热氧化模拟试验仪（TEOST）在发动机油研究中的应用

应用热氧化模拟试验仪（TEOST）,采用美国试验与材料协会标准ASTM D7097-06a《发动机油适度高温活塞沉积物的测定热氧化模拟试验法（TEOST MHT）》,考察了发动机油中的主要添加剂——抗氧剂、分散剂、清净剂对油品高温清净性的影响,同时,还考察了不同结构的ZDDP对油品磷挥发量的影响,此方法测量发动机油的磷挥发量,具有很好的区分性和准确性。     

Survey of the Low Temperature Viscosity of Passenger Car Engine Oils from Asia Pacific

Introduction TheviscosityclassificationJ300fromtheSociety ofAutomotiveEngineers(SAE)isusedalmostuni versallytoascribeaviscositygradetoengineoils[1].Thelowtemperaturerequirementsincludedinthis classificationhavebeenrefinedinordertobetterpro tectenginesoperatingunderlowtemperaturecondi tions.Thebasicobjectiveistoensurethattheoilwill flowiftheenginestarts[2].Followinglowtemperaturelubricationfailuresin thefieldinthe70’sand80’s,newlowtemperature requirementswereintroducedintoSAEJ300.These u…     

Using the TEOST(R) MHT-4 to Identify Robust Antioxidant Systems for Modern Engine Oils

A research tool has been developed that utilizes the Thermo-Oxidation Engine Oil Simulation Test (TEOST[R]) MHT-4 to collect information on engine oil oxidation and deposit formation.The technique capitalizes on the traditional TEOST[R] features as a deposit formation test,but also generates additional oxidation information by monitoring peak increase in the carbonyl region of the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum (FT-IR) of TEOST[R] used oils and volatiles.The data on overall oxidation and deposit formation is used to generate a "robustness" model for modern engine oil degradation.The tool is used to study low phosphorus Group Ⅱ passenger car engine oils formulated with different types of antioxidants and a molybdenum dithiocarbamate (MoDTC).The model shows that improved oxidation and deposit control can be achieved by formulating with the molybdenum compound,and that the most effective stabilization system is composed of the organo-molybdenum compound,an alkylated diphenylamine (NDPA),and the hindered phenolic antioxidant 4,4′-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol) (MBDTBP).     

The Significance of Proper Pour Point Depressant Selection when Formulating Engine Oils to Meet the ILSAC GF-5 Specification

Pour point depressants(PPDs),also know as wax crystal modifiers,are polymeric materials that when added to a mineral based lubricant can significantly improve the low temperature low shear properties or pumpability of an oil.For many years the lubricant industry has set requirements for pumpability of engine oils,with the most well known requirement being the ASTM D4684 MRV TP-1 specification within SAE J300.ILSAC has gone a step further in their GF-4 and GF-5 specifications by requiring these generations o...     

Bench Test Modeling for Current and Future PCMO Fuel Economy Requirements

The automotive and lubricant industries have been placing increased emphasis on the fuel economy benefits of today＇s modern passenger car motor oils. The current ILSAC GF - 4 specification has more stringent requirements than previous ILSAC specifications, and the proposed future ILSAC GF - 5 specification is looking at further improvements in the lubricant＇s fuel economy performance. To address these needs, Afton Chemical has developed correlations between the rheological and frictional properties of oils and fuel economy measured in engine and field tests. In this paper we will present correlations between lubricants＇ physical properties and fuel economy measured in vehicles and engine tests. These tools have been used to develop current commercial oils which are being used extensively to meet today＇s OEM needs.     

