Measuring intelligence with the Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test.

Critically evaluates the literature on the Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test (GH) through 1977. Areas reviewed are administration and standardization of the Man and Woman scales, test ceiling, sex differences, the Quality scale, reliability, criterion validity, validity with measures of academic achievement, cultural variables, and use with the learning disabled and the mentally retarded. It was found that although the GH is a reliable measure for children between 5 and 12 yrs old, it is not a valid predictor of criterion measures of intelligence or academic achievement. Socioeconomic status was found to exert a more powerful effect on GH performance than race, geographic location, or size of place of residence. It is recommended that future research focus on the use of the test as a gross screening device for those in the lower ranges of intelligence. (89 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Was this article necessary?

Criticizes D. C. McClelland's (see record 1973-22126-001) discussion of intelligence testing as an unqualified negation of the field of intelligence testing. Contradictions in McClelland's discussion, including issues concerning criterion sampling in testing and the standardization factor in test construction, are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Water-Jar Einstellung Test as a measure of rigidity: Erratum.

Reports an error in the original article by E. E. Levitt (Psychological Bulletin, 1955[Sep], Vol 53[5], 347-370). On page 368, right-hand column; the text: "1. After eight years of research, evidence for the validity of the water-jar test as a measure of validity is still lacking." should read: "1. After eight years of research, evidence for the validity of the water-jar test as a measure of rigidity is still lacking.". (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1958-02905-001.) The primary purpose of the present paper is to examine the validity of the water-jar test as a rigidity measure by critically reviewing studies involving its use as such an index." Correlations between the water-jar test (WJT) and numerous criterion measures are generally statistically nonsignificant. On the basis of several studies it is tentatively concluded that a low negative correlation between the WJT and intelligence exists. The notion that rigidity increases under stress is not supported by the research evidence. The author concludes that evidence for the validity of the WJT is lacking and that the WJT, from a psychometric point of view, is poor. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The water-jar Einstellung test as a measure of rigidity.

"The primary purpose of the present paper is to examine the validity of the water-jar test as a rigidity measure by critically reviewing studies involving its use as such an index." Correlations between the water-jar test (WJT) and numerous criterion measures are generally statistically nonsignificant. On the basis of several studies it is tentatively concluded that a low negative correlation between the WJT and intelligence exists. The notion that rigidity increases under stress is not supported by the research evidence. The author concludes that evidence for the validity of the WJT is lacking and that the WJT, from a psychometric point of view, is poor. 59 references. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Interrater agreement and predictive validity.

Ss were 549 illiterate Iranian truck drivers rated for intelligence and given an individual intelligence test. To relate unreliability of ratings to validity, correlations were made between intelligence test scores and 4 groups of criterion ratings differing in reliability. The authors conclude that in the construction of rating scales, weighting of ratings by their agreement is better than by their disagreement. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Intelligence and Maturity: Meta-Analytic Evidence for the Incremental and Discriminant Validity of Loevinger's Measure of Ego Development.

This review examined whether Loevinger's measure of personality (ego) development is equivalent to the measurement of intelligence. The authors conducted a meta-analysis of 52 correlations between ego level scores and intelligence test scores (retrieved from 42 studies involving 5,648 participants). The weighted average correlation between ego level and intelligence ranged from .20 to .34, depending on the intellectual ability assessed (e.g., verbal intelligence). Adjusting for measurement unreliability increased these values only minimally. The authors also reviewed 16 studies that examined the association between ego level and various criterion variables (e.g., aggressive behavior) after statistically controlling for the effects of intelligence. Ninety-four percent of the tests revealed significant relations between ego level and criterion variables after controlling for intelligence, indicating that ego development and intelligence are not interchangeable constructs. These findings do not support recent speculations concerning the limited value of stage models of maturity, social development, and moral reasoning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Inspection time for inspection time: A reply to Deary and Stough.

