Nathan W. Shock (1906–1989): Obituary.

Notes the death of N. W. Shock, scientist emeritus of the National Institute on Aging (NIA). As the head of NIA's Gerontology Research Center for 35 yrs, Shock was instrumental in organizing governmental and scientific societies devoted to advancing scientific understanding of aging. One of the 1st scientists to see the importance of using longitudinal studies to study human aging, he distinguished normal aging from age-related disorders or diseases and recognized that people age differently. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Trends in stimulation and induction of labor 1989-1995

Between 1989 and 1995 the rates for stimulation and induction of labor rose every year, representing a 48 and 77 percent, respectively, total rise over the time period. In 1995 the rate of stimulation was 161 per 1,000 live births and of induction 160. Two percent, or 74,167, of the 3,899,589 births in 1995 had both procedures performed. While rates of stimulation decline with advancing maternal age, the induction rates tend to be higher for older women. Rates for both procedures increased between 1989 and 1995 for both black and white women in all age categories. Women whose pregnancies have extended beyond the expected gestation of 37 weeks consistently had much higher rates of both stimulation and induction. Rates for both procedures rose for doctors of medicine (MD's), doctors of osteopathy (DO's) and certified nurse-midwives (CNM's). DO's had the greatest increases in both stimulation and induction rates. Declines in the cesarean section rate were greater for births that were stimulated or induced than for those without either of these procedures. The rates for stimulated or induced vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) were double those of VBACs without such procedures.     

Joining science and application: Ethical challenges for researchers and practitioners.

The Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (American Psychological Association [APA], 1992) stresses the importance of a scientific base for professional practice and implementation of research procedures that protect participant welfare. This article examines 3 ethical concerns flowing from the science-practice relationship: (1) Does current research provide a scientific base for psychological interventions? (2) Do psychologists have an empirical foundation for addressing the needs of diverse populations? (3) Is the welfare of psychologically vulnerable research participants protected? A survey of 323 articles published in APA journals during 1991 indicates the need to increase the scientific evaluation of psychological treatments, the documentation of client and practitioner characteristics as they relate to service delivery, and the enlistment of practitioners in referral procedures for research participants in need of psychological treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

企业存货财务舞弊的识别及防范

缺乏诚信的企业常常利用编造虚假资料、随意变更存货计价方法、存货成本核算不规范、人为调账等方式进行存货财务舞弊。可通过实施存货监盘审计程序、应用分析性程序对存货财务舞弊进行有效的审计识别,同时采取完善存货内部控制制度、提高对存货财务舞弊的查处能力、加大对存货财务舞弊的处罚力度等措施防范存货财务舞弊。     

Leonard Saxe.

Presents an overview of the career and achievements of Leonard Saxe. For notable scientific contributions to psychology in the public interest. His research has both advanced human justice and led others to view national policies differently. Since 1980 his research on psychological interventions has provided guidance for the Congressional Office of Technology Assessment. His charge in each of four major studies was to conduct a scientific analysis of a national issue: (1) psychotherapy and its effectiveness; (2) evaluation of various treatments for alcohol abuse; (3) polygraph testing; and (4) the children's mental health system. The research findings have been used by Congress and other policy making groups, and each study has produced significant publications for the use of other scientists. Throughout his career Leonard Saxe has been an inspiring researcher and teacher, committed to advancing psychological knowledge and its application in the design of humane solutions to national problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The substance and the shadow.

Discusses the relationship between advancing technology (the substance) and good scientific theory (the shadow) in industrial/organizational psychology. Solutions presented for bridging the gap between social science and social technology include utilization of a teamwork approach to understanding problems of human abilities, motivations, and interpersonal behavior. Avoiding being prematurely "locked into" a concept before all alternatives are considered, and the incorporation of real-world data into controlled experimental settings, are advocated. Other methods include construction of models and theories that can be revised and updated as new data are supplied, and the strengthening of informational links between the 2 disciplines. (74 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Scientific psychology: What for?

