FLNG海上天然气开发技术前景看好

<正>エコノミスト,2014-01-21:82~83FLNG(浮式液化天然气)海上气田开发技术引人注目。与陆上液化设施LNG比,FLNG技术的成本大幅下降。目前FLNG尚未开始投产。2011年壳牌公司决定投资世界首个澳大利亚Prelude FLNG项目。现在包括计划在内的世界FLNG项目已超过10个。FLNG技术包括由海底气井开采天然气系统采出天然气,经管道送至船上进行液化,再用运输船将产品运出。由于天然气-162℃超低温液化装置在摇晃的船上稳定运行     

数说能源

1.61万立方米 全球首座浮式LNG项目2015年投产 近期全球酋座浮式LNG（液化天然气）项目正式进入上部液化装置安装阶段。此项目将于2015年正式在加勒比海投入生产。2013年10月。该项目成功完成船体内三座总容量达1．61万立方米的LNG储罐的安装，11月进一步完成了主甲板合拢。     

油气

世界首座浮式LNG（天然气液化）项目将开建 4月12日，惠生海洋工程有限公司宣布，其已与博莱克威奇公司（Black＆Veatch）签署谅解备忘录，将排他性合作开发驳船装载的浮式LNG（天然气液化）项目。     

海上油气田的工程模式优选

海上油气田开发中的海洋工程模式优选,不仅是项目可行性研究的重要内容,还对后续设备选型、结构设计和建造产生重要影响。海上油气田开发中的工程模式主要分为三大类:全陆式、半海半陆式和全海式,以人工岛、井口平台+固定式处理平台+海底管道+陆上终端、水下井口+浮式处理平台+FSO(浮式储卸油装置)/海底管道、水下井口+FPSO(浮式生产、储卸油装置)、井口平台+FPSO等较为典型。在选择工程模式时,主要考虑技术因素和经济因素:一般先通过分析水深、离岸距离、基础设施、环境条件等关键技术因素,逐渐缩小选择范围,初步选出几个技术上可行的工程模式,然后利用QUE$TOR软件,快速、准确地计算各种模式的海洋工程投资,进而优选出技术上可行且投资最低的方案。以西非某海上油田为例,利用该优选方法,找到了最优的工程模式。该优选方法可以方便、快捷地优选出技术上可行、经济上合理的海上油气田工程模式,适用于海上新项目快速评价及工程方案可行性研究,有助于提高工程模式选择的科学化水平,提高项目经济效益。     

LNG生产发展新趋势

随着世界能源需求的不断增长以及人们环保意识的不断加强,液化天然气(LNG)产业进入了前所未有的黄金发展期,LNG生产也表现出一些新的发展趋势。随着开采技术的快速发展,非常规天然气的可采储量和产量迅速增长,LNG气源来源也更加广泛。为了降低投资成本,使LNG产品的价格更具市场竞争力,LNG单线生产规模不断增大。同时,由于小型LNG装置工艺简单、流程短、适应性强、运行成本相对较低,小型LNG橇装装置设计简单、采购零部件少、现场工程量小、运行维护简单、具有良好的可移动性,也成为应用的热点。原料气组分及环境温度适应性强、技术可靠性高、流程简洁、操作维护简单、设备数量少、安全高效的工艺流程成为未来液化天然气技术的发展方向,而LNG工程建设模块化成为重要趋势。浮式液化天然气(FLNG)技术因投资少、投产快、效益高,特别适用于边际气田和深海气田的开发,受到国际知名石油公司的高度重视,已从概念转入工业应用。与此同时,中国、日本、韩国等主要LNG进口国正在逐步加深对上游天然气开发的参与程度。     

FPSO透平发电机组燃料系统故障分析及解决措施

阐述某FPSO(浮式采油储油卸油装置)透平发电机组投用后,燃料系统燃油系统出现的一些故障,通过对故障进行分析,提出解决措施,满足透平机组的运行要求,为其它平台或油轮的透平发电机组燃料系统新建或改造项目提供借鉴。     

带流量计29m~3LNG运输车的设计

从液化天然气(LNG)运输车罐体的LNG运输车结构、主要设计参数、主体材料、管路系统流程功能、应用前景等方面介绍带流量计29 m~3 LNG运输车的设计过程,该运输车是一款增加流量计的低温液体运输车,该项目的研究着重在增加分段式卸液和提高卸液过程的安全性。     

单级混合制冷剂天然气液化流程动态特性模拟

研究天然气液化的工艺流程并进行模拟,对液化天然气装置的设计具有重要意义。本文运用AspenDynamics软件建立了单级混合制冷剂液化流程的动态模型,采用Peng—Rob状态方程计算工质的各热力学参数,动态过程的微分方程由欧拉隐式格式求解,在此基础上进行了动态模拟。原料天然气的各项参数发生变化时,所产生的扰动对整个液化系统的影响较小。通过调节入口天然气的流量,可使流程参数在较短时间内恢复到扰动前。     

