太阳能增强型喷射式制冷系统的研究

对太阳能为热源的增强型喷射式制冷系统进行了热力学分析，并进行了初步实验。在９０℃热源、１２℃蒸发温度和２０００Ｗ制冷量的额定工况下，喷射系数可达０．６５１，整个系统的ＣＯＰ值达０．３３４，比传统的纯喷射制冷循环的ＣＯＰ值（≤０．２３）提高５０％。     

太阳能热泵供热水系统的实验研究

一套太阳能热泵供热水系统实验装置，四季能提供５０℃热水，致热系数ＣＯＰ约达３，通过优化设计，进一步降低成本，增加供暖或空调功能，会使其更具有竞争力。     

经皮肺活检常见并发症风险因素分析

【摘要】 目的 分析ＣＴ引导下同轴活检肺内病变的并发症及其影响因素。方法 总结江苏省无锡市第二人民医院放射科收治的２０１例经皮肺活检患者资料,分析患者的年龄、性别、病灶大小、位置、深度、穿刺次数、患者体位、是否伴有肺气肿及手术经验对于气胸和出血发生率的影响。结果 本组经皮肺活检主要并发症是气胸和出血,其中发生气胸４８例（２３．９％）,出血２３例（１１．４％）,无死亡病例,行胸腔闭塞引流１０例。单因素分析显示病灶大小（Ｐ ＝ ０．００２）、病灶深度（Ｐ ＜ ０．００１）、穿刺次数（Ｐ ＜ ０．０１）、肺气肿（Ｐ ＝ ０．０１５）及手术经验（Ｐ ＝ ０．００１）与气胸的发生显著相关,而病灶深度（Ｐ ＜ ０．０１）、穿刺次数（Ｐ ＜ ０．０１）及手术经验（Ｐ ＝ ０．００５）与出血的发生显著相关。Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归分析显示穿刺次数（ＯＲ ＝ ５．７９６,Ｐ ＝ ０．０００）、病灶深度（ＯＲ ＝ １．９０２,Ｐ ＝ ０．０２）、有无肺气肿（ＯＲ ＝ ２．７５３,Ｐ ＝ ０．０２１）为气胸发生的危险因素,有手术经验（ＯＲ ＝ ０．３９６,Ｐ ＝ ０．０２２）为气胸发生的保护因素;而穿刺次数（ＯＲ ＝ ８．４０１,Ｐ ＝ ０．０００）,病灶深度（ＯＲ ＝ ２．４９３,Ｐ ＝ ０．０１０）是出血的危险因素,有手术经验（ＯＲ ＝０．３１３,Ｐ ＝ ０．０４７）为出血的保护因素。结论 穿刺次数是气胸及出血发生的最主要的风险因素,穿刺次数超过２次显著增加了气胸及出血的发生率。
     

太阳能热水器—冰箱复合机装置试验研究成果总结

在提出太阳能热水器－冰箱复合机联合循环的设想并制作了实验装置后，对复合机系统进行了多轮实验测试，得到了相同的令人满意的结果。系统在接受一定的能量输入后，对外界既提供热水又提供冰块，为太阳能供热与制冷的综合利用提供了第一手实验数据。本文将对复合机系统在不同工况下的性能实验研究结果进行总结。     

采用床内强制对流进行传热传质的固体吸附式循环分析

采用一维两温度模型，以活性炭纤维－氨为工质对，模拟计算了对流热波循环的吸附床加热过程和冷却过程中床内的温度分布和变化趋势，并分析计算了对流热波循环的性能参数。系统的回热率达０．４，热泵效率达１．７８，热泵系统的能量密度为１６１６Ｗ／ｋｇ。对系统加以优化，可获得更高的回热率和ＣＯＰ。     

墨绿色太阳能选择性吸收涂层

报道了一种墨绿色太阳能选择性吸收涂层，其太阳吸收率α＝０．９４－０．９６，红外发射率ε＝０．３７￣０．３９。研究了吸光剂酞菁绿与Ｆｅ３ＣｕＯ５的光性互补效应及其配比对涂层光学性能和色相的影响。     

