Communication in context: Effects of speaker status on the comprehension of indirect requests.

Four experiments, using 296 university students, were conducted to examine how a speaker's status can affect the comprehension of conventional and nonconventional indirect requests. The processing of conventional forms was not affected by the speaker's relative status, and consistent with past research (R. W. Gibbs; see record 1984-05770-001), these forms were recognized quickly and without the hearer recognizing and then rejecting the literal meaning of the remark. In contrast, processing of nonconventional forms was affected by speaker status. When the interactants were equal in status, the comprehension of nonconventional forms was time-consuming and involved activation of the remark's literal meaning. This did not occur when the speaker was higher in status than the hearer. Results illustrate the role played by the interpersonal context in the comprehension of certain indirect requests. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Scanning and form-contingent color aftereffects.

G. K. Humphrey et al (see record 1994-28172-001) and J. Broerse and P. Grimbeek (see record 1994-28160-001) suggested that the form-contingent color aftereffect reported by S. Siegel et al (see record 1992-22207-001) would not be obtained if Ss were instructed to scan the induction and assessment forms. The authors present data from 10 adult Ss who were instructed to scan the forms. These scanning Ss displayed aftereffects that were no different from those described earlier by Siegel et al. Scanning Ss do display spatiotopic contingent color aftereffects. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Echocardographic features of papillary fibroelastoma and their consequences and management

Clone CL Brener is the reference organism used in the Trypanosoma cruzi Genome Project. Some biological parameters of CL Brener were determined: (a) the doubling time of epimastigote forms cultured in liver infusion-tryptose (LIT) medium at 28 degrees C is 58 +/- 13 hr; (b) differentiation of epimastigotes to metacyclic trypomastigotes is obtained by incubation in LIT-20% Grace's medium; (c) trypomastigotes infect mammalian cultured cells and perform the complete intracellular cycle at 33 and 37 degrees C; (d) blood forms are highly infective to mice; (e) blood forms are susceptible to nifurtimox and benznidazole. The molecular typing of CL Brener has been determined: (a) isoenzymatic profiles are characteristic of zymodeme ZB; (b) PCR amplification of a 24S alpha ribosomal RNA sequence indicates it belongs to T. cruzi lineage 1; (c) schizodeme, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and DNA fingerprinting analyses were performed.     

On the validity of psychoanalytic constructs in the 20th century.

Responds to comments by F. Dumont (see record 1994-42094-001) about J. J. Magnavita's (see record 1993-42219-001) discussion of Freud's purported discovery of unconscious processes. Dumont underestimates the extent to which Freud both synthesized and advanced the knowledge of unconscious processes to create a metapsychological system that forms the foundation of many current psychotherapy models. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Validity of two- and four-subtest short forms of the WAIS-R in a psychiatric sample.

60 psychiatric patients (mean age 38.75 yrs) were administered the 2- and 4-subtest short forms of the WAIS-R. Both short forms correlated highly with the Full Scale IQ (.89 and .93). However, for each short form the rate of agreement with the Full Scale IQ, in terms of Wechsler's 7-category classification, was relatively low (63 and 72%). It is concluded that the 2- and 4-subtest short forms should be used with caution in situations where precise IQ measurements are required. (3 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

AIDS and other forms of drug use: Comment on Zinberg, Shaffer, Kauffman, and Trainor (1992).

Comments on the article by N. E. Zinberg et al (see record 1992-36889-001) concerning the neglect of the substance abuse field by health care professionals. In addition to iv drug use, 2 other forms that are associated with HIV infection are crack cocaine use and nitrite use. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Behavioral expectations: Development of parallel forms and analysis of scale assumptions.

Describes the development of parallel forms of behavioral expectation scales (BES) as well as a check on the adequacy of examples contributed as documentation for BES numerical evaluations. Data generated by O. Harari and S. Zedeck (see record 1974-11883-001) were used to develop 2 forms of BES, A and B. Results from 95 undergraduates indicate that the forms had, in general, equivalent dimension means and variances as well as the same degree of correlation with other variables (overall evaluation and satisfaction with the instructor). An independent sample of 56 students assessed 39 contributed examples provided to support actual evaluations. Results indicate high agreement between the original value and the independent assessments. The flexibility and increased use of the BES data are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Obesity and protection from risk.

Responds to W. B. Webb's (see record 1987-26955-001) and H. E. Yuker's (see record 1987-26956-001) comments on the present authors and J. Plotkin's (see record 1986-12806-001) study of human Ss review board decisions by affirming the need for human Ss review boards and by defending the study's distinction between sensitive and nonsensitive forms of discrimination. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Toward a more complete understanding of the link between multicultural experience and creativity.