Argues that discussions on the relevance of scientific psychology are meaningless without one's specifying the relevance to whom and for what. On the basis of 2 divergent concepts of science 2 kinds of psychology are distinguished. Each of these has different relevance to psychologists and to nonpsychologists for survival, the exercise of power, and making sense out of their experiences. Relevance differs for psychologists who reap pay-offs and for nonpsychologists who bear the costs of research, for those who control behavior, and for those who are being controlled. Concomitant with its relevance to psychologists for survival, power, and/or giving meaning to their lives, psychology as a science is hindered from advancing. (30 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Applied psychology: An international journey.

This article reviews evidence of the increasing internationalization of the field of psychology and traces some historical developments in this globalization of psychology as a scientific discipline and profession. Many of these developments are seen through the personal experiences, professional and scientific involvements, and reflections of the author over the past 40 years. Trends in the process and content of the international aspects of psychology are discussed. These include examples of organizational efforts to increase communication and cooperation in advancing psychological knowledge internationally, as well as the conducting of transnational research projects. These efforts have increasingly addressed significant social problems of concern in many different countries. Parallel and joint efforts of psychologists from different countries have added a new vitality to the field of applied psychology, extended our research generalizations, and enriched our science. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Hygiene in the surgical department--recommendations by the National Reference Center for Hospital Hygiene

Many hygienic procedures performed in operation units are not supported by scientific investigations. The following recommendations by the National Reference Center for Hospital Epidemiology, founded by the German Ministry of Health in 1996, are based on the scientific literature and separate necessary from less necessary and unnecessary procedures.     

Editorial.

Psychological Methods is new. The primary purpose of this journal is communication of methodological ideas and procedures between those who develop methodology and those who use these ideas and procedures in the quest for scientific understanding of the basic phenomena of our field. Papers published in Psychological Methods must be of importance for the conduct of research. In addition, papers must be technically accurate. The journal will be successful with the cooperation of authors, reviewers, and the readership. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The scientific basis of psychotherapeutic practice: A question of values and ethics.

Contends that psychotherapy is best understood as an application of available scientific knowledge and that psychotherapists must share the value presumptions that (a) knowledge about human behavior is susceptible to systematic inquiry through a variety of scientific procedures, and (b) modifications of theory and practice must reflect the most recent findings of empirical research. The issue is raised of whether the individuals trained in the various institutes or schools of psychotherapy are sufficiently knowledgeable about the nature of the scientific process, how information is accumulated systematically, or how theory or practice is evaluated in a scientific profession. (49 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Extractive Metallurgy Today,Progress and Problems

In the past few years extractive metallurgy has been advancing gradually. There have beun probably few remarkable new ideas but there has been an important progress in the metallurgical literature. Numerous meetings devoted to various aspects of extractive metallurgy were held and,the proceedings of these meetings were published in the form of useful books readily available to the scientific community. Besides, annual reviews covering all areas of extractive metallurgy arc being published. One may outline the progress and the problems in the following points: (i) processing of low-grade ores, (ii) processing of complex ores, (iii) preparation of metals in a high purity, (iv) increased demand for metals, (v) conservation of mineral resources, (vi) abating pollution of the environment, (vii) minimum expenditure of energy, and (viii) process control, manpower, and automation.     

试论高校学报选题策划的意义与原则

选题策划是高校学报编辑工作中不可或缺的组成部分,在高校学报编辑中起着至关重要的作用,它是提高高校学报质量的重要途径,是高校学报形成特色与风格的重要手段.选题策划应遵循科学性、创新性、效益性、开放性和超前性等基本原则.     

Distinguished scientific award for the applications of psychology: Aaron T. Beck.

The Distinguished Scientific Award for the Applications of Psychology is presented to a person who, in the opinion of the Committee on Scientific Awards, has made distinguished theoretical or empirical advances leading to the understanding or amelioration of important practical problems. In accordance with established custom, the award winner will be invited to present an address on some phase of his or her scientific work at the 1990 APA Convention. The winner for 1989 is Aaron T. Beck. He received this award "for advancing our understanding and treatment of psychopathology." His pioneering work on depression has profoundly altered the way this disorder is conceptualized, assessed, diagnosed, and treated. Beck's citation, biography, and selected bibliography are presented here. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Spherically symmetric random walks. II. Dimensionally dependent critical behavior

