Noble H. Kelley.

Presents the biography and scientific publications for Noble H. Kelley, the recipient of the 1974 Award for Distinguished Professional Contribution. For more than twenty years Secretary-Treasurer, Executive Officer, and Trustee of the American Board of Professional Psychology, he had come to personify the high standards of that respected institution, having for so long helped to articulate and implement its pursuit of excellence. While following a productive academic career that saw him head the departments and direct the psychological services at two universities, he gave his selfless devotion to the cause of identifying and enhancing competence in the professional application of psychology to human problems. Always ready to serve his profession, he devoted his time and his energies and gave his wise and experienced counsel to his colleagues and their organizations. His professional life spans a time which saw the maturing of the application of psychology as a professional endeavor, and to this development Noble H. Kelley has indeed made a distinguished contribution. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Distinguished Professional Contribution Award for 1974.

Announces the Distinguished Professional Contribution Award for 1974 presented to Noble H. Kelley. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Editorial.

This is the first issue of Behavioral Neuroscience in which my name appears on the masthead as Editor. I am very pleased that Mark Blumberg, University of Iowa; John Gabrieli, Stanford University; Ann Kelley, University of Wisconsin; and Jeanne Wehner, University of Colorado, have agreed to serve as Associate Editors for the journal. Their research expertise reflects my interest in maintaining the strengths of the journal in the behavioral neuroscience of development (Mark Blumberg) and appetitive behavior and learning (Ann Kelley), as well as increasing our coverage of studies related to human and primate behavior and imaging (John Gabrieli) and mouse behavior and genetics (Jeanne Wehner). My own research program focuses on the neural mechanisms of learning and aging. We would like, of course, to invite all our readers to continue to submit some of their best work in the area of brain and behavior to Behavioral Neuroscience. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The need for a principle-based positive psychology.

Comments on M. E. P. Seligman and M. Csikszentmihalyi's (see record 2000-13324-001) introduction to the special issue on positive psychology (American Psychologist, 2000[Jan], Vol 55[1]). T. M. Kelley is concerned by the apparent absence of causal psychological principles to guide the emerging field of positive psychology in its study of optimal human functioning. Kelley illustrates how the principles of psychology of mind or health realization lead to a fundamentally different view of one of the most prominent theoretical concepts of positive psychology: Csikszentmihalyi's (1999) flow. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Modeling Associative Recognition: A Comparison of Two-High-Threshold, Two-High-Threshold Signal Detection, and Mixture Distribution Models.

A 2-high-threshold signal detection (HTSDT) model, a mixture distribution (SON) model, and 2-highthreshold (HT) models with responses distributed over 1 or several response categories were fit to results of 6 experiments from 2 studies on associative recognition: R. Kelley and J. T. Wixted (2001) and A. P. Yonelinas (1997). HTSDT assumes that associative recognition is based on conscious recollection and familiarity assessment, whereas according to SON and HT, associative information results in a shift of familiarity. The modeling results cast doubt on the prominent role of conscious recollection, and as far as models are valid, parameter estimation suggests 2 processes in associative recognition: a shift in familiarity that is due to associative information and the determination of the source of familiarity of pairs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Noble H. Kelley (1901–1997): Obituary.

Memorializes Noble H. Kelley, who made contributions that promoted high levels of standards of excellence for professional psychology. Kelley's most significant contributions to professional psychology include serving on the American Board of Examiners in Professional Psychology, where he furthered the development and utilization of psychological theory and professional practice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Evidence-based interventions in school psychology: An illustration of Task Force coding criteria using single-participant research design.

Illustrates the application of the Task Force on Evidence-Based Interventions in School Psychology coding criteria using a single-participant research design study. Specifically, the authors review and evaluate a study by M. L. Kelley and A. P. McCain (1995) according to the Procedural and Coding Manual for Review of Evidence-Based Interventions (T. R. Kratochwill and K. C. Stoiber, this issue; see record 2003-01789-005). Following application of the Procedural and Coding Manual to the Kelley and McCain study, the authors conclude that this study possessed several important strengths, including a strong research design, identifiable intervention components, and strong intervention effects for several participants. Limitations to the study, in addition to issues regarding the evaluation of the single-participant investigation are discussed within the context of the coding criteria. Challenges in coding single-participant studies are presented in the context of future work for the Task Force on Evidence-Based Interventions in School Psychology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Harold H. Kelley (1921-2003).

This obituary reports the death of Harold Harding Kelley, Professor Emeritus of Psychology at University of California (1921-2003). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Stroke prevention and intervention. New options for improved outcomes

Data from recent clinical studies have replaced the empiricism that once pervaded the medical literature regarding stroke. This has created exciting opportunities for optimal management as well as challenges related to the importance of early recognition and intervention. Dr Kelley reviews recent advances in prevention and treatment of stroke and describes a systematic approach that directly affects choice of diagnostic tests and therapeutic options.     

