65℃到75℃迅速增加,2.0 g/100 mL时膨胀势在75℃到85℃迅速增加且幅度最小。蜡质淀粉和普通淀粉DSC图谱呈G峰和M2峰,高直链淀粉呈G峰。盐提高了凝胶化起始温度,蜡质淀粉从50.1℃增加到90.2℃,普通淀粉从56.6℃增加到99.6℃,高直链淀粉从98.8℃增加到105.7℃。盐也抑制了淀粉的糊化进程,盐浓度越大,糊化温度越高。普通淀粉的储存模量G',损耗模量G"和表观黏度η大于蜡质淀粉。普通淀粉和蜡质淀粉在低盐浓度(0.6g/100 mL)下的G'、G"和η值均大于高盐浓度(2.0 g/100 mL)。     

不同类型变性淀粉的理化特性比较

以8种类型变性淀粉为研究对象,对其冻融稳定性、糊化特性、透明度、凝沉性、凝胶强度等理化特性进行研究。结果表明,预糊化羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯蜡质玉米淀粉的冻融稳定性最好;蜡质玉米氧化淀粉的透明度最佳;乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯马铃薯淀粉、羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯蜡质玉米淀粉、羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯木薯淀粉、预糊化羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯蜡质玉米淀粉的凝沉性较强,而蜡质氧化淀粉几乎无凝沉性;乙酰化二淀粉己二酸酯木薯淀粉的凝胶强度最大;羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯蜡质玉米淀粉的最高黏度值最大,消减值最大;乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯玉米淀粉的糊化温度最高;乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯玉米淀粉的冻融稳定性、凝沉性优于乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯马铃薯淀粉,且凝胶强度较高;羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯蜡质玉米淀粉的黏度明显高于羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯木薯淀粉,而后者的冻融稳定性、透明度、凝沉性优于前者。     

几种不同品种淀粉及羟丙基产物糊液性质比较研究

以薯类淀粉(木薯,马铃薯)及禾谷类淀粉(普通玉米、蜡质玉米、高直链玉米及糯米)为原料,以环氧丙烷为醚化剂。制备了羟丙基变性淀粉。反应条件:淀粉乳质量分数40%、反应温度40℃、无水Na_2SO_4添加量12%(以淀粉干基计)、NaOH添加量1.2%、环氧丙烷添加量12%、反应时间18h。分别对原淀粉及在相同的反应条件下制备的羟丙基变性淀粉糊性质做了对比研究。不同品种淀粉糊性质存在很大差别。经过羟丙基改性。淀粉糊液粘度性质、冻融稳定性、透光率、都有不同程度的改善,但凝沉性质不能准确反映羟丙基化对蜡质玉米淀粉和糯米淀粉糊液性质的改善。     

湿热处理对玉米淀粉性质的影响

研究了湿热处理对不同直链淀粉含量的普通玉米淀粉?高直链玉米淀粉和蜡质玉米淀粉性质的影响。试验证明,经湿热处理后,三种玉米淀粉的颗粒形状都没有发生明显的变化,偏光十字也没有消失,但表面出现一些裂纹;湿热处理不会改变三种玉米淀粉的晶型,但经湿热处理后玉米淀粉的晶体结构变强,糊化温度提高,糊黏度降低。     

羟丙基直链扩增、蜡性和正常玉米淀粉功能性质的研究

本文对ＳｔａｒｃｈＡｕｓｔｒａｌａｓｉａ公司提供的直链扩增玉米淀粉（Ｈｉ－Ｍａｉｚｅ，直链淀粉含量６６％和ＧＥＬＯＳＥ５０，直链淀粉含量４７％），蜡性玉米淀粉（ＭＡＺＡＣＡ３４０１，直链淀粉含量３．３％和正常玉米淀粉（直链淀粉含量２２．４％）进行羟丙基化反应，并对其功能性质和酶解率进行研究。与母体淀粉相比，羟丙基化反应降低所有淀粉的糊化温度，同时除蜡性玉米淀粉其粘度略有降低外，所有淀粉的粘度均提高。ＤＳＣ（ｄｉｆｅｒｅｎｔｉａｌｓｃａｎｎｉｎｇｃａｌｏｒｉｍｅｔｒｙ）结果显示，所有羟丙基淀粉与未改性淀粉相比均有较低的Ｔｏ，Ｔｐ，Ｔｃ和△Ｈ。但是羟丙基化反应使膨胀率和溶解率得到提高。淀粉经羟丙基化反应后，所有淀粉凝胶的硬度（ｈａｒｄｎｅｓｓ）和粘着力（ａｄ－ｈｅｓｉｖｅｎｅｓｓ）均降低，同时所有淀粉的透光率和酶解率均提高。     

