小孔节流静压气体轴颈轴承主轴系统的动态特性分析

通过对小孔节流静压气体轴颈轴承的雷诺方程与描述主轴系统的动力学数学模型联立直接进行数值求解,分析了轴承系统的动力学特性,研究了在不平衡质量作用下轴承主轴系统的响应。结果表明,由于精密离心机小孔节流静压气体轴承的支承刚度大,承载能力高,旋转主轴的运动是稳定的。但在一定条件下,旋转主轴有可能出现不稳定现象,这取决于主轴绕固联坐标系各轴之转动惯量间的关系、轴承支承刚度、主轴旋转速度和不平衡质量控制等因素。该方法用于精密离心机静压气体轴承主轴系统动力学的数值计算,提高了计算精度和可靠性。     

高速多支承气体静压轴承电主轴的承载特性研究

基于单元气体静压轴承的承载性能，简化多支承气体静压电主轴的支承和主轴结构，建立了有限元分析模型，借助ANSYS软件分析轴系的各种结构方案，并进行承载特性分析对比。研究分析多支承结构的承载机理，总结出提高气体静压电主轴承载特性的措施。分析了不同主轴结构和轴承布置对电主轴承载特性的影响，优选出了的多支承静压轴承电主轴结构。     

超高速气体静压电主轴支承结构的优化设计

对于高精密、高精端、超高速的加工机床而言其核心部件毫无争议是静压轴承,而根据轴承—主轴系统支承理论,电主轴的抗弯刚度和气体轴承的静刚度决定了气体静压电主轴系统的承载能力和静刚度。因此,提高电主轴的综合性能,轴承的配置形式对于电主轴的承载能力也是至关重要的,对于不同的配置形式对应电主轴系统有着不同的系统稳定性和抗弯刚度。利用ANSYS软件将轴承和主轴进行了整体的装配结构设计后,利用流固耦合方法对提出的四种不同的支承形式分别进行了分析比较从而优选出最佳的支承形式。     

精密离心机结构安装误差对主轴回转精度的影响

针对精密离心机的精度控制,建立了精密离心机结构安装误差对静压气体轴承主轴回转精度影响的定量计算模型,运用该模型开展了多方面结构安装误差参量对主轴回转精度影响规律的研究。研究表明主轴回转误差随转盘与静压气体轴承轴线间偏心量、静压气体轴承轴线铅垂度安装误差和转盘与静压气体轴承轴线安装垂直度误差的增加而增大,其中偏心量和垂直度误差对主轴回转误差的影响较大,铅垂度误差对主轴回转误差的影响较小。研究可为精密离心机的设计提供帮助。     

高精度气体静压轴系刚度分析

文章从多孔质气体静压轴承刚度、主轴几何刚度结构设计原则等方面论述了高精度气体静压轴系刚度的分析方法，并进行了相应的实验。实验表明石墨高精度气体静压轴系不仅精度高而且刚度高。     

基于有限元气体静压主轴模态分析

为了分析气体静压主轴的动态性能,研究气体静压主轴的设计合理性和高速稳定性,建立了气体静压轴承刚度的模型,应用FLUENT对气体静压轴承进行了流体分析,计算出了气体静压轴承的支撑刚度。在此基础上应用ANSYS Workbench对气体静压主轴进行模态分析,得到了气体静压主轴的各阶固有频率以及其相应振型。分析结果表明了气体静压主轴的共振频率随着轴承刚度的增加而增加,引起气体静压主轴的临界速度远远大于设计的最高速度,说明气体静压主轴设计是合理可靠的。     

精密离心机静压气体轴承主轴系统的动力学特性分析

精密离心机静压气体轴承主轴系统的动力学特性分析是保障其标定加速度仪精度的重要研究课题。通过在 小孔节流静压气体轴承的雷诺方程式中加入节流孔的流量项,使计算得以简化;采用了泛函求极值法将二阶偏微 分方程离散化,用有限元法进行了承载能力和刚度的数值求解。把描述静压气体轴承工作的偏微分方程式(雷诺 方程)与建立的静压气体轴承主轴系统的动力学数学模型合并直接数值求解,提高了计算精度和可靠性。     