美国最新内燃机油规格发展

阐述了美国最新内燃机油规格的进展,并对最新汽油机油规格APISM、ILSACGF-4规格与APISL、ILSACGF-3规格分别进行了对比,论述了API柴油机油规格CI-4^＋与CI-4的区别,期望能够通过美国内燃机油规格的最新发展趋势,真正理解高档内燃机油的功能及差别。通过对比可以看出,高档内燃机油越来越注重节能以及环保的要求。     

车用润滑油新规格及台架评定方法的发展

介绍美国和欧洲车用润滑油规格的演变和最新发展动态，以及相应的台架评定试验方法。涉及到ILSA GF-3、GF—4、PC-9与ACEA 2002等最新规格及油品在节能、环保、排放系统保护等方面的性能要求。其中，重负荷柴油机油标准PC-9的焦点问题主要集中在3个新台架：Gummins M-11EGR,Mack T-10和Caterpillar 1Q(EGR),这些新试验能确保提高发动机在高温和高烟炱工况下的耐久性。建立发展GF—4规格的目的是为了降低机油中可导致废气催化转换器中毒的磷元素的含量，并且提高燃油经济性、增强机油的抗氧化性能与清净性能。     

满足GF-6汽油机油规格要求的低黏度发动机油抗磨性能研究

GF-6汽油机油规格将在2020年开始首次认证。为了满足GF-6规格要求,本研究进行了自主开发低粘度发动机油的抗磨性能的研究。GF-6研发油品实验室模拟老化后,采用Falex V型块摩擦试验机和HFRR高频往复摩擦试验机进行了抗磨性能的评价,对摩擦表面采用X射线光电子能谱进行了分析研究。GF-6研发油显著的低温抗磨性能在程序IVB发动机台架试验结果上得到了验证。研究结果表明在汽油机油配方中选择合适的钙盐清净剂种类和用量,可以显著降低程序IVB发动机台架试验中凸轮和挺杆的磨损失重。在IVB发动机台架试验中,在油品老化的碱值下降和酸值上升交叉点后,凸轮挺杆发生明显的磨损。     

生物燃料的发展及其对发动机油性能的影响

介绍了近年来全球生物燃料的发展,统计了近年来燃料乙醇和生物柴油产量,并预测了今后生物燃料的发展趋势.利用GFC氧化试验、TEOST MHT-4和HTCBT等实验室模拟试验和Caterpillar IN、Mack T-12发动机试验及实际行车试验考察了生物燃料对发动机油性能产生的各种影响,同时介绍了国际主要OEM对生物燃料所持的立场与态度.     

发动机油非磷抗氧、抗磨、减摩添加剂协同研究

降低发动机油的磷含量，提高燃料经济性，延长使用寿命，已是润滑油升级换代大势所趋。为了降低磷的含量，必须减少二烷基二硫代磷酸锌（ZnDDP）的使用，而二烷基二硫代氨基甲酸锌（ZnDDC）是ZnDDP最理想的替代物。为了提高油品的燃料经济性，需要加入有机钼摩擦改进剂，其中，不含硫磷的钼酸酯添加剂，因其良好的减摩保持性，其应用更为突出。为了满足更苛刻的油品高温性能要求，还必须加入烷基化二苯胺类抗氧剂（ADPA）。因此有必要对非活性钼、ZnDDC和ADPA之间相互作用进行考察。研究表明，在非活性有机钼、ZnDDC、ADPA的三元添加剂体系中，存在着三种相互配合的协同作用：ZnDDC与非活性有机钼的抗磨协同。非活性有机钼与ADPA的抗氧化协同，以及ZnDDC与ADPA的抗氧化协同。利用非活性有机钼、ZnDDC、ADPA的三元非磷协同复合体系（OD0401），可以大幅度提高油品的抗氧化性能、减摩性能和抗磨性能，这对发展低磷含量的GF-4和GF-5发动机润滑油具有十分积极的意义。利用该协同复合添加剂OD0401，还可以有效地提高低档发动机油的抗氧化和抗磨性能。     

New Gasoline Passenger Car Engine Oil Performance Category

This paper primarily focuses on the development of the International Lubricant Standardization & Approval Committee(ILSAC)GF-5 passenger car engine oil category in North America and Japan including key technical performance requirements.New ILSAC GF-5 is scheduled to be introduced during the 3rd quarter of 2010 and will supersede ILSAC GF4 and previous categories.It will also be backward compatible and will provide improved performance relative to GF-4 in many respects.At the same time.when GF-5 is introduced.it is anticipated that API SN will also be introduced as a new performance category to supersede the current category,APISM.     

