油页岩循环流化床燃烧特性研究

摘要:在循环流化床燃烧试验台上对油页岩的着火、稳定燃烧、燃尽特性等燃烧特性进行详细地试验方案分析,同时提出了油页岩循环流化床锅炉的设计与运行的特点。根据拟做试验方案进行试验研究,可以测试出油页岩的燃烧特性,为油页岩CFB锅炉燃烧特性的试验研究,以及大型化油页岩循环流化床锅炉的设计提供了借鉴。     

油页岩循环床锅炉中温分离回输系统Loop Seal工作特性的研究

在目前世界上投入商业运行最大容量的 65t/h油页岩循环流化床锅炉上 ,进行了全尺寸的中温分离系统中LoopSeal型返料装置的工作特性热态试验 ,得到了油页岩循环流化床燃烧中温分离回输系统中LoopSeal型返料装置的运行参数、温度特性及其循环物料的颗粒特性和含碳量分布 ,试验结果对油页岩循环流化床锅炉的放大设计与运行调节具有一定的参考价值     

循环床锅炉燃烧份额分布的实验研究和理论分析

在循环流化床锅炉小型实验台上,研究了床温、过量空气系数、一二次风比例和煤种等因素对燃烧份额分布的影响,证实了循环流化床锅炉密相区处于欠氧燃烧状态,并且密相区产生的一氧化碳和部分挥发分被带到了稀相区进行燃烧。从流动和燃烧角度对实验结果进行了分析,并从密相区气固两相流行为出发,解释了循环流化床锅炉不同于鼓泡床的一些技术特点。     

CFB密相区内颗粒横向扩散对燃烧的影响

循环流化床(CFB)床内燃料颗粒的扩散、混和，特别是复杂的密相区内的混和特性在很大程度上影响了燃烧状况，密相区颗粒横向扩散的规律，对于循环流化床的设计具有重要意义，在循环流化床密相区颗粒横向扩散实验研究的基础上，总结了密相区内颗粒横向扩散系数的经验公式，以此为基础，研究了密相区内碳的分布规律，并建立了相应的燃烧模型，模型包括两个子模型，即密相区二维流动及燃烧子模型、稀相区一维流动及燃烧子模型。通过模型定性模拟了流化风速、给料点布置对床内燃烧的影响，有效地反映了实际情况，并确认了将密相区颗粒横向扩散规律引入现有循环流化床燃烧模型的重要意义。     

油贡岩在流化床锅炉内着火和燃烧特性的试验研究

介绍了在自行设计的电加热流化床小型试验台上进行的桦甸油页岩着火、燃烧特性的试验结果,研究了床层温度、燃料粒径对桦甸油页着火指数的影响,并结合油页岩的元素分析、工业分析结果对实验结果进行分析。研究结果对燃用油页岩流化床锅炉的设计、优化流化床锅炉的启停和运行具有一定的参考价值。     

65t/h高低差速循环流化床锅炉燃烧特性模拟

基于商业计算流体力学软件Fluent,采用非预混燃烧模型对一台65t/h高低差速循环流化床锅炉炉内燃烧特性进行三维稳态模拟,并对高、低速床内温度和组分分布进行分析。通过温度场和差速循环流化床特有的内循环特性验证所选模型的有效性,根据炉内温度、CO_2浓度和O_2浓度的分布分析差速循环流化床的燃烧特性。结果表明:高低差速循环流化床实现了不同粒径颗粒的分床燃烧,大粒径颗粒在高速床燃烧,小粒径颗粒进入低速床燃烧。燃料燃烧放出的热量一部分由烟气带走,大部分由颗粒的内循环过程被带入左右低速床,使燃料继续燃烧并传递给埋管受热面,换热后的物料通过回流孔回到高速床。     

油页岩综合优化利用的新方法

将油页岩矿石破碎与筛分,其中颗粒较大的油页岩送入干馏炉制取页岩油和燃气,所生成的油页岩半焦废弃物经破碎后与油页岩炼油过程中的废弃的小颗粒的油页岩细渣混合构成混合物料,供给循环流化床锅炉燃烧,燃烧产生的热量转化为蒸气,一部分作为外供热源,一部分驱动汽轮机带动发电机发电。混合物料经循环流化床锅炉燃烧后产生的灰渣,用来生成水泥、陶粒和建筑砌块。     

