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1.
5 groups of 15 female undergraduates reporting fear of snakes participated in 2 behavioral avoidance tests employing a snake as the target object. 4 groups were first tested under low demand for approach and then under the same conditions or under 1 of 3 conditions of demand increase, mediated by instructions, mode of administration, or both. The 5th group was tested under high, then low demand. Ss first tested under low demand showed significantly more fear than those first tested under high demand. In addition, Ss in the demand-increase groups showed significant increases in approach at the 2nd behavior avoidance test, while Ss in the demand-decrease group showed a significant reduction in approach. Ss in the repeated-measure control group showed no significant changes. (16 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

2.
In the current study, we evaluated the effectiveness of attention training in individuals with subclinical obsessive-compulsive symptoms. We hypothesized that after completing attention training, participants would be more likely to complete steps in a hierarchy approaching their feared contaminant compared with participants in the control condition. Participants completed a probe detection task by identifying letters replacing one member of a pair of words (neutral or contamination related). We trained attention by building a contingency between the location of the contamination-related word in the active condition and not in the control condition. Participants in the active group showed a significant reduction in attention bias for threat and completed significantly more steps when approaching their feared objects compared with participants in the control group. Our results suggest that attention disengagement training may facilitate approaching feared objects in individuals with obsessive-compulsive symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

3.
Varied level of demand for approach to a live snake in a behavioral avoidance test by presenting the test either as a measure of degree of avoidance (low demand) or as a measure of physiological components of anxiety which required that Ss handle the target object (high demand). Mode of presentation of instructions was also manipulated; 1/2 of the 50 female undergraduates in each condition heard "1-shot" tape-recorded instructions and were alone in the test room (impersonal mode), while the other 1/2 heard the instructions presented by a "live" E who accompanied the S to the test room and provided sequential instructions for each step in the behavioral avoidance test (personal mode). The main effect of context was significant on latency to touch and overt fear measures (with low-demand Ss displaying more fear), while the main effect of mode was significant for behavior approach score as well as overt fear (the personal mode was associated with less avoidance). Implications for psychotherapy outcome research employing behavioral avoidance tests are discussed. (61 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

4.
Behavioral and economic theories have long maintained that actions are chosen so as to minimize demands for exertion or work, a principle sometimes referred to as the law of less work. The data supporting this idea pertain almost entirely to demands for physical effort. However, the same minimization principle has often been assumed also to apply to cognitive demand. The authors set out to evaluate the validity of this assumption. In 6 behavioral experiments, participants chose freely between courses of action associated with different levels of demand for controlled information processing. Together, the results of these experiments revealed a bias in favor of the less demanding course of action. The bias was obtained across a range of choice settings and demand manipulations and was not wholly attributable to strategic avoidance of errors, minimization of time on task, or maximization of the rate of goal achievement. It is remarkable that the effect also did not depend on awareness of the demand manipulation. Consistent with a motivational account, avoidance of demand displayed sensitivity to task incentives and covaried with individual differences in the efficacy of executive control. The findings reported, together with convergent neuroscientific evidence, lend support to the idea that anticipated cognitive demand plays a significant role in behavioral decision making. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

5.
The behavioral inhibition system (BIS) is the neurological substrate of trait anxiety and is linked to the development of anxiety disorders. Three experiments are reported that investigate the moderating influence of the BIS on 1 pathway to fear: threat information. In all studies, children were given verbal information about a set of novel animals, and their BIS sensitivity was measured. The results suggest that BIS sensitivity (a) facilitates attentional biases to stimuli associated with threat information and (b) facilitates behavioral avoidance of novel stimuli associated with threat information. This suggests a possible mechanism through which the BIS may promote the acquisition of animal fears. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

6.
A battery of rigidity tests, some of which were selected from the literature and others which were newly constructed were administered to a group of 216 Ss selected to represent a wide range of age, occupation, and education. Factor analysis of the results resulted in the rejection of the hypothesis of a single rigidity factor. Instead, behavioral rigidity seems best described by three factors, interpreted as "motor-cognitive speed," "personality-perceptual rigidity," and "motor-cognitive rigidity." Subsequent testing on another population produced a simple structure matrix in substantial agreement with that obtained from the first sample. Norms and test manual are made available through the American Documentation Institute. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

7.
This experiment examined the effects of feeding conditions on orally self-administered phencyclidine (PCP) or ethanol in rhesus monkeys using a behavioral≡oral economic analysis. Drug intake was measured as a function of drug cost, which was varied by changes in the fixed ratio (FR) schedule. The monkeys were trained to respond for PCP (0.25 mg/ml) or ethanol (8% wt/vol) with concurrent water available under FR 4-128 schedules. As the FR increased. drug intake decreased in a positively decelerating manner. Results suggest that food deprivation increased the reinforcement value of the drugs as well as significantly increasing consumption of both PCP and ethanol. In addition, ethanol and PCP deliveries showed proportionally greater increases due to food deprivation as FR increased. Together, these results suggest that food deprivation increases the reinforcing efficacy of drugs and this eifect is enhanced as the cost (FR) of the drug increases. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