Responds to G. J. Rich's comments (see record 2009-01602-011) on the current author's original article (see record 2008-03389-003) which presented evidence supporting the idea that multicultural experience can facilitate creativity. Rich has argued that our review, although timely and important, was somewhat limited in scope, focusing mostly on smaller forms of creativity ("little c": e.g., paper-and-pencil measures of creativity) as well as on larger forms of multicultural experience ("Big M": e.g., living in a foreign country). We agree with many aspects of Rich's assessment. The issue of whether different forms of multicultural experience can affect Big C creativity is of interest to both scholars and laypeople because creative breakthroughs can literally alter the course of human progress. The response to our article, including Rich's reply, supports our view that the interest in multicultural experience and creativity is far from exhausted; future research will certainly uncover important new insights. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Multiple conformations of physiological membrane-bound cytochrome c

One-tenth of cytochrome c (cyt c) remains bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) at physiological ionic strength (I; i.e. , I approximately 150 mM), exhibiting decreased electron transport (ET) activity. We now show that this form of membrane-bound cyt c (MB-cyt c) can be obtained in vitro and that binding to membranes at low I generates an additional conformation with higher ET activity. This low I bound form of MB-cyt c (MBL-cyt c) exhibited intrinsic ET rates similar to those of electrostatically bound cyt c (EB-cyt c). The ET activity of IMM-bound MB-cyt c approached slowly that of MBL-cyt c or EB-cyt c, suggesting that MB-cyt c converts to MBL-cyt c while bound to IMM. When maintained at physiological I, both forms of MB-cyt c were released from the membrane, indicating that they convert to an EB-cyt c-like form. This process may be very dynamic in cellular mitochondria, as binding and release for both MB-cyt c forms increased considerably with temperature. I-Dependent binding of MB-cyt c does not require IMM, and it can be reproduced using large or small unilamellar vesicles (SUV). Using SUV-cyt c complexes, we characterized the secondary structure of MB-cyt c and MBL-cyt c by circular dichroism. Conformational analysis revealed that cyt c binding as MB-cyt c decreases its alpha-helical content (70-79%) and increases its beta-sheet up to 135%. The secondary structure of MBL-cyt c was similar to that of EB-cyt c and soluble cyt c, with a modest increase in beta-sheet. Taken together, our experiments suggest that physiological cyt c exists in soluble and membrane-bound conformations with similar ET activity, which may exchange very rapidly, and that soluble hydrophilic proteins can bind transiently to biomembranes.     

On the usefulness of latent variable causal modeling in testing theories of naturally occurring events (including adolescent drug use): A rejoinder to Martin.

Replies to J. A. Martin's (see record 1983-06984-001) criticism of the present authors' (see record 1981-32589-001) methodology and conclusions. It is stated that Martin's criticisms are the result of misreading the present authors' paper and citations, whereas other criticisms were discussed in the original paper and resolved through alternate forms of data analysis. Further analyses are presented to address issues raised by Martin, and arguments against latent variable models are refuted. (14 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Review of The clinical documentation sourcebook: A comprehensive collection of mental health practice forms, handouts, and records.

Reviews the book, The clinical documentation sourcebook: A comprehensive collection of mental health practice forms, handouts, and records by Donald E. Wiger (see record 1997-08921-000). According to the reviewer, the author of this book accomplishes six challenging tasks. He 1) provides the essential forms for operating a sound clinical practice; 2) incorporates the key data elements in the forms with a rationale describing use and purpose; 3) keeps the manual user friendly without flooding the reader with a lot of unnecessary text; 4) includes both blank forms and a computer disk for ease in modifying forms; 5) provides forms that lend themselves for ease in data collection for research and practice profiling and; 6) offers the book and software at a very reasonable price. Dr. Wiger makes a cogent case that his forms and clinical documentation will satisfy the demands of managed-care organizations. The reviewer highlights some areas of the book where improvement is possible. He then concludes that this book gives a private-practice clinician or a behavioral-health group/agency the tools to operate a practice ethically, legally, and in line with accreditation standards and third-party payer requirements. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A step backward in the recovered memory debate.

Comments on the critical issues raised in B. P. Karon & A. J. Widener's (see record 1998-12169-012) response to the criticisms of the present authors (see record 1998-12169-009) in response to Karon and Widener's (see record 1997-04849-007) article discussing the memories of WWII veterans in the context of the recovered memory debate. The authors suggest that by treating the lifting of repressions as synonymous with all forms of remembering, and repression as synonymous with all forms of nonreporting, Karon and Widener render the concept of repression so broad as to be virtually meaningless. This is a step backward in the complex debate concerning the existence of repressed and recovered memories of wartime trauma. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On processing dominance: Comment on Pomerantz.

