基于热-力-相变耦合的轻量化B柱热冲压成形全过程仿真

为深入研究超高强度钢板热冲压成形工艺,采用热-力\相变耦合分析方法,建立B柱热冲压模型,进行成形工艺全过程仿真.分析加热、送料、冲压成形、淬火冷却等工艺环节中板坯的热力学及相变行为,给出了板料温度、厚度、组织等变化的分布规律,为热冲压模具设计及工艺参数优化提供理论依据.提出通过合理控制冷却速率,获得多相组织混合产物,满足强度和塑性相结合的需求,改善热成形零件的综合力学性能.模拟结果与实验较吻合,表明所建立的热-力-相变耦合模型是可靠的.     

汽车前立柱下角撑热成形热-力-相变耦合仿真分析

依据相变动力学理论,对高强度钢板热成形微观组织转变与力学性能预测模型进行研究。基于该模型建立汽车前立柱下角撑的热成形有限元模型,采用热-力-相变耦合分析方法对热成形过程进行仿真分析,得到制件的温度、组织和硬度的分布及变化。以高强度硼钢USIBOR1500为试验材料对汽车前立柱下角撑进行试制,并从成形件上取样进行微观组织分析和力学性能测试。结果表明,成形件的微观组织为均匀板条状马氏体,抗拉强度达到1 400MPa以上,3个典型位置的硬度均大于450HV,且力学性能分布与模拟结果一致,验证了所建立模型的可靠性。     

奥迪B柱热冲压成形热-力-相变耦合仿真分析

基于LS-DYNA软件,建立了B柱热冲压模型.采用热-力-相变耦合分析方法,得到了板料的温度、厚度、组织及应力、应变的分布.模拟结果表明:热成形零件的组织是近完全马氏体(wt％,0.008铁素体,0.01珠光体,0.01贝氏体,96.68马氏体);硬度为513HV;屈服强度为734.2MPa;厚度为1.11～2.18mm.模拟结果与实验较吻合,表明所建立的热-力-相变耦合数值模型是可信赖的.     

超高强度钢热成形冷却过程数值模拟

针对热成形模具的冷却系统中冷却管道布置情况,建立了超高强度钢板热成形有限元模型,并利用ABAQUS进行热冲压模拟仿真,着重对成形速度与保压时间对冷却效果进行了研究。模拟分析表明:成形速度越快,板料变形抗力与最大温差越小;管道对板料的冷却并不是保压时间越长而效果越好。该研究结果为同类钢板热成形时工艺参数的选择提供了参考。     

高强度钢板热冲压技术及数值模拟

在介绍了高强度钢板热冲压技术的基础上,建立了B柱的热冲压模型,采用热力耦合数值分析方法得到了热冲压过程中板料的温度与厚度分布.结果表明:截面厚度分布基本在实验结果的±5%范围内.在尾部圆角处厚度减薄量较大;成形结束后,板料压边区域温度较低,而尾部圆角及梁表面温度较高,板料整体温差在400℃左右.因此使板料在成形过程中保持均匀的温度分布是模具冷却系统设计的关键.     

超高强度钢板热冲压成形同步淬火相变不均匀性影响因素分析

以超高强度钢BR1500HS为研究对象,利用材料的应力-应变数据、热物理性参数、相变模型构建了U形件热冲压成形过程的热-力-相3场动态耦合有限元数值模型。有限元模拟结果表明,法兰区域和底部区域中的马氏体体积含量显著多于侧壁区域中的马氏体体积含量,揭示了钢板相变的不均匀性;同时对成形过程中板料和模具的温度场进行研究,揭示了钢板冷却速度的不均匀性。通过在整个热冲压过程中法兰区域、圆角区域、侧壁区域和底部区域选取观测点,分析了冷却速率不均匀性的影响因素,即温差、接触间隙、换热系数。最后通过实验验证了模拟结果具有较高的可靠性。     

硼钢板热冲压成形过程接触热阻研究

高强度钢热成形中,板料的冷却路径直接影响成形后零件的力学性能,可靠的接触热阻能提高热成形温度场模拟计算结果的准确性。为了研究热冲压成形过程中板料与模具界面间的接触热阻,以WH1300HF热成形用无涂层硼钢板为研究对象,在小型实验伺服压力机上进行了硼钢板的热冲压平模实验,得到了不同压强下板料淬火冷却曲线及模具温度冷却曲线,并通过顺序函数法计算出板料和模具接触界面的热流密度及接触热阻。研究结果表明,板料与模具间界面的热流密度峰值随压强增加而增加,接触热阻稳定值随压强增加而减小。根据能量守能定律,计算出热冲压硼钢板马氏体相变潜热及平模淬火实验中马氏体相变分数。     

基于正交试验的高强钢板热冲压成形影响因素研究

高强钢板热冲压成形工艺参数是影响成形零件质量的关键因素.建立了U形件的热冲压有限元模型,采用热力耦合数值模拟得到了热冲压过程中板料的温度、厚度及应力的分布规律.并在此基础上,利用正交试验,研究了热冲压过程中板料初始温度、模具初始温度、冲压速度、压边力4个工艺参数对U形件成形后的最低温度和最大应力的影响程度.结果表明,板料初始温度的影响最大,随着板料初始温度的下降,U形件成形后的最低温度下降,最大应力值大幅度上升;模具初始温度的变化对U形件成形后的最低温度和最大应力值的变化影响最小;冲压速度的影响较大,随着冲压速度的减小,U形件成形后的最低温度下降,最大应力值上升;压边力的变化不影响板料与模具之间的传热,随着压边力的减小,U形件成形后的最低温度和最大应力值相应减小且变化范围较小.     

基于ABAQUS曲底槽型件热冲压成形模拟分析

在超高强度钢板热冲压成形工艺中,能准确预测板料的温度场与模具的受力状况,对工艺制定与模具的优化具有重要意义。通过ABAQUS模拟软件建立塑性体热力耦合有限元模型,对热冲压过程进行模拟仿真,分析板料与模具的温度场以及模具所受的作用力。研究结果表明:板料转移时间控制在10 s内较好;在成形过程中,制件法兰与侧壁部分温度分布均匀且基本一致,制件法兰与侧壁部分的温度低于制件底部部分的温度;为保证模具强度,凸模圆角处及底部、凹模入口圆角处及底部的冷却水道直径及密度应较小,并且应适当增大水道与底部表面的距离。     

热成形硼钢热、力及相变耦合关系

对热成形硼钢进行高温拉伸及淬火实验.试验方法为:硼钢板材试样在奥氏体化(950℃)后保温5 min,然后在连续冷却的同时施加拉伸力,记录此过程中力、位移、膨胀量及温度的变化.试验结果表明,当应力小于某个值时,马氏体相变开始温度、转变速率材料常数及相变塑性系数基本不变;当应力在一定范围内变化时,上述物理量随应力的增加而增加;当应力大于某个值时,上述物理量趋于定值;当应力达到400 MPa时,马氏体相变开始温度达到565℃,提高了180℃左右.在分析上述物理量的变化规律与马氏体形核影响因素的基础上,发展了热成形硼钢相变过程中的热、力、相变耦合本构模型.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.