8.
"What's wrong with my genetically engineered animal?" is a common yet often difficult to answer question in behavioral phenotyping. We present here a method termed Pattern Array for mining movement patterns and isolating those that best capture an effect of a genetic manipulation. We demonstrate the method by searching for early motor symptoms in the open-field behavior of SOD1 mutant rats, an animal model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Pattern Array was able to identify a unique motor pattern that differentiated the SOD1 mutants from the wild-type controls 2 months before disease onset. This pattern included heavy braking while moving near the arena wall but turning away from it. SOD1 mutants performed this pattern significantly less than wild-type controls in 2 independent data sets. At such early age the SOD1 mutants could not be differentiated from the controls by standard behavioral measures or by subjective observation. The early discovered symptom may enable investigators to test therapies aimed for intervention rather than remediation. Our results demonstrate the feasibility and potential of detecting subtle behavioral effects using data mining strategies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

9.
Self-reported unassertive undergraduates participated in behavioral role-playing situations under low- and high-demand instructions. Analyses of Ss' responses for overall assertiveness, response latency, and response duration showed significant effects and/or interactions of demand characteristics on latency, time, and assertion scores. Results are relevant for the clinical determination of whether individuals' unassertiveness might be due to acquisition or performance deficits. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

10.
Four experiments employing a total of 148 male Wistar rats investigated the role of lysine vasopressin (LVP) in maintaining shock-avoidance behavior under extinction conditions; a pole-jump situation was used. In 3 experiments, a single injection of 1 μg LVP was administered to Ss on the 1st acquisition session. The following results were obtained: (a) Resistance to extinction occurred when LVP effects were restricted to a single correct response; (b) similar effects occurred when the injection was delayed until immediately after the trial; and (c) classical conditioning alone was a sufficient behavioral substrate for these effects, but instrumental conditioning was more effective. In Exp IV, 1 μg LVP produced increased resistance to extinction when given in association with behavior which accelerated extinction. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

11.
Studied 360 male hooded and Holtzman rats that received either one-way or shuttle-avoidance training at 1 of 4 retention intervals following exposure to signaled inescapable shock. Hooded rats exhibited a -shaped retention function in both tasks, while Holtzman rats demonstrated a curvilinear function only in the shuttle task. In Exp. II scopolamine improved and physostigmine disrupted shuttle-avoidance performance, and both altered the form of the retention curve in 300 male Holtzman rats. In the 1-way task physostigmine essentially produced a curve which approximates a -shaped retention function early in training. The data support a hypothesis based on activity changes, subserved by adrenergic-cholinergic mechanisms, as being involved in the production of the Kamin effect. (42 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

12.
Behavioral hypotheses about depression suggest that depression is a function of rate of reinforcement. Initial level of depression and locus of control were hypothesized to enhance this effect. 96 normal volunteer female Ss (62 nursing students and 34 high school students) were separated into groups on the basis of median splits on MMPI D and Rotter's Internal-External Control Scale scores, and were given either 80 or 20% positive reinforcement on a pseudosocial intelligence task. The lower rate of reinforcement resulted in more depressive behavior as measured by the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List, self-confidence ratings, and response latencies. Partial support was obtained for the enhancement of the reinforcement effect with initially more depressed Ss. No locus of control effects were found. Ss who were more depressed initially underestimated the amount of positive feedback they received. Results are discussed in terms of behavioral accounts of depression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

13.
In studies on avoidance learning, a warning signal is followed by an aversive unconditioned stimulus unless the participant performs a designated response. The authors examined whether avoidance behavior can be based on hierarchical knowledge, that is, knowledge about the conditions under which certain relations hold. In the present study, a single avoidance response had different effects depending on the nature of the warning signal. Results showed that participants acquired this hierarchical knowledge and used it to avoid negative outcomes. The results are in line with an occasion setting account of avoidance learning and can be explained also by a modified version of Lovibond's (2006) account of avoidance learning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

14.
The hypothesis that increases in adrenocorticoid levels sensitively reflect behavioral arousal was tested by subjecting 8 adult male rhesus monkeys to repeated sessions of free-operant avoidance; these sessions produced varying degrees of behavioral arousal over time, which were quantified by a behavioral scoring technique. Cortisol was reliably elevated only in the most aroused Ss early in the 1st avoidance session. Although Ss were still aroused later in the session, cortisol had returned to basal levels. During subsequent avoidance sessions, cortisol returned to basal levels and did not increase significantly even when arousal was further manipulated by the superimposition of unavoidable shock during the final avoidance session. The addition of unavoidable shock was associated with a significant correlation between arousal, as reflected by increases in response rate, and magnitude of change, usually decreases, in mean cortisol levels. The frequent occurrences of dissociations between cortisol levels and behavioral arousal, as reflected by behavioral score, operant rate, and shock frequency, indicated that cortisol levels are of little use as a neuroendocrine index of arousal. (31 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