一种新型的太阳能热水器与冰箱一体化机装置

在分析了传统的太阳能热水器和太阳能吸附式空调制冷应用的基础上，提出了一种新型的太阳供热与制冷联合循环的新方案。通过模拟实验，证明了所提出新方案的可行性，从而使应用广泛的太阳能热水器与制冷空调相结合变成了现实，为太阳能的高效综合奠定了良好的基础。     

短暂性脑缺血发作患者ＡＢＣＤ２评分与责任血管狭窄相关性的初步研究

目的探讨短暂性脑缺血发作（ＴＩＡ）患者ＡＢＣＤ２评分与责任血管狭窄的相关性,以及侧支循环对ＴＩＡ预后的影响。方法回顾性研究８４例ＴＩＡ患者入院时的ＡＢＣＤ２评分及脑血管ＤＳＡ影像学资料,根据ＡＢＣＤ２评分,分为≥４分组和＜４分组;根据ＤＳＡ影像学结果,分为责任血管狭窄≥５０％组和＜５０％组,评价ＡＢＣＤ２评分与责任血管狭窄的相关性,以及侧支循环对ＴＩＡ后２ｄ内脑卒中风险的影响。结果①责任血管狭窄率≥５０％组与＜５０％组比较,年龄≥６０岁者所占比率高［分别为５２．７％和２７．６％,χ２＝４．８７,ＯＲ值＝２．９２８,９５％ＣＩ（１．１０９,７．７３３）,Ｐ＝０．０２７］,既往有缺血性卒中史者所占比率高［分别为２９．１％和６．９％,χ２＝５．５５５,ＯＲ值５．５３８,９５％ＣＩ（１．１７６,２６．０８７）,Ｐ＝０．０１８］。②责任血管狭窄率≥５０％组与＜５０％组比较,ＡＢＣＤ２评分≥４分者所占比例高［分别为４５．５％和２０．７％,χ２＝５．００１,ＯＲ值＝３．１９４,９５％ＣＩ（１．１２５,９．０７０）,Ｐ＝０．０２５］。③责任血管狭窄率≥５０％组ＴＩＡ患者２日内卒中发生率高于狭窄率＜５０％组（分别为３６．４％和２７．６％）,但差异无统计学意义［χ２＝０．６５８,ＯＲ值＝１．５００,９５％ＣＩ（０．５６２,４．００６）,Ｐ＝０．４１７］。④责任血管狭窄率≥５０％组ＴＩＡ患者２ｄ内卒中风险与持续吸烟、ＡＢＣＤ２评分≥４分相关,侧支循环开放使２ｄ内脑卒中风险降低,［ＯＲ值＝０．１７９,９５％ＣＩ（０．０５１,０．６２４）,Ｐ＝０．００５］。结论①年龄及既往缺血性卒中史与血管狭窄程度相关。②ＡＢＣＤ２评分≥４分与责任血管狭窄≥５０％相关。③责任血管狭窄率≥５０％组中,持续吸烟、ＡＢＣＤ２评分≥４分使ＴＩＡ患者２ｄ内脑卒中风险增加;侧支循环开放使ＴＩＡ患者２ｄ内脑卒中风险降低。     

一种全新型太阳能供热与制冷联合循环复合系统--I.系统构造思想

提出一种利用太阳能作为驱动热源的固体吸附式制冷与供热联合循环方法,描述了太阳能制冷与供热联合循环的工作原理,并对循环装置内各子系统部件的热力循环过程和能量转化过程作了理论分析与计算说明。采用该联合循环装置,可实现用同一集热器白天加热的热水供夜间使用,夜间制的冰供白天使用的目的。     

一种全新型太阳能供热与制冷联合循环复合系统──Ⅰ.系统构造思想

提出一种利用太阳能作为驱动热源的固体吸附式制冷与供热联合循环方法,描述了太阳能制冷与供热联合循环的工作原理,并对循环装置内各子系统部件的热力循环过程和能量转化过程作了理论分析与计算说明。采用该联合循环装置,可实现用同一集热器白天加热的热水供夜间使用,夜间制的冰供白天使用的目的     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

<正>~~     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.