Components of reward in social dilemmas.

Two experiments with 324 undergraduates investigated components of reward in social dilemmas, which are defined as situations in which individuals are faced with a conflict between maximizing selfish interests and maximizing collective interests. The dilemma is based on the fact that, if all choose to maximize selfish interests, all are worse off than if all choose to maximize collective interests. Using 3-person decomposed games, 2 types of incentives were contrasted: a positive incentive (bonus) for cooperative choices and a negative incentive (penalty) for noncooperative choices. Results show that the positive incentive evoked a higher level of cooperation than the negative incentive. Findings are discussed in terms of nonadditive utility components, D. G. Pruitt's (see record 1970-07717-001) motivational interpretation, and H. H. Kelley and J. W. Thibaut's (1978) theory of interdependence. (22 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Estimating standardized linear contrasts of means with desired precision.

L. Wilkinson and the Task Force on Statistical Inference (1999) recommended reporting confidence intervals for measures of effect sizes. If the sample size is too small, the confidence interval may be too wide to provide meaningful information. Recently, K. Kelley and J. R. Rausch (2006) used an iterative approach to computer-generate tables of sample size requirements for a standardized difference between 2 means in between-subjects designs. Sample size formulas are derived here for general standardized linear contrasts of k ≥ 2 means for both between-subjects designs and within-subjects designs. Special sample size formulas also are derived for the standardizer proposed by G. V. Glass (1976). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A global theory of remembering and forgetting from multiple lists.

Forgetting is frustrating, usually because it is unintended. Other times, one may purposely attempt to forget an event. A global theory of recognition and free recall that explains both types of forgetting and remembering from multiple list experiments is presented. The critical assumption of the model is that both intentional and unintentional forgetting are often due to contextual interference. Unintentional forgetting is the natural result of contextual changes between study and test. Intentional forgetting is accomplished by a rapid, metacognitively instigated change in mental context that renders to-be-forgotten information relatively inaccessible and renders to-be-remembered information more accessible (L. Sahakyan & C. M. Kelley, 2002). This occurs for both recognition and free recall. Implications for item-method directed forgetting, exclusion recognition, source memory, and encoding operations are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Implicit gender stereotyping in judgments of fame.

Implicit (unconscious) gender stereotyping in fame judgments was tested with an adaptation of a procedure developed by L. L. Jacoby, C. M. Kelley, J. Brown, and J. Jasechko (1989). In Experiments 1–4, participants pronounced 72 names of famous and nonfamous men and women, and 24 or 48 hr later made fame judgments in response to the 72 familiar and 72 unfamiliar famous and nonfamous names. These first experiments, in which signal detection analysis was used to assess implicit stereotypes, demonstrate that the gender bias (greater assignment of fame to male than female names) was located in the use of a lower criterion (B) for judging fame of familiar male than female names. Experiments 3 and 4 also showed that explicit expressions of sexism or stereotypes were uncorrelated with the observed implicit gender bias in fame judgments. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Changes in Leadership Appraisal as a Function of the Stress of a Simulated Panic Situation". Erratum to Klein.

Reports an error in the original article by Klein (Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, Vol 34(6) Dec 1976, 1143-1154). On page 1152, there is an error in the first two sentences of the first full paragraph in the right-hand column of the page. The corrected sentences are provided here. In addition, Table 3 on p. 1152 is corrected. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1978-31666-001.) Research by A. Mintz (see record 1951-08008-001) and by H. H. Kelley et al (see record 1965-06787-001) left unresolved the question of what level of personal threat leads to group incoordination of "panic behavior." The present study set out to resolve this issue and to explore the additional relationship between leadership and behavior in the panic situation. The dependent variables were Likert-type questionnaire items designed to investigate the level of responsibility attributed to a leader by members of a group as a function of 4 variables: (a) 2 levels of stress (threat of shock or of small monetary loss), (b) 2 levels of leadership authority (elected or appointed), (c) 2 conditions of leadership ("me-last" or "me-first"), and (d) group success or failure. 14 male college students were run in this 2-4 factorial design with a nonfactorial control group. The task setting, which required Ss to retrieve their wooden cones through the same hole, was analogous to the situation that would occur in a theater fire where only one narrow exit existed. Results support the contention of Kelley that group incoordination (panic) increases under personal threat. Additional results show that (a) leaders facilitated achieving the goal of safe exit; (b) elected leaders were given more responsibility and were seen as more competent than appointed leaders, but only when the stress was comparatively low; and (c) success or failure seemed to have had little effect on the leader's evaluation by the group. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

When groups are more competitive than individuals: The domain of the discontinuity effect.