Critiques the article by I. J. Deary and C. Stough (see record 83-29472) on inspection time as a measure of intelligence. Issues discussed include Deary and Stough's focus on tasks rather than on theories of mental representation and mechanism, their use of IQ alone as the criterion against which to validate measures, and their lack of acknowledgement that information processing theories as discussed in their article are speculative, and are not presented with supporting empirical evidence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Convergence of stranger ratings of personality and intelligence with self-ratings, partner ratings, and measured intelligence.

Several studies have shown above-chance agreement of self-reports on extraversion and conscientiousness with ratings by strangers, indicating that ratings by strangers might be quite accurate. Because self-reports are a less-than-ideal criterion to evaluate the accuracy of stranger ratings, however, the present study compared them also with ratings by acquaintances and with targets' performance on an intelligence test. Ratings of extraversion, conscientiousness, and intelligence by strangers having been exposed to a videotape of targets were significantly related to self-reports of these traits as well as to ratings by acquaintances. Moreover, ratings of intelligence by strangers were related to targets' measured intelligence, provided that judges had been exposed to a sound film of the targets. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Lost: Our intelligence? Why?

The "concept of general intelligence, despite being maligned by a few, regarded as a 2nd-order function by some, and discarded or ignored by others, still has a rightful place in the science of psychology and in the practical affairs of man." "It is far from clear that tests of general intelligence have been outmoded by the multi-test batteries as the more useful predictors of school achievement." In fact some evidence suggests that "better predictions are possible via old-fashioned general intelligence tests." Discussion focuses on reasons for discarding the idea of general intelligence, factor theories of intelligence, and recent trends in the assessment of "general intelligence." "By the criterion of social usefulness, the multiple aptitude batteries have been found wanting." It is "time for the profession to establish a bureau of standards to test the tests." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Predictive validity of psychometric evaluations of supervisors.

31 higher level employees in 1 firm and 26 in another were assessed by objective test batteries. Clinical interpretations of test data, test scores, and other predictors were analyzed with reference to criterion personality ratings and management decisions at a follow-up point of 3? yr. for the 1st sample and 7 yr. for the 2nd. Predictive validity of test assessments was generally satisfactory in the 1st sample, although not pragmatically superior to that of certain objective data. Prediction was less satisfactory in the 2nd sample, but more unique to test data. A matching study indicated some correspondence of test reports and criterion personality sketches in the 2nd sample. Uninterpreted test scores were not generally valid except as measures of intelligence. (20 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Childhood learning potential as an alternative to traditional ability measures.

Hypothesized advantages of Learning Potential (LP) assessments were investigated for kindergartners varying in racial background (Anglo, Black, English-dominant Puerto Rican, Spanish-dominant Puerto Rican). Ss (N?=?209) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: LP, test coaching, and test practice. Subsequent to treatments, children were evaluated on 2 standardized criteria of academic achievement, 2 teacher-rated criteria of achievement, and 3 dimensions of learning-related classroom behavior. Research hypotheses anticipated relatively higher posttest scores and improved criterion validity for children in the LP condition. Moreover, it was expected on the basis of LP theory that minority children in the LP condition would display greater score increments than Anglos. Results failed to support any hypothesis. The most notable finding was that a single subtest score from a traditional intelligence test predicted criterion performance as well as the more involved LP posttest score. Implications are discussed in the context of LP testing and current assessment practice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Myklebust's cognitive structure hypothesis for 91 dyslexic students of Delft University of Technology.