液化天然气

液化天然气主要成分是甲烷,被公认是地球上最干净的能源。无色、无味、无毒且无腐蚀性,其体积约为同量气态天然气体积的1／600,液化天然气的重量仅为同体积水的45％左右。其制造过程是先将气田生产的天然气净化处理,经一连串超低温液化后,利用液化天然气船运送。燃烧后对空气污染非常小,而且放出热量大,所以液化天然气好。     

英国BG集团生产大量巴西石油

<正>Energy Daily,2015-08-03英国能源公司BG集团8月3日表示,它开始用浮式采油平台在巴西海上盆地生产石油。BG集团表示,第一批石油来自于伊塔瓜伊港的浮式生产储油船(FPS0)。BG集团是第六位在巴西海上Santos盆地投资的石油生产集团。该浮式生产储油船由巴西能源公司Petrobras公司经营,将在盆地的Lula油田的一部分采油。     

LNG (liquefied natural gas): A necessary part in China's future energy infrastructure

This paper presents an overview of the LNG industry in China, covering LNG plants, receiving terminals, transportation, and applications. Small and medium scale LNG plants with different liquefaction processes have already been built or are being built. China's first two LNG receiving terminals have been put into operation in Guangdong and Fujian, another one is being built in Shanghai, and more are being planned. China is now able to manufacture LNG road tanks and containers. The construction of the first two LNG carriers has been completed. LNG satellite stations have been built, and LNG vehicles have been manufactured. LNG related regulations and standards are being established. The prospects of LNG in China are also discussed in this paper. Interesting topics such as small-scale liquefiers, LNG cold energy utilization, coal bed methane liquefaction, LNG plant on board (FPSO – floating production, storage, and off-loading), and LNG price are introduced and analyzed. To meet the increasing demand for natural gas, China needs to build about 10 large LNG receiving terminals, and to import LNG at the level of more than 20 bcm (billion cubic metre) per year by 2020.     

浮式生产储油装置结构改造原则及关键技术

浮式生产储油装置(FPSO)是集采油、油气处理、储油与卸油、发电、控制、生活功能为一体的海上油气处理装置.截至2008年2月,全球现役的FPSO有139艘,改造数量为85艘,占61.15％,主要分布在巴西、中国、英国、尼日尼亚、安哥拉等国家.有18艘FPSO在中国渤海和南海服役,产量占中国海上石油产量的70％,其中改造的旧FPSO数目超过60％.由于新建FPSO周期较长,造价较高,在海况不太恶劣的海域,租用旧FPSO并进行改造,使其满足新油田生产开发的工艺要求是更为普遍和经济的做法.根据多艘FPSO结构设计改造的实践经验,总结出FPSO改造应满足油田开发方案的要求、适应油田长期开发的海洋环境,严格遵守国际或国内相关规范的要求.重点分析了FPS0结构改造中的几个关键技术问题,如重视现状调查和评估、船体水动力响应分析、转塔系统、防腐措施等.     

液化天然气(LNG)-柴油双燃料汽车的开发

阐述了液化天然气(LNG)—柴油车的总体设计方案，主要是在保留原机的所有结构和柴油燃烧工作方式不变的前提下，增加了一套LNG供气系统和柴油—天然气双燃料电控喷射系统。系统既可以在柴油—LNG双燃料状态下工作，也可以在全柴油状态下工作，双燃料的工作状态由电子转换开关控制。试验表明天然气替代率高迭84％，经济效益和环保性能突出。     

Design and Optimization of a Full-Generation System for Marine LNG Cold Energy Cascade Utilization

This paper took a 100,000 DWT LNG fuel powered ship as the research object.Based on the idea of"temperature matching,cascade utilization"and combined with the application conditions of the ship,a horizontal three-level nested Rankine cycle full-generation system which combined the high-temperature waste heat of the main engine flue gas with the low-temperature cold energy of LNG was proposed in this paper.Furthermore,based on the analysis and selection of the parameters which had high sensitivity to the system performance,the parameters of the proposed system were optimized by using the genetic algorithm.After optimization,the exergy efficiency of the marine LNG gasification cold energy cascade utilization power generation system can reach 48.06%,and the thermal efficiency can reach 35.56%.In addition,this paper took LNG net power generation as the performance index,and compared it with the typical LNG cold energy utilization power generation system in this field.The results showed that the unit mass flow LNG power generation of the system proposed in this paper was the largest,reaching 457.41 k W.     