不同直链淀粉含量玉米淀粉挤出物的酶解力与糊化度研究

通过改变挤压机的系统参数(挤压机螺杆转速、套筒温度、喂入料水分含量),研究了系统参数对不同直链淀粉含量玉米淀粉挤出物酶解力与糊化度的影响,实验结果表明挤压机螺杆转速对玉米淀粉挤出物酶解力及糊化度的影响较小;套筒温度对玉米淀粉挤出物酶解力及糊化度的影响较明显,套筒温度为60 ℃时挤出物酶解力最高,普通玉米淀粉、高直链玉米淀粉、蜡质玉米淀粉三种挤出物的酶解力分别为1.102、0.948、0.926;喂入料水分含量对不同直链淀粉含量玉米淀粉挤出物酶解力及糊化度的影响最明显,随着水分含量升高,酶解力先增大后减小,喂入料水分含量为25.0%时不同直链含量玉米淀粉挤出物酶解力最大,普通玉米淀粉、高直链玉米淀粉、蜡质玉米淀粉挤出物的最大酶解力分别为0.862、0.948、0.861,同时糊化度呈下降趋势。这为研究不同直链淀粉含量玉米淀粉的应用提供一定的理论基础。     

蜡质玉米淀粉的性质及其在食品加工中的应用

本文研究了蜡质玉米淀粉的品质特性，结果表明蜡质玉米淀粉糊液的粘性比马铃薯淀粉低，但明显高于普通玉米淀粉，蜡质玉米淀粉糊化后不易老化，其糊液抗凝沉、透光度都优于普通玉米淀粉和马铃薯淀粉。用Brabender粘度计测定了蜡质玉米淀粉糊在不同pH值及添加物条件下粘度曲线的变化情况。     

荞麦淀粉的性质

以５种不同来源的荞麦淀粉采用酶法、布拉本德糊粘度分析（ＢＶ）、差示扫描量热分析（ＤＳＣ）、扫描电镜（ＳＥＭ）观察和Ｘ－射线衍射分析（ＸＲＤ）的方法进行了研究。酶法测得直链淀粉的含量为２１．３％￣２６．４％;ＢＶ结果表明荞麦淀粉的粗粘度高于谷类淀粉;ＤＳＣ测定的糊化温度较ＢＶ的测定值低;ＳＥＭ观察说明荞麦淀粉的颗粒是多边形和卵圆形的形状;ＸＲＤ图谱揭示荞麦淀粉的衍射形式是典型的Ａ型。     

Microstructural and physicochemical properties of heat-moisture treated waxy and normal starches

Starches from normal rice (21.72% amylose), waxy rice (1.64% amylose), normal corn (25.19% amylose), waxy corn (2.06% amylose), normal potato (28.97% amylose) and waxy potato (3.92% amylose) were heat-treated at 100 °C for 16 h at a moisture content of 25%. The effect of heat-moisture treatment (HMT) on morphology, structure, and physicochemical properties of those starches was investigated. The HMT did not change the size, shape, and surface characteristics of corn and potato starch granules, while surface change/partial gelatinization was found on the granules of rice starches. The X-ray diffraction pattern of normal and waxy potato starches was shifted from B- to C-type by HMT. The crystallinity of the starch samples, except waxy potato starch decreased on HMT. The viscosity profiles changed significantly with HMT. The treated starches, except the waxy potato starch, had higher pasting temperature and lower viscosity. The differences in viscosity values before and after HMT were more pronounced in normal starches than in waxy starches, whereas changes in the pasting temperature showed the reverse (waxy > normal). Shifts of the gelatinization temperature to higher values and gelatinization enthalpy to lower values as well as biphasic endotherms were found in treated starches. HMT increased enzyme digestibility of treated starches (except waxy corn starch); i.e., rapidly and slowly digestible starches increased, but resistant starch decreased. Although there was no absolute consistency on the data obtained from the three pairs of waxy and normal starches, in most cases the effects of HMT on normal starches were more pronounced than the corresponding waxy starches.     