Investigated various aspects of dyslexia in persons over age 15. A study of all spelling mistakes in written work of 626 secondary school pupils resulted in a diagnostic criterion. Data from 91 dyslexic college students, analyzed over 7 yrs, show that intelligence test profiles differed markedly, making possible a classification as dyslexic or nondyslexic with a certainty of 80%. Marked differences in intercorrelation patterns between subtests were found between the successful dyslexic students, dropouts, and engineers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

MtDNA mutations associated with sideroblastic anaemia cause a defect of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase

Ethanol has been shown to be oxidized to a free radical metabolite, the 1-hydroxyethyl radical (HER). Interaction of HER with cellular antioxidants may contribute to the known ability of ethanol administration to lower levels of GSH and alpha-tocopherol. Experiments were carried out to establish a model system for the generation of HER and to study its interaction with GSH, ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol. A standard reaction for formation of azo-compounds using acetaldehyde and hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid was applied for the synthesis of 1,1'-dihydroxyazoethane (CH3CH(OH)-N=N-CH(OH)CH3). Although stable at -70 degrees C, thermal decomposition of this compound at room temperature was shown to produce HER, detected by EPR spectrometry as the PBN/HER or DMPO/HER spin adducts, and validated by computer simulation. GSH, present at the beginning of the experiment, inhibited formation of the PBN/HER signal. However, GSH did not cause any decay of pre-formed PBN/HER spin adduct. GSH was consumed in the presence of the HER-generating system in a reaction largely reversed by addition of NADPH plus glutathione reductase. Ascorbate also inhibited formation of the PBN/HER spin adduct and rapidly reduced the pre-formed adduct. HER amplified the oxidation of ascorbate, which was associated with the formation of the semidehydroascorbyl radical. Alpha-tocopherol was also consumed in the presence of HER. Production of HER in intact HepG2 cells by the redox cycling of 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone was associated with consumption of GSH. These data demonstrate the use of a simple chemical system for the controlled, continuous formation of HER and indicate that cellular antioxidants such as GSH, ascorbate, and alpha-tocopherol, interact with HER. The ability of agents such as ascorbate to reduce the PBN/HER spin adduct to EPR-silent product(s) may mask the quantitative detection of HER in biological systems.     

Survey of expert opinion on intelligence and aptitude testing.

Psychologists and educational specialists with expertise in areas related to intelligence testing responded to a questionnaire dealing with a wide variety of issues constituting the IQ controversy. Overall, experts hold positive attitudes about the validity and usefulness of intelligence and aptitude tests. Tests are seen as adequately measuring most important elements of intelligence, although the tests are believed to be somewhat racially and socioeconomically biased. There is overwhelming support for a significant within-group heritability for IQ, and a majority of respondents feel that black-white and socioeconomic status IQ differences are also partially hereditary. Problems with intelligence tests are perceived in the influence of nonintellectual characteristics on test performance and in the frequent misinterpretation and overreliance on test scores in elementary and secondary schools. Despite these difficulties, experts favor the continued use of intelligence and aptitude tests at their present level. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A further search for social intelligence.

Previous research has failed to identify an empirically coherent domain of social intelligence despite widespread intuitions among both laypersons and experts that social and academic abilities are at least partly distinct phenomena. The present study resolved this discrepancy between formal and informal observations by employing a behavioral effectiveness criterion to conceptually and operationally define social intelligence. D. P. Keating's (see record 1979-09784-001) methodological model was employed to examine 4 measures of academic intelligence and 6 measures of social intelligence using 3 correlational procedures. 690 9th and 12th graders participated. Univariate correlations demonstrated both convergent and discriminant validity; factor analyses revealed a distinct Social Intelligence factor; and a stepwise multiple regression confirmed the greater power of the social measures to predict a behavioral measure of social effectiveness. Implications for research on social cognition and social competence and for the design of educational programs intended to promote social abilities are discussed. (40 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Epidemiological transition in Latin America: a comparison of four countries