The related goals of the research were to delineate the domain of discontinuity, 1st by demonstrating its occurrence in a nonmatrix situation and, 2nd, by establishing the antecedent outcome conditions necessary for producing a discontinuity effect. The 1st goal was met by designing a mixed motive situation involving the production of origami products. Under these conditions, the magnitude of the discontinuity effect did not significantly differ from that in a matrix-only condition. The 2nd goal was met by a separate experiment that used H. H. Kelley and J. W. Thibaut's (1978) analysis of degree of noncorrespondence of outcomes. This experiment demonstrated that as noncorrespondence increased, so did the rate of competitive responding by groups but not by individuals. This pattern was qualified by an interaction with gender such that competitiveness was more markedly affected by noncorrespondence for groups of women than for groups of men. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Covariation and causal attribution: A Logical Model of the intuitive analysis of variance.

In this article, we present and test a formal model of causal attribution that is true to the original conception of attribution theory formulated by Kelley (1967). The Logical Model specifies precisely how information might be encoded from attributional vignettes and how subjects might consider different causal loci as necessary and sufficient conditions for the occurrence of an effect. Predictions are derived for each of the eight information configurations on the basis of consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency information. The model is tested with data from three published experiments and is preferred over a template model of attribution. The Logical Model's limitations are also acknowledged in that responses deviate systematically from its prediction, leading to an analysis of the notion of causality underlying stimulus, person, and circumstance attributions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sample size planning for the standardized mean difference: Accuracy in parameter estimation via narrow confidence intervals.

Methods for planning sample size (SS) for the standardized mean difference so that a narrow confidence interval (CI) can be obtained via the accuracy in parameter estimation (AIPE) approach are developed. One method plans SS so that the expected width of the CI is sufficiently narrow. A modification adjusts the SS so that the obtained CI is no wider than desired with some specified degree of certainty (e.g., 99% certain the 95% CI will be no wider than ω). The rationale of the AIPE approach to SS planning is given, as is a discussion of the analytic approach to CI formation for the population standardized mean difference. Tables with values of necessary SS are provided. The freely available Methods for the Behavioral, Educational, and Social Sciences (K. Kelley, 2006a) R (R Development Core Team, 2006) software package easily implements the methods discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Locomotion in social dilemmas: How people adapt to cooperative, tit-for-tat, and noncooperative partners.

The authors address locomotion in social dilemmas, examining the influence of social value orientation (prosocial, individualistic, and competitive orientations) and partner's strategy (100% cooperation, tit for tat, and 100% noncooperation) on cooperative behavior and locomotion to enhanced or reduced levels of interdependence (tendencies toward approach vs. avoidance). Extending prior research on behavioral assimilation (e.g., H. H. Kelley & A. J. Stahelski, 1970), results revealed that a noncooperative partner elicited not only relatively low levels of cooperation but also locomotions to low interdependence. Also, relative to prosocials and individualists, competitors exhibited low levels of cooperation and locomotions, to low interdependence with a tit-for-tat partner. This underscores the functionality of tit for tat, in that it moves away those who seek relative advantage, thus minimizing the costs following from noncooperative interactions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Evaluation of prospective social relationships: A function of comparison level and predicted outcome level.

A theory of interpersonal appraisal based on the formulations of Thibaut and Kelley (see 34: 4214) and on statistical decision theory has been developed and experimentally tested. Evaluation of a prospective relationship has been viewed as a process of sampling the matrix of interactions and outcomes and drawing inferences from sample and a priori information. The results demonstrated the outcome level (P) predicted for a relationship to increase with sample mean, attraction to increase with P, and comparison level (CL) to depend on the combined mean of a set of samples. Attraction furthermore was found to be negatively related to CL (outcome level felt to be deserved), but insufficiently disparate sample variances precluded assessment of the effects of sample variance. (27 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Distinguished Professional Contribution Award for 1977.

The 1977 Award for Distinguished Professional Contribution was presented to George Katona at the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association in San Francisco, California. Virginia Bennett, the Chair of the Board of Professional Affairs, presented the award. The members of the Committee on Professional Awards are C. Lee Winder (Chair), Allan G. Barclay, Kenneth B. Clark, Marie Skodak-Crissey, Robert M. Guion, Bernard Kalinkowitz, Asher Pacht, and Jeanne Phillips. The awardees for all of the years since the establishment of the custom are: 1972 Carl R. Rogers; 1973 David Wechsler; 1974 Noble H. Kelley; 1975 George W. Albee; 1976 John C. Flanagan and David Shakow; and 1977 George Katona. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)