Physicochemical and Functional Characterization of Baby Lima Bean (Phaseolus lunatus) Starch

One potential source of starch is the tropical legume baby lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) that contains around 56—60% of starch. The objectives of this work were to evaluate this starch's physicochemical and functional properties and compare it with the properties of other starches. The chemical composition of lima bean starch was: 10.16% moisture, 0.20% protein, 0.67% fiber, 0.14% ash, 0.54% fat, 98.43% starch and 0.013% phosphorus. The amylose content was higher (32.7%) than that of other cereal and tuber starches but similar to other legume starches. The average granule size (diameter 17.9 μm) was comparable to that of corn starch and of other legume starches. The granule was heterogeneous, presenting an oval shape. The gelatinization temperature was 80.16 °C (range 75—87 °CC), which is similar to other legume starches but higher than that of corn starch. The molecular size (alkali number 3.22), was smaller than that of potato starch but similar to that of corn starch. Compared to corn starch, the gels were firmer and presented a higher degree of retrogradation even at high concentrations. The water solubility was positively correlated with the temperature: i.e., 1.8, 3.4, 8.5 and 12.3% at 60, 70, 80 and 90 °C, respectively. The swelling power had the same behaviour: 2.6, 3.3,12.8 and 19.9 g of water/per gram of starch at 60, 70, 80 and 90 °C, respectively. The amylogram showed that the viscosity (680 Brabender units) and stability were higher than those of commercial corn starch (252 Brabender units). The use of this starch in the preparation of syrups with high glucose contents, as well as in baked and canned products that require heating, is suggested.     

常用淀粉对甘薯粉糊化特性的影响

利用Brabender粘度仪考察了几种常用淀粉对甘薯粉糊化特性的影响，认为马铃薯、甘薯淀粉使甘薯粉糊化温度降低，玉米、木薯淀粉则使其升高；甘薯、玉米淀粉使甘薯粉糊化时间延长。添加各种淀粉均可使甘薯粉的峰谷粘度提高；马铃薯、玉米淀粉还可大幅度提高其峰值粘度。但马铃薯淀粉粘度破损值大，玉米淀粉破损值小、峰谷粘度高。     

Physical Properties of Starch from Cavendish Banana Fruit

Starch was isolated from green Cavendish bananas after sodium hydroxide treatment, and its physical properties as they affected its potential acceptance as a food ingredient were measured and compared with those of corn, waxy corn, waxy corn diphosphate, acetylated waxy corn diphosphate, potato, and tapioca starches. Banana starch granules had a moisture content of 15.5%, an amylose content of 19.5% on a dry weight basis, and were highly irregular in shape and size, with the mode of characteristic length falling at 15 μm. The gelatinization range was 70.1 °C to 74.6 °C. Scanning electron micrography showed that in water the granules underwent surface cracking at 65 °C and progressively greater swelling, deformation, and erosion between 70 °C and 90 °C. At 95 °C, 6% banana starch paste in a Brabender Amylograph had a viscosity four times that of corn starch paste of the same concentration, and viscosity decreased rather slowly with stirring. The paste was somewhat longer than that of corn starch, but appreciably shorter than tapioca starch paste. Gelled banana starch was nearly as strong as corn starch, and also was nearly as opaque and reflective.     

Influence of moisture content on the degradation of waxy and normal corn starches acid-treated in methanol

Waxy and normal corn starches with different moisture contents, 5.1-16.9% and 4.8-15.9%, respectively, were prepared and treated in methanol containing 0.36% HCl at 45 °C for 1 h. Recovery of all the treated starches was found to be above 90%. Peak viscosity, gelatinization temperature and enthalpy change of gelatinization of waxy and normal corn starches decreased after treatment and this decrement was found to be more in treated starches having lower initial moisture content. The weight-average degree of polymerization and chain length (CL) of waxy and normal corn starches decreased upon acid-methanol treatment. The decrement ratio of molecular weight of modified starches was found to be negatively correlated with the initial moisture content of the starches. The decrement ratio of normal corn starch was higher than waxy corn starch with similar moisture content of starch. The content and CL of long chain fraction of amylopectin for waxy corn starch slightly decreased after treatment, while no obvious trend was found among starches with different moisture contents. CL of amylose for acid-methanol-treated normal corn starch decreased and this change was found to be higher in starches with lower initial moisture contents. Results demonstrated that the initial moisture content of starch granules strongly influenced the functional properties and degradation of starch treated by acid in methanol.     