Selective transfer of genes to specific cells remains a barrier to successful utilization of somatic gene therapy. We hypothesized that the human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2, also called ErbB2), a membrane tyrosine kinase highly expressed in many epithelial tumors, could be an immunological target for gene transfer. To test this hypothesis in vitro, we non-covalently linked a luciferase expression vector (pRSVLuc) to a humanized HER2 antibody (rhuMAbHER2) covalently modified with poly-L-lysine bridges (PL). This complex (PL-rhuMAbHER2) was tested for its ability to direct gene transfer to HER2 expressing cells in vitro using NIH3T3 (HER2 nonexpressing) and NIH3T3.HER2 (HER2 expressing) cell lines as a model system. Twenty-four hours after exposing NIH3T3.HER2 cells to the PL-rhuMAbHER2-pRSVLuc complexes and 100 microM chloroquine, luciferase expression was 180-fold higher than that obtained from a conjugate made with an isotype-matched antibody against an irrelevant target. Exposing the HER2-expressing adenocarcinoma cell lines BT474 and SKBR3 to the HER2-targeted complexes also resulted in successful gene transfer and expression. Gene transfer was specific for the HER2 receptor, because preincubation of HER2-expressing cells with unconjugated rhuMAbHER2 decreased complex-mediated luciferase expression by 95%. These studies suggest that HER2 may be an appropriate target for selective gene transfer and that PL-rhuMAbHER2-DNA complexes may be a useful vehicle for directing gene transfer to cells that express HER2.     

A canonical correlation analysis of cortical evoked response and intelligence test data.

Notes that there has recently been considerable interest in the use of averaged cortical evoked responses for the measurement of intelligence. To the clinical or educational psychologist they may provide a more objective assessment of intelligence. To the researcher interested in the nature and development of intelligence they may provide a means of investigating the biological substrate of intelligence. The present canonical correlation analysis of evoked response and intelligence test data from a previous study seems to indicate that, while evoked response data may have some value for research, it may not be so useful for individual prediction. (French summary) (25 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Epidemiological studies in children of a low-endemic region, a high-endemic region, and dwellers of a leprosy colony: evaluation of anti-ND-BSA antibodies and lepromin response

Children residing in a low-endemic region (LER), a high-endemic region (HER), and a leprosy colony contact population (CP) were evaluated for lepromin response as well as reactivity to the Mycobacterium leprae-specific synthetic antigen, ND-BSA. The mean reactivity to ND-BSA in the LER group (OD 0.03 +/- 0.03, N = 71) was significantly lower (p < 0.001) than that in the contact population (OD 0.14 +/- 0.09, N = 140) as well as the population residing in the HER (OD 0.09 +/- 0.08, N = 1340). ELISA-positive results were the highest (21.4%) with the CP group and lowest (0.0%) in the LER group, suggesting that it was a measure of the extent of exposure of M. leprae. In the contact population, females showed a preponderance for ELISA positivity over males (p < 0.005), a finding not observed with the HER population. The Mitsuda responses showed a Gaussian-type distribution in all of the three populations examined with the mean response being highest in the LER (6.0 mm +/- 2.9) and lowest in the HER (4.5 mm +/- 2.0) groups. The percent positivity for the Mitsuda reaction was found to be highest in the LER (93.0%) and lowest in the HER (88.3%) groups. The Mitsuda response thus appears to be independent of M. leprae exposure, and its interpretation in a given population needs consideration of several factors, such as nutritional, environmental, etc.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Recall of interrupted tasks under stress: A phenomenon of memory or of learning?

The study proposed to answer three questions: "1. Is superior recall of successes in an intelligence test situation (S-recall) a function of selective forgetting (repression) of failures or selective learning in favor of successes? 2. Is superior recall of failures in this situation (F-recall) a function of selective remembering or selective learning in favor of failures? 3. Is there a mnemonic reaction to the test as a whole?" Findings indicate that: "1. Both the S- and f-recall tendencies were due to a selective learning rather than a selective remembering mechanism. 2. A repression was demonstrated for S-recallers with regard to the stress situation as a whole. 3. A comparable process of enhanced retention of the total stress situation was not demonstrated for F-recallers; rather the effect here was due to enhanced registration." Implications of results are discussed. It is suggested that "experimental tests of repression… fulfill a criterion of cognitive relevance of test materials." 23 references. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)