基于Aspen Plus的超超临界循环流化床锅炉的性能计算及分析

循环流化床发电技术以其特有的优势,得到了迅速发展和广泛应用。近年来,为了实现超低排放和超低能耗,大型化与高参数化的超超临界循环流化床锅炉(CFB)的设计研究成为我国洁净煤发电技术的主要发展方向。目前超超临界发电机组的基础理论与设计计算还不完善,因此对于其运行模拟以及在运行条件变化时锅炉主要参数的预测尤为重要。Aspen Plus能够对复杂的化工过程进行精细的稳态模拟和流程设计,基于Aspen Plus软件提供的内置模块和FORTRAN编译器的外部子程序,建立了660 MW超超临界CFB锅炉燃烧室煤解耦燃烧过程模拟模型,主要包括煤的等效热解模型、简约解耦燃烧模型、分离器、外置床及尾部烟道低温过热器、低温再热器模型。依据所建立的稳态模型,可模拟计算660 MW超超临界循环流化床锅炉在满负荷工况(B-MCR)下锅炉性能,得到其各处主要温度的计算结果,分析燃烧室中密相区和疏相区的气体组分浓度,并且预测了循环流化床燃烧室运行参数一次风配比对密相区组分CO2、CO和SO2浓度的影响以及过量空气系数对排烟气体组分SO2、SO3、NO和N2O浓度的影响。同时,利用该模型计算了过量空气系数和改变一次返料比例对中温过热器、低温过热器出口汽温和低温再热器、省煤器出口烟温的影响。在660 MW超超临界循环流化床锅炉的设计研究上,为降低污染物排放、减少锅炉热损失和提高锅炉效率提供了参考依据。     

茂名油页岩燃烧特性研究

介绍了茂名油页岩的燃烧特性,包括油页岩理化特性,点火、着火、低负荷稳燃、燃尽、压火、结焦特性等,分析了茂名油页岩在循环流化床上燃烧的可行性,同时对茂名油页岩CFB大型设计提出了建议,对锅炉设计有一定的指导意义。     

130t／h循环流化床锅炉的运行及其耐火材料的维护

循环流化床主循环回路是循环流化床锅炉不同于传统煤粉锅炉的标志之一。主循环回路是循环流化床锅炉的关键,其主要作用是将大量的高温固体物料从气流中分离出来,送回燃烧室,以维持燃烧室稳定的流态化状态,保证燃料多次循环、反复燃烧和反应,以提高燃烧效率。主循环回路不仅直接影响整个循环流化床锅炉的总体设计、系统布置,而且与其运行性能有直接关系。主循环回路的大部分位置上布满了耐火材料。     

Study on design of Huadian oil shale-fired circulating fluidized bed boiler

On the basis of the physical and chemical performance of Huadian oil shale and the design experience of Huadian 65 t/h oil shale-fired circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler operation, this paper introduces several main characteristics of oil shale, such as platy structure, high volatile and Ca/S content, and low ignition temperature, which are relevant to the design of CFB boiler, and analyses key design technologies of large-scale oil shale-fired circulating fluidized bed boiler. The design principles of large-scale oil shale-fired CFB boiler are suggested: (1) to adopt a II-shape configuration natural circulation mode with medium-temperature cyclone with downward gas exhaust, reliable antiwear technology and self-desulfurization technology; (2) to determine a circulating ratio of 6, hot state superficial air velocity of 5–6 m/s, combustion portion of about 0.5–0.6 in dense phase zone, and air velocity at the nozzle hole of air cap of 50–60 m/s; (3) to adopt an igniting system with hot gas generator below distributor plate and oil guns as auxiliary ignition device above distributor plate, and fluidized bed ash cooler retrieving the heat taken by hot slag. Lastly, the design scheme of 420 t/h superhigh pressure oil shale-fired CFB boiler is put forward and the general configuration and technical data are given at the end of this paper.     

Flow structure and combustion characteristic of 65 t/h oil shale-fired circulating fluidized bed riser—2: Dilute phase

In this paper, a 65 t/h oil shale-fired circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler was put into commercial operation in Huadian of China in 1996 and industrial hot experiment was done for studying the flow structure and combustion characteristic of CFB dilute phase regime. Flow structure and solid flux of dilute phase regime were investigated along both vertical direction and horizontal direction under different boiler loads. Particle-size distribution and carbon content of oil shale combustion residues were obtained. Experimental investigation shows that SO₂ concentration decreases with increasing the furnace height, and NO_X emission can be reduced by adopting staged combustion technology, low-temperature combustion and circulating combustion. Experimental results are valuable for adjusting the 65 t/h boiler and designing large-scale oil shale-fired CFB boiler. At the same time, the experiment lays a foundation for modeling the flow structure, combustion, heat transfer and abrasion of oil shale-fired CFB dilute phase regime.     