液体静压轴承动态特性的探讨

针对按静刚度理论设计的液体静压轴承,在实际应用中存在的高速性能差、动态特性差、加工精度低的缺点进行了剖析和探讨;根据液体静压支承的原理和液体连续流动的理论,提出了液体静压轴承在主轴高速运转时动态特性是影响活塞销孔加工精度的主要因素的观点;并依此为设计依据,实际应用于高速精密静压活塞销孔镗床轴系中,提高了活塞销孔的加工精度,取得了较好的应用效果。以动态特性作为高速精密静压轴系优化设计目标理论的应用,简化了高速液体静压轴承的设计及制造,使高速精密静压轴系在生产中易于推广应用。     

精密离心机主轴回转精度的仿真

首先给出了气体静压轴承承载能力及刚度随偏心量变化曲线;并在此基础上应用动力学仿真软件仿真了静不平衡、主轴铅垂度误差以及二者综合作用下的精密离心机主轴运动模式及其引起的径向回转误差和失准角。研究表明,当静不平衡与回转中心在同一水平面内时,精密离心机主轴做圆柱运动;静不平衡量存在轴向偏移或存在主轴铅垂度误差时,主轴做圆锥运动,并且失准角随静不平衡量和铅垂度误差增大而增大;二者综合作用时主轴做圆锥运动,引起的径向回转误差和失准角由二者共同决定。研究结果有助于验证前人对精密离心机主轴运动模式的理论分析,并计算不同工况下径向回转误差和失准角。     

空气静压轴系支承的数值分析

采用有限差分技术,对精密轴系中的径向和轴向空气静压轴承进行了数值分析。主要针对有多个供气孔的径向轴承的复杂流场,沿周向展开承载曲面以雷诺方程为气体润滑的控制方程。同时根据质量守恒原理,制定出每个供气孔出口压力边界条件逐轮修正的迭代路线,计算出不同偏心率和供气压力下的压力分布、承载能力及流量。该技术成功地用于轴系支承精确设计并制造出精密模块化主轴轴系。     

陀螺效应对精密离心机加速度的影响研究

为了研究精密离心机主轴回转运动模式以提高其加速度精度,以转子刚体动力学为基础分析了精密离心机回转主轴的定点陀螺运动,建立了考虑公转效应的转盘测试点处的精密离心机加速度矢量模型;同时提出了针对精密离心机动态半径测量的内外基准测量法的加速度矢量模型及加速度误差矢量模型;根据给定参数计算并分析了考虑公转效应时的加速度绝对误差值在100g时为5.89 m/s2,相对误差为6‰;而通常精密离心机相对精度要求为10-5～10-6,此时主轴定点陀螺运动的公转不可忽略。     

Infinite stiffness gas bearings for precision spindles

This paper presents the high stiffness gas bearings (HSB) having all the advantages of the externally pressurized gas bearings and stiffness much higher than the oil bearings. The load-displacement characteristics of the HSB show infinite stiffness at zero shaft displacements in a wide range of the loading forces. The grinding spindle equipped with the HSB has been realized, and some results of the investigations are given in this paper. The grinding results are typical for those obtained by good grinding spindles supported on ordinary gas bearings. The main advantage of the HSB grinding spindle is very short sparkling out time.     

Dynamic characteristics of spindle with water-lubricated hydrostatic bearings for ultra-precision machine tools