温差发电和动力装置联合回收液化天然气冷能

对液化天然气(LNG)冷能的回收,提出了温差发电器与动力装置联合的回收系统,对系统的各个状态 参数和转化能量及其效率进行了分析计算。计算显示甲烷在天然气中的摩尔含量会显著地影响功量的输出,但 对系统的效率影响不大。系统对LNG最大可用能的回收效率可达29％。     

用于电动钻机的LNG发电机性能分析及改进方案

针对LNG发电机在钻井现场试验中,出现的工况不稳定、功率利用率低、容易熄火等问题,通过分析发动机的特性曲线、各个工况的特点以及气体发动机的特性等认为:问题的原因为LNG发动机加速性较慢,进气系统的随动性较差。据此,从发动机控制系统以及外围设备等方面提出解决问题的方案,为LNG发电机在钻井工程上的推广应用提供了有效思路。     

Effect of parameters on performance of LNG-FPSO offloading system in offshore associated gas fields

Due to the advantages of the flexibility and economics in exploration and production of offshore liquefied natural gas (LNG), the floating production storage and offloading unit for liquefied natural gas (LNG-FPSO) has attracted wide attentions in recent years. The offloading system for LNG transportation from LNG-FPSO to LNG carrier is one of the most important parts in LNG-FPSO. The influences of the main parameters such as the mass flow rate and the height difference of the pipeline. on the performance of LNG offloading in offshore associated gas fields were investigated. A model based on a typical offshore LNG offloading system was first established and simulations were conducted. The governing equations were then used to evaluate the effects of parameters together with the simulation results. It was found that there was an economic mass flow rate for practical design on balance of the cost in pump head and BOG. The height difference of the pipeline must be considered for the increase of required pump head and harms from pressure changes. The effects of other parameters on the performance of LNG transportation such as diameter, equivalent roughness of pipeline and LNG compositions were also discussed.     

上海天然气市场和液化天然气的现状与展望

2009年,上海能源供应体系自从引入液化天然气以来,进口液化天然气对全市天然气供应总量和来源多元化做出了重要贡献。2013年,液化天然气消费在全市天然气消费总量中占比达50%,在天然气供应体系中发挥了越来越重要的作用。近年来,上海天然气市场发生了深刻变化,天然气需求增长放缓,与2013年之前十多年的两位数增长形成了鲜明对比。为了更好地理解市场的基本面,首先回顾了上海天然气消费的历史趋势,随后分析了影响需求增长的驱动因素和约束条件,以判断未来天然气需求的趋势和液化天然气在市场中扮演的角色,认为天然气需求增长的潜力主要在民用及商业领域。结合分析可能的供应选择,其结论是未来液化天然气将继续作为上海天然气供应体系的主力气源,同时提供市场急需的灵活性以保障高峰时段的用气需求。     

Can the Shanghai LNG Price Index indicate Chinese market? An econometric investigation using price discovery theory

China became the world’s second largest liquefied natural gas (LNG) importer in 2018 but has faced extremely high import costs due to a lack of bargaining power. Assessments of the Shanghai LNG Price Index, first released in 2015, are vital for improving the understanding of these cost dynamics. This paper, using the LNG price index data from the Shanghai Petroleum and Gas Exchange (SHPGX) coupled with domestic and international LNG prices from July 1, 2015 to December 31, 2018, estimates several econometric models to evaluate the long-term and short-term equilibriums of the Shanghai LNG Price Index, the responses to market information shocks and the leading or lagging relationships with LNG and alternative energy prices from other agencies. The results show that the LNG price index of the SHPGX has already exhibited a long-term equilibrium and short-term adjustment mechanisms to reflect the average price level and market movements, but the market information transparency and price discovery efficiency of the index are still inadequate. China’s LNG market is still relatively independent of other natural gas markets, and marketization reforms are under way in China. The influence of the SHPGX LNG price index on the trading decisions of market participants is expected to improve with further development of China’s LNG reforms, the formation of a natural gas entry-exit system, and the increasing liquidity of the hub.     

Novel cogeneration power system with liquefied natural gas (LNG) cryogenic exergy utilization

We propose a new cogeneration power system with two energy sources of fuel chemical energy and liquefied natural gas (LNG) cryogenic energy, and two outputs of electrical power and cooling power. Due to the advanced integration of system and cascade utilization of LNG cryogenic energy, the system has excellent energy saving: chemical energy of fuel and LNG cryogenic energy are saved by 7.5–12.2% and 13.2–14.3%, respectively. As CO₂ is selected as working fluid and oxygen as fuel oxidizer, CO₂ is easily recovered as a liquid with LNG vaporization. In this paper, the typical recuperative Rankine cycle and the corresponding cogeneration system are described and a detailed thermodynamic analysis is carried out to reveal the principle of the cycle and system. Furthermore, the influence of key parameters on performance is discussed. Considering the engineering application, the technical advantages and concerns are pointed out.