油泥砂流化焚烧处理系统与运行分析

提出一种采用异密度循环流化床燃烧技术处理油泥砂的方法。该方法能以较低的运行成本对油泥砂进行资源化洁净利用,降低石油开采成本,实现危险污染物的无害化、减量化、规模化、资源化处理,解决环境污染问题。结合工程实际,详细介绍了流化床焚烧处理的工艺流程、技术特点和1台145t／d流化床焚烧锅炉的设计参数和运行特点。     

Characteristics and mechanism of catalytic effect of inner minerals on combustion of oil shale coke

The micro fluidized bed reaction analyzer (MFBRA) was used to study the combustion characteristics of oil shale mineral catalytic semi-coke. This study compared the effect of minerals inside char and bed material (oil shale ash) outside char on char combustion, and the process and mechanism of char combustion in the fluidized bed were further revealed. Both of minerals inside char and bed material outside char had a marked catalysis for char combustion and their combined catalysis was most notable. It is found that the CaO and Fe₂O₃ were the major active components in oil shale minerals for catalytic combustion of char, and the catalysis of CaO was stronger than that of Fe₂O₃. The activation energy of char combustion ranged from 60.41 kJ/mol to 78.97 kJ/mol, and it would significantly decrease with presence of the catalysis by minerals in oil shale. For char combustion in a fluidized bed, the contribution of minerals to catalytic combustion was mainly reflected in four reactions, such as volatiles cracking and combustion, surface carbon combustion, internal carbon combustion and CO combustion.     

油页岩矿物质催化半焦燃烧特性及机理

利用微型流化床反应分析仪（MFBRA）研究了油页岩矿物质催化半焦燃烧特性,重点考察了半焦内部矿物质和外部页岩灰床料对半焦燃烧的催化作用,揭示了流化床反应器中半焦燃烧过程和机理。结果表明：内部矿物质和外部床料对半焦燃烧均具有明显催化作用,而两者共同催化效果最为显著。矿物质中CaO和Fe₂O₃对半焦燃烧具有催化活性,CaO催化作用强于Fe₂O₃。油页岩半焦燃烧反应活化能在60.41~78.97 kJ/mol之间,矿物质的催化作用会明显降低反应活化能。流化床反应器中,矿物质对半焦燃烧的催化作用主要表现在四个反应,即：挥发分裂解和燃烧、半焦表面炭燃烧、半焦内部炭燃烧以及一氧化碳燃烧。     

我国燃煤工业锅炉现状及分析

不同类型燃煤工业锅炉具有各自的技术优势及应用范围,为了给用户在项目立项、选择锅炉时提供正确参考,阐述了3种主流燃煤工业锅炉的技术特点、应用现状,并着重针对循环流化床锅炉和现代煤粉工业锅炉,从燃烧组织方式和技术特点两方面进行了系统的技术对比分析。经分析认为,流态化燃烧组织是循环流化床锅炉的技术基础,浓相室燃燃烧组织是现代煤粉工业锅炉的技术基础。依托密相床炉料的巨大热容量,循环流化床锅炉定位于处理高灰劣质燃料;依托低变质高活性清洁煤粉快响应着火喷燃,现代煤粉工业锅炉定位于油(气)锅炉的备份及互换。因此,二者非取舍而是互为补充的关系。     

Utilization of Estonian oil shale semicoke

In thermal processing of oil shale in vertical retorts huge quantities of a solid waste — semicoke are formed. It has been shown that circulating fluidized bed combustion of semicoke could be a promising technology allowing utilization of its high residual energy potential. The main parameters of combustion process and the additional heat produced were calculated and verified by combustion tests in a fluidized bed device with a thermal capacity of 50 kW_th. The experiments indicated that semicoke with low moisture content can be burnt directly in fluidized bed. For the combustion of semicoke with higher moisture content (over 10%) about 10% of oil shale must be added. In addition, possibilities for utilizing residual carbon present in semicoke by obtaining carbon-rich materials with further production, for example, activated carbon were discussed. A series of experiments accompanied by SEM and EDAX analysis was carried out in order to elucidate the distribution of carbon and mineral part in semicoke and to find possibilities for their separation and subsequent enrichment. Different separation methods — selective grinding and subsequent screening, pneumatic separation and triboelectroseparation method were analyzed. It was shown that due to close integration of mineral and organic part in semicoke, the separation of carbon-rich ingredients by these methods was not enough effective to obtain enriched products suitable for the production of activated carbon.     

Attrition and abrasion models for oil shale process modelling

As oil shale is processed, fine particles, much smaller than the original shale, are created. This process is called attrition or, more accurately, abrasion. In this paper, models of abrasion are presented for oil shale processed in several unit operations. Two of these unit operations, a fluidized bed and a lift pipe, are used in the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory hot recycle solid (HRS) process being developed for the above-ground processing of oil shale. Abrasion occurs so commonly in the handling and processing of paniculate materials that numerous studies have been conducted to characterize the phenomenon and to attempt to minimize it. In the review of the literature, materials which have been studied for attrition potential are examined, as are the specific unit operations for which either experimental or modelling studies have been conducted. Several papers are discussed in which attrition in fluidized beds or lift pipes is addressed. In this paper, empirical models are derived for the processes occurring in the HRS process from the experimental studies conducted on oil shale. The derived models are presented, as are comparisons with experimental results.