A key component of ultra-precision machine tools is the spindle. The motivation for this study was to improve machining accuracies in precision cutting and grinding by pursuing improvements in the spindle characteristics by designing a sophisticated spindle with water-lubricated hydrostatic bearings. The static bearing stiffness of the developed spindle was investigated in previous studies. In addition to the static bearing stiffness, the dynamic characteristics regarding bearing stiffness also affect significantly on the machining results. In this study, dynamic characteristics of the developed spindle with water-lubricated hydrostatic bearings were investigated via simulations and experiments. Not only bearing dynamics but also rotor dynamics were considered in this study.In the simulation studies, the spindle dynamic characteristics were analysed based on the transfer matrix method. A spindle rotor supported with hydrostatic bearings was represented by discrete sections of the rotor. The mathematical model of transverse linear vibrations of the spindle rotor was derived with distributed parameters for these discretized rotor sections. As a result of the analysis on the amplitude-frequency characteristic, radial displacements of the rotor due to bearing displacement and bending deformation were defined. Then, the frequency characteristics were represented with Nyquist plots. Resonant frequencies and amplitudes formation in the transverse vibration of the rotor were determined. The influence of rotor bending deformations on spindle compliance was assessed. Furthermore, the study examined the influences of the supply pressure of the lubricating fluid, radial clearance and journal diameter of the hydrostatic bearings on the amplitude of the rotor vibration, and the resonance frequency of the system.Furthermore, the dynamic characteristics of the spindle were examined experimentally. The simulation results were in good agreement with the actual spindle dynamics obtained experimentally. The influence of the structural parameters of the rotor and the operating parameters of the bearings on the spindle dynamic characteristics was also determined. It was verified that the amplitude of the vibration of the rotor overhang part was dominantly affected not by bearing stiffness but by bending stiffness of the bearing journal of the front bearing and the length of the rotor overhang.Then it was verified that the resultant displacement of the rotor in the radial direction due to the influence of the bearing characteristics and the structural effect of the rotor is significantly small. Practical recommendations to improve the spindle design in terms of the dynamic characteristics of the spindle with water-lubricated hydrostatic bearings were also derived.     

Experimental investigations of precision spindles equipped with high stiffness gas journal bearings

The journal high stiffness bearings (HSBs) presented in this paper have been supplemented with special regulation systems that enable us to select optimal bearing characteristics by a slight circumferential turn of the journal bearing bush with respect to its fixed casing. The regulation system allows us to obtain the desired bearing characteristic compensating for the inaccuracy of its element production. Two different regulation systems are presented in this paper. The experimental investigations for static conditions of a single HSB with two above-mentioned regulation systems have been performed. Then, two spindles equipped with journal HSBs have been investigated. Each spindle was supported using two HSBs with the same regulation system. The results of these investigations for different rotational frequencies are reported. The effectiveness of the HSB regulation systems for practical optimization of the spindle characteristic have been shown. These bearings can be applied in precision grinding machines.     

高速主轴离心膨胀及对轴承动态特性的影响

以高速主轴系统为对象,将主轴转子和轴承内圈分别等效为等截面梁和空心圆盘,计算离心力作用下主轴转子和轴承内圈的径向弹性变形,并分析主轴转子与轴承连接状态随转速升高的变化趋势。考虑旋转部件的离心膨胀变形,建立高速主轴轴承动力学模型并进行试验验证。在此基础上,研究离心效应对主轴轴承径向预紧状态的影响,揭示高速主轴轴承动态特性随转速的变化规律。研究结果表明,离心力引起的径向膨胀变形使滚动体与轴承内、外圈之间的接触角减小,接触力增加。主轴轴承的轴向刚度和径向刚度均随转速的升高而降低。轴承内圈的离心膨胀变形对轴承轴向刚度的影响可以忽略不计,而能在一定程度上提高轴承的径向刚度。     

高速电磁主轴回转精度的分析

运用复数型频率分析的数学工具,建立了磁悬浮主轴系统回转运动数学模型,推导了主轴回转误差运动轨迹方程,定义了回转精度,给出了电磁主轴系统回转精度的测试方法,定量分析了影响主轴回转精度的主要因素。     

五自由度磁悬浮轴承控制系统的研制

阐述了五自由度多输入多输出磁悬浮轴承控制系统,其复杂算法的实现依赖高效浮点数字信号处理器,而高速高精度A/D是合理采样的保证.分析了整个控制系统中传感器和功率放大器的功能和作用,通过试验研究得出了结论,控制系统的设计达到了预期要求,磁悬浮系统具有响应速度快、精度高及稳定性好等特点,可广泛用于生物医学等行业.     

高刚度数控车床主轴有限元分析

基于对具有硬质车削功能的高刚度数控车床的主轴相应的高精度、高刚度要求,在对主轴分析研究的基础上,采用弹簧阻尼单元模拟轴承支承,建立主轴的有限元模型,进行静、动态特性分析,并对固有频率随轴承支承刚度的变化关系进行了模拟研究。计算结果表明,采用该方法分析高刚度数控车床主轴单元可以得到满意的结果,为工程设计提供了一定的参考。