Age differences in depressive symptom experiences were investigated in a community sample of women (N = 287, ages 55-95 years). The purpose of the analysis was to compare the age-depression relation using 3 different measurement approaches: (a) a standard screening scale, (b) a clinical diagnostic, and (c) a latent variable measurement approach. The analysis, which uses structural equation modeling procedures, extends earlier confirmatory factor analyses of the Symptom Checklist-90--Revised Depression and Additional Symptoms scales conducted by Newmann, Engel, & Jensen (1990, 1991a, 1991b). Findings show that each measurement approach leads to different conclusions about the age-depression relation, with only the latent variable measurement showing a significant increase in depressive symptoms with advancing age. Implications of these findings for future research on aging depression are discussed.     

What do data really mean? Research findings, meta-analysis, and cumulative knowledge in psychology.

How should data be interpreted to optimize the possibilities for cumulative scientific knowledge? Many believe that traditional data interpretation procedures based on statistical significance tests reduce the impact of sampling error on scientific inference. Meta-analysis shows that the significance test actually obscures underlying regularities and processes in individual studies and in research literatures, leading to systematically erroneous conclusions. Meta-analysis methods can solve these problems, and have done so in some areas. However, meta-analysis represents more than merely a change in methods of data analysis. It requires major changes in the way psychologists view the general research process. Views of the scientific value of the individual empirical study, the current reward structure in research, and even the fundamental nature of scientific discovery may change. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reactions to the May 1972 draft report of the ad hoc Committee on Ethical Standards in Psychological Research.

Contends that the American Psychological Association ad hoc Committee on Ethical Standards has composed a balanced, literate document which fully reflects but does not resolve the fundamental differences among psychologists with regard to the conflicting interests of the factions represented and their disparate hierarchies of values. Although these differences may be at present irreconcilable, the present author recommends that an E who plans to violate the basic rights of Ss demonstrate to a committee of his peers that (a) his objectives, if achieved, would have scientific or social merit; (b) experimental procedures which violate the rights of Ss are necessary to his objectives and will further them significantly better than alternative methods; and (c) debriefing procedures will remove the undesirable consequences of experimental procedures. E should demonstrate to a committee of the prospective Ss' peers that (a) his objectives, if achieved, would have social significance from their point of view; and (b) the indignities suffered by Ss are not excessive in view of this social significance. It is suggested that Es should consider the growing body of evidence that deception is ineffective and thus question the scientific gain to be accomplished by deception. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Perceptions of scientific misconduct in nursing

Recently, scientific misconduct and ethical problems in research have been widely discussed. Some have created embarrassment and shaken the scientific community. In response to concerns about the adequacy of the scientific community's self-regulations, attempts are being made to refine policies and procedures for handling allegations of misconduct.     

Depressive symptom experiences among older women: A comparison of alternative measurement approaches.

Age differences in depressive symptom experiences were investigated in a community sample of women (N?=?287, aged 55–95 years). The purpose of the analysts was to compare the age-depression relation using 3 different measurement approaches: (a) a standard screening scale, (b) a clinical diagnostic, and (c) a latent variable measurement approach. The analysis, which uses structural equation modeling procedures, extends earlier confirmatory factor analyses of the Symptom Checklist-90—Revised Depression and Additional Symptoms scales conducted by Newmann, Engel, & Jensen (1990, 1991). Findings show that each measurement approach leads to different conclusions about the age-depression relation, with only the latent variable measurement showing a significant increase in depressive symptoms with advancing age. Implications of these findings for future research on aging and depression are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Teachers of psychology in secondary schools (TOPSS): Aiming for excellence in high school psychology instruction.

National figures indicate that there are between 10,000 and 12,000 high school teachers of psychology in the United States who introduce between 700,000 and 900,000 students to the field of psychology each year. For many students, this is their only formal introduction to the field. It is essential, therefore, that efforts are made to ensure that both students and teachers are provided sound information about psychological services and the scientific principles on which they are based. The American Psychological Association 's Teachers of Psychology in Secondary Schools (TOPSS) is dedicated to this end. TOPSS, through its diverse projects, including curriculum standards, student recruitment and retention, and the promotion of critical thinking, is committed to advancing the science and practice of psychology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)