The Friction-Reducing, Antiwear and Antioxidation Properties of an Organo-Molybdenum Lube Additive without Sulfur and Phosphorus

The engine oil specifications of ILSAC GF - 4 （ implemented 2004 ） and GF - 5 （ expected 2010 ） have in common three important OEM needs： （1） improved fuel economy and its retention, （2） emissions system compatibility （related to phosphorus and sulfur content）, and （3） improved oil robustness for extended oil life capability （e. g., reduced high temperature deposits and engine sludge, improved oxidative stability, and better valve train wear protec- tion）. For emission systems compatibility, there is a trend towards lower phosphorus and sulfur content in engine oils while maintaining high anti - oxidation and anti - wear performances. In this paper, the friction - reducing, antiwear and antioxidant properties of a sulfurfree and phosphorusfree molybdate ester compound as lubricant additive are discussed. The investigation showed that the molybdate ester enables good frictionreducing ability of the lubricant, and maintains low friction coefficients even after period of severe oil oxidation, which indicates the potential for excellent fuel economy retention in passenger car vehicles. For other organomolybdenum additives, the investigation showed their frictionreducing ability decreased greatly after oxidation of the oil, although the performance appeared to be very good with the fresh oil before aging. In addition, the molybdate ester demonstrated a synergistic effect in anti - wear protection with zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate （ZDDP）, a well- known commonly used additive in engine oils; this suggests that excellent wear protection is possible for an engine oil with reduced sulfur and phosphorus content. Moreover, the molybdate ester is also a strong synergist with arylamine antioxidants, which can retard its depletion in oxidized oil, extend its oxidative induction time, and reduce its high temperature deposit - forming tendency. Thus, this type of sulfur - free and phosphorus - free organo- molybdenum lubricant additive truly provides multifunctional performances, reducing friction, wear, and oxidation of an engine oil when combined with other suitable additives. Due to its phosphorus - free, sulfur- free and multifunctional properties, the molybdate ester compound can be extremely useful in formulat- ing modem engine oils with low phosphorus and sulfur content.     

Ashless Anti- Wear Additives for Motor Oils

1 IntroductionThe sensitivity of automotive exhaust gas after-treat-ment systems to deactivation by additives present in enginelubricants is only partially known.Ash-for ming(metal-lic)elements usedin engine lubricant for mulation find theirway into the combustion chamber and will eventually for mdeposits in the exhaust gas after-treat ment systems.Inparticulate traps,this increases the pressure drop across thetrap andli mits its useful life before maintenance or replace-ment is required.In mo…     

Low-Temperature Performance of Chinese Automotive Engine Oils-Status and Perspectives