Screening Potato Starch for Novel Properties Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry

Thermal and other physicochemical properties of starch from 42 potato genotypes were studied to find those with unique properties for food use, and to analyze relationships between thermal and other physicochemical properties. Onset and peak transition temperatures and gelatinization enthalpy intercorrelated. Transition temperatures intercorrelated with pasting temperature using a Brabender Visco-amylograph. Gelatinization entbalpy correlated with Brabender pasting temperature and peak paste viscosity, and onset temperature correlated with phosphorus content. Genotype E55–3.5 with highest onset and peak transition temperatures also had highest phosphorus and peak Brabender viscosity. DSC might be useful for rapidly screening samples of <1g starch for such. Potato starch DSC characteristics did not correlate with amylose, intrinsic viscosity, or water-binding. For 10 genotypes from successive years, correlations were observed for pasting temperature (r = 0.83), phosphorus content (r = 0.80), and stability ratio (r = 0.66). Direct comparison between samples from consecutive years showed good reproducibility for amylose, but not for phosphorus or pasting.     

Study on physicochemical characteristics of waxy potato starch in comparison with other waxy starches

The physicochemical properties of wx potato, wx corn, and wx rice starches were examined and compared. wx potato starch displayed the B‐type XRD pattern, whereas wx rice and wx corn displayed the A‐type. Shapes of wx potato starch were oval or slightly round, wx corn and wx rice starch granules were polygonal. AM contents of the three starches were between 1.0 and 1.5%. Rapid viscosity analyzer data showed initial pasting temperatures of wx potato, wx corn, and wx rice starches as 69.6, 75.4, and 76.8°C, respectively, peak viscosity, breakdown, and setback of wx potato starch were 2114, 1084, and 4 mPa s. Using DSC, onset temperature of gelatinization of wx potato starch was 5.5–7.2°C higher than those of wx rice and wx corn starches. The thermal enthalpies of the starches studied in our laboratory were in the range of 0.2268–1.9900 J/g with decreasing order of wx potato > wx corn > wx rice starch.     

热处理对不同直链淀粉含量的玉米淀粉理化性质的影响

采用快速黏度分析法、离心法、差示扫描量热分析法、动态流变仪分析法等,研究了干热与湿热处理对3种不同直链淀粉含量的玉米淀粉糊化性质、膨润性质、热力学性质、流变性质的影响,为淀粉的物理改性研究和加工应用提供理论依据。结果表明,干热处理使淀粉更易糊化,表现为3种玉米淀粉糊化温度降低,溶解度、膨胀度增加。湿热处理加大糊化难度,使3种玉米淀粉的糊化温度升高,膨胀度降低。热处理使玉米淀粉糊稠度、糊化焓值降低。蜡质玉米淀粉经热处理后,溶解度和老化率增加。流变性质测定结果表明,湿热处理不利于高直链玉米淀粉黏弹性凝胶的形成。     

Comparative susceptibilities of sago,potato and corn starches to alkali treatment

The effects of steeping starch (sago, corn, and potato), in 0.025 M of sodium hydroxide for 0, 15, and 30 days at 30 °C, on its granular structure and other physicochemical properties were investigated. Changes in the morphology of starch granules indicated that the alkaline solution affected the granular structure of the starch. Pasting studies showed that the peak viscosity, breakdown, and setback of sago and potato starch decreased significantly, whereas that of corn starch increased significantly, when steeping time was prolonged. Swelling power increased significantly for treated potato and corn starches, but it decreased for sago starch. The amylose content of all alkali-treated starches also decreased significantly after treatment. Onset and peak temperatures of gelatinization (as analyzed with a differential scanning calorimeter) increased significantly, but the enthalpy decreased, for both gelatinization and retrogradation. The results showed that the physicochemical properties of starch of various botanical origins were affected to variable degrees when it was treated with alkaline solution.