15.
The effects of acute pentobarbital treatment were assessed using a complex operant test battery containing five tasks in which correct performance is thought to depend upon processes associated with short-term memory and attention [delayed-matching-to-sample (DMTS)], color and position discrimination [conditioned position responding (CPR)], motivation [progressive ratio (PR)], time perception [temporal response differentiation (TRD)], and learning [incremental repeated acquisition (IRA)]. Adult, male rhesus monkeys were tested 15 min after IV injection of saline or pentobarbital (1, 3, 5.6, 10, or 15 mg/kg). Behavioral endpoints measured included percent task completed, response rate or latency, and response accuracy. The order of task sensitivity to disruption by PBT was TRD > IRA = DMTS = PR > CPR, in which sensitivity was defined as a significant disruption in any aspect of task performance. PBT slowed response rates at 10.0 and/or 15.0 mg/kg in all tasks. Accuracy was decreased in the TRD task at > or = 5.6 mg/kg but doses of > or = 10.0 mg/kg were required to decrease accuracy in the IRA, DMTS, and CPR tasks. Thus, behavior thought to model time perception (TRD) was more sensitive than behavior modeling learning (IRA), short-term memory and attention (DMTS), and motivation (PR). CPR was the least sensitive behavior. Because pentobarbital exerts its effects at least in part via GABA systems, the effects in the current study were compared with those of a previous study of the acute effects of diazepam. The two compounds exerted fundamentally different effects on operant test battery performance.  相似文献   

16.
Conducted a study to extend the learned helplessness phenomenon to a clinical population and to test the competing hypotheses of M. E. Seligman (1975) and P. M. Lewinsohn (1974). 96 male hospitalized psychiatric and medical patients were divided into 3 levels of depression according to their scores on the Short Form of the Beck Depression Inventory. Ss were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 experimental conditions: (a) One group was treated with an 80-db tone, which could be terminated by making an active response; (b) a 2nd group was treated with the tone with a passive escape contingency; (c) a 3rd group was treated with an inescapable tone; and (d) a no-noise group served as a control. After treatment, Ss were tested on an anagram-solving task. Inescapable noise produced as much deficit in the low-depressed Ss as was present in the depressed no-noise control Ss. Passive escape Ss did as well as active escape Ss. Results replicate the learned helplessness phenomenon in a group of clinical depressives and support Seligman's model of depression. (18 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

17.
Overcoming fears of attachment in an adult with a detached personality.   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
Describes the clinical application of attachment theory to a 30-yr-old woman with a detached personality. Attachment theory conceives of a detached personality as marked by fear and avoidance of close relationships, resulting from separation of threat of separation from attachment figures. In this view, psychotherapy offers a special attachment relationship within which the person may explore attachment and separation experiences, beginning in childhood. (19 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

18.
Syndromal classification is a well-developed diagnostic system but has failed to deliver on its promise of the identification of functional pathological processes. Functional analysis is tightly connected to treatment but has failed to develop testable, replicable classification systems. Functional diagnostic dimensions are suggested as a way to develop the functional classification approach, and experiential avoidance is described as 1 such dimension. A wide range of research is reviewed showing that many forms of psychopathology can be conceptualized as unhealthy efforts to escape and avoid emotions, thoughts, memories, and other private experiences. It is argued that experiential avoidance, as a functional diagnostic dimension, has the potential to integrate the efforts and findings of researchers from a wide variety of theoretical paradigms, research interests, and clinical domains and to lead to testable new approaches to the analysis and treatment of behavioral disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

19.
It is held that the tail-flick test of pain depends on a spinal reflex because a similar response is observed in spinally transected rats. But when subjects were manually held and a cool heat setting was used, supraspinal systems facilitated the response (Experiment 1). This effect did not depend on the rate at which the tail was heated (Experiment 2) but rather on the co-occurrence of visual, auditory, and tactile cues that predict impending pain (Experiments 3 and 4). Subjects rapidly learned to exhibit a tail movement during these co-occurring cues, and this avoidance response was instrumental in nature (Experiment 5). Optimal learning was observed when the visual signal was presented 8–12 s before a heat-elicited response is normally observed (Experiment 6), and a low dose of morphine inhibited the performance of the instrumental response (Experiment 7). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

20.
Strategies for adapting instructional support and learning incentives were applied separately and in combination to a lesson on mathematical rules. Adaptations were based on individual students' pretest scores such that the lower the score, the greater the rule support and incentive value. 105 undergraduates participated, and an additional 41 from the same course served as a norming group for the validation of measures. On dependent measures of retention and learning efficiency (posttest/time), adaptation of support improved performance significantly when compared with standard support. Incentive effects, however, were not reliable. An additional comparison strategy, which intentionally mismatched allocations of incentives and instructional support, yielded the lowest performances of all treatments. The results, overall, provide support for the "achievement–treatment interaction" hypothesis and suggest the practical advantages for adapting instructional support to students in self-managed learning systems. (12 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

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