Performance of automotive engine oils at low temperature has been extensively investigated in the last 50 years. The resulting understanding of engine oil rheology has been used to devise bench tests that predict their performance under cold starting conditions. Cold starting the engine has been essentially overcome for passenger car engines with fuel injection but pumpability of the engine oil has grown more demanding. Two tests (MRV TP1 and the Scanning Brookfield Technique with Gelation Index measurement) have become the measures of quality in pumpability response at low temperatures. As such they have become ASTM Methods and are included in a number of international specifications such as SAE J300 and ILSAC/API GF-1, 2, 3, and 4 accompanied by appropriate limits.For a number of years, the Institute of Materials (IOM) has generated a database for Asia-Pacific engine oils for IOM Subscribers. This database can be used to assess and compare the performance of Chinese engine oils at low temperature to one another and to the larger world of engine oils also covered by the IOM database. This IOM survey of Asia-Pacific provides a complete 36-test analysis of 300 passenger car engine oils from the region including a wide range of chemical analysis, rheological measurements and performance assessments. In this paper we concentrate on the low temperature analysis of the rheology of samples collected in China since 2000.The important factors affecting formulation of engine oils in China today are:1. The recent inclusion of the MRV TP-1 and Scanning Brookfield Gelation Index requirements in China's National Standards for engine oil quality; 2. The availability of higher quality oils; 3. The higher treat rate of additives will require increased attention from the formulators in the selection of VI Improvers and Pour Point Depressants (PPDs). In the latter case, new PPDs are likely to be required to provide formulators with robust and economical solutions to face these new challenges. Some examples will be given to illustrate the important effects of type and concentration of PPD on engine oil pumpability.     

汽车发动机油新规范介绍

介绍了2001年7月1日发布的汽油发动机润滑油规范——APISI／ILSAC GF—3的试验和产品主要性能的改进。对于汽车发动机最重要的3个质量改进是改善燃料经济性、加强对排故控制系统的保护和延长发动机油的换油期，因此，油品的氧化安定性、高温油泥控制、燃料经济性和持久性、油品蒸发性／油耗等要求更严格。     

2013年美国轻负荷发动机油规格最新进展

美国最新的轻负荷发动机油规格是国际润滑材料标准化及审查委员会（ILSAC）的GF-5规格,美国石油学会（API）的SN规格和通用汽车公司的GM Dexos 1规格.美国汽车工程师学会（SAE）在2013年增加了SAE 16黏度级别的发动机油.下一代发动机油GF-6/SP规格正在制定中,预计将于2017年颁布.GF-6规格在GF-5规格的基础上增加了新的发动机试验.除节能项目外,OEMs要求SP规格与GF-6一致.     

USING LABORATORY TESTS TO PREDICT OXIDATION IN TODAY＇S ENGINES

Laboratory bench tests are used to predict lubricant performance in modem engines. The evolution of ASTM (American Society of Testing and Materials) engine Sequence tests and associated laboratory bench tests is reviewed. Several oxidation screening tests are described. Correlation of oxidation screening tests with ASTM Sequence Ⅲ high temperature oxidation engine test is addressed, using both European and ASTM reference oils. Modification of the oxidation screening test methods is attempted in order to improve the correlation as the Sequence Ⅲ test method evolves.     

美国润滑油与燃料油发展新动向

简述了美国新的排放法规对油料发展带来的压力；美国柴油机油最新规格API PC－9和汽油机油最新规格ILSAC GF－3／API SL；以及柴油机油3个新的台架试验1Q、M－11和T－10。     

复合剂与抗氧剂对煤基汽油机油氧化安定性的影响

以煤基费-托合成油为API III+润滑油基础油,利用高压差式扫描量热仪（PDSC）和热氧化模拟试验（TEOST MHT-4）测定配制煤基汽油机油样品的起始氧化温度和高温沉积物生成量,考察了复合剂和抗氧剂对煤基润滑油基础油起始氧化温度和高温沉积物的影响。结果表明：复合剂与抗氧剂的加入量不会持续增强油品的氧化安定性,过量的抗氧剂反而会因其自身氧化而增加高温沉积物生成量;全配方煤基5W-30汽油机油样品PDSC测试起始氧化温度为259.94 ℃,TEOST MHT-4试验高温沉积物为18 mg;与某品牌石油基5W-30汽油机油相比,煤基汽油机油具有更好的氧化安定性和更少的高温沉积物生成量。     

用TEOST试验仪器评定柴油机油高温清净性方法的研究

介绍利用TEOST试验装置模拟评定柴油机油高温清净性的试验方法,试验结果与高档柴油机油台架试验相关联,为添加剂和柴油机油的开发和产品设计提供技术支持。