Comments that J. R. Pomerantz (1983) has made several important contributions to processing of visual forms, including demonstrating asymmetric interference between global and local levels of forms and generalizing the notion of asymmetric interference effects to motion stimuli. The present author (a) distinguishes hypotheses about the origin of such effects (e.g., global precedence) from empirical generalizations concerning the conditions under which the effects occur, (b) defines a concept of processing dominance and describes several possible types, and (c) indicates the relevance of A. Treisman's (see record 1982-07512-001) theory of feature integration for interpreting various types of processing dominance effects. (23 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Mental representation of social relationships: Dimensions, laws, or categories?

The study of social relationships lies at the heart of the social sciences, but psychologists' understanding of the cognitive structures that support them remains in the hinterlands. Two studies supported the proposal that social relationships are represented by a small number of implicit categorical forms in contrast with accounts proposing dimensional representations or formally specifiable laws. Discrete forms based on 2 of A. P. Fiske's (1991; see also PA, Vol 80:5502) relational models predicted prototypicality ratings defined over a comprehensive field of hypothetical relationships better than corresponding dimensions of communality and authority and 3 laws of complementarity and symmetry propounded by D. J. Kiesler (see record 1983-30243-001), J. S. Wiggins (see record 1980-23392-001), and G. Bateson (1979). In addition, "competition" between the orthogonal dimensions was observed, strengthening the argument for categoriality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Why not test reading in three alphabets?

Comments on the article by G. Lukatela and M. T. Turvey (see record 1998-10886-004) which examined the reading process using written Serbo-Croatian language in its Cyrillic and Roman forms. The present author suggests that Lukatela and Turvey include a 3rd alphabet known as Slavica in their investigations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The deficit model of psychopathology: Another look.

In response to an article by A. Sugarman (see record 1995-33122-001) on the conflict–deficit controversy, the author (see record 1997-02351-007) addressed the deficit theory by questioning the categorical dichotomy being made in the field between conflict and deficit. In that commentary, the author pointed out that Freud came to the view that the ego was involved in all forms of psychopathology. The author continues to address the conflict–deficit controversy, but this time he does so by questioning the concept of structural deficit. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Validation of Kaufman, Ishikuma, and Kaufman-Packer's Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised short forms on a clinical sample.

Short forms of the WAIS—R developed by A. Kaufman et al (see record 1991-26206-001) were cross-validated on 207 male and 133 female psychiatric inpatients and outpatients (aged 16–79 yrs) with low mean IQ. Results showed that the short forms displayed psychometric properties comparable to those observed in the WAIS—R standardization sample. Validities were stable across differences in S age, gender, race, inpatient vs outpatient status, years of education, and diagnosis. In contrast to D. Boone's (see record 1992-25757-001) findings, the 4-subtest short form evidenced greater predictive accuracy than either the 2- or the 3-subtest form. Users are cautioned that it is inappropriate to classify individuals according to level of intelligence on the basis of short-form IQ scores. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Smith, McCarthy, and Anderson (2000).

Reports an error in the original article by Gregory T. Smith, Denis M. McCarthy, and Kristen G. Anderson (Psychological Assessment, 2000, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 102-111). Specifically, several formulas throughout the article contained errors. The corrected formulas are presented here. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 2000-07311-012.) The empirical short-form literature has been characterized by overly optimistic views of the transfer of validity from parent form to short form and by the weak application of psychometric principles in validating short forms. Reviewers have thus opposed constructing short forms altogether, implying researchers are succumbing to an inappropriate temptation by trying to abbreviate measures. The authors disagree. The authors do not oppose the development of short forms, but they do assert that the validity standards for short forms should be quite high. The authors identify 2 general and 9 specific methodological sins characterizing short-form construction and offer methodological suggestions for the sound development of short forms. They recommend a set of 6 a priori steps researchers should consider and 9 methodological procedures researchers can use to develop valid abbreviated forms of clinical-assessment procedures. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Composite reliability and standard errors of measurement for a seven-subtest short form of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised.

The composite reliability and standard errors of measurement were computed for prorated Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQ scores derived from a 7-subtest short form of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R) proposed by L. C. Ward (see record 1991-00137-001). The results indicate that this short form provides IQ scores that are as reliable as the complete WAIS—R. Together with previous findings that this short form has better concurrent validity than other short forms, the present findings justify substituting it for the complete WAIS—R in most clinical and research applications. The advantages of and objections to using short forms of the WAIS—R are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)