弧齿锥齿轮冷锻回弹的数值模拟及数字化修形

冷锻时弹性变形是影响弧齿锥齿轮锻件尺寸精度的主要因素.利用有限元数值模拟软件DEFORM-3D模拟了弧齿锥齿轮的冷闭塞式锻造过程,并对模具弹性变形及锻件回弹的规律进行了分析.根据模拟结果,运用反补偿法及基圆修正法预先对模具型腔进行了修正,以保证弧齿锥齿轮锻件的尺寸精度.     

小锥角弧齿锥齿轮温锻成形与试验研究

小锥角弧齿锥齿轮啮合齿面为轴向侧旁曲面的螺旋形,造成精密成形困难,脱模过程需要锻件与模具的相对运动才能完成。对小锥角弧齿锥齿轮的成形过程进行模拟分析与试验研究表明,小锥角弧齿锥齿轮可以通过精密塑性成形的工艺进行生产;利用ADAMS软件对脱模过程进行分析表明,弧齿锥齿轮能顺利脱模,在开始阶段,脱模所需要的力最大。     

弧齿锥齿轮精锻工艺的研究现状及展望

总结了弧齿锥齿轮精锻成形的基本工艺,介绍了国内外齿轮精锻技术的应用概况,并从成形工艺、金属成形规律、锻件的尺寸精度等几个方面综合论述了弧齿锥齿轮精锻工艺研究现状和发展趋势。     

高精度锥齿轮冷闭式锻造齿模修形及加工电极设计

精密成形时弹性变形是影响锻件尺寸精度的重要因素。本文采用数值模拟的方法,以锥齿轮冷闭式锻造精密成形工艺为对象,模拟了锥齿轮的冷闭式锻造成形过程,揭示了在有预应力的工况下模具弹性膨胀变形及锥齿轮锻件出模后弹性回复的变化规律。根据模拟结果,分别绘制了模具弹性膨胀和锻件出模回弹后的齿形曲线。在定量分析了两者对齿轮精度的综合影响之后,运用反补偿法预先修正齿形凹模,并进行了齿模电极的设计。研究结果对齿轮精度的提高提供了重要参考。     

弧齿锥齿轮成形加工切削力理论模型

针对弧齿锥齿轮成形法中切削力计算的问题，提出了一种理论计算方法，将铣齿过程中的复杂状况转化为力学模型，并对力学模型进行求解。首先，结合弧齿锥齿轮成形法加工状况，采用斜角切削理论推导出弧齿锥齿轮微观切削力模型；其次，分析成形法加工弧齿锥齿轮中的切削面积，结合弧齿锥齿轮微观切削力模型计算出弧齿锥齿轮成形法切削力；最后，计算一定工况条件下的切削力。计算结果与仿真、实验数据具有较好的一致性，表明理论模型适用于弧齿锥齿轮成形法切削力的预测，并且大幅缩短了计算时间。     

机械行业标准《直齿锥齿轮精密冷锻件技术条件》研制的必要性及技术概要

随着近几年我国汽车工业的飞速发展,与之相应的汽车零部件尤其是直齿锥齿轮精密冷锻件的加工技术、制造水平也在不断提高。为适应冷锻件技术的发展,结合现有的机械行业标准《直齿锥齿轮精密热锻件技术条件》,进行了《直齿锥齿轮精密冷锻件技术条件》的研制。参考国内外同行业的技术标准,结合国内现有直齿锥齿轮精密冷锻件的制造水平、技术能力和生产现状,从原材料控制、毛坯要求、锻件表面结构要求、尺寸及形位公差、锻件表面及组织缺陷、热处理要求、表面清理、质量检测以及包装和运输等各个过程,对直齿锥齿轮精密冷锻件的加工制造制订机械行业标准。     

弧齿锥齿轮温锻成形模具温度分析

对弧齿锥齿轮温锻成形过程中齿模温度场进行了分析,研究了摩擦因子、坯料温度、成形速度对齿模温度场的影响规律.结果表明,在成形过程中,齿模型腔齿顶处温度最高,齿根处温度最低.随坯料温度的升高及摩擦因子的增大,模具表层温度升高,成形速度对模具温度影响显著.研究结果可为弧齿锥齿轮温锻成形的模具设计、工艺方案制订提供理论依据.     

小锥角弧齿锥齿轮成形工艺分析及模具设计

对小锥角弧齿锥齿轮大端面挤压与小端面挤压成形工艺方案进行模拟分析,结果表明:小端挤压成形的工艺适合弧齿锥齿轮成形。设计了凹模旋转模具结构,并对其工作过程进行了分析。     

工艺受限时弧齿锥齿轮切齿参数的计算

针对弧齿锥齿轮传动的综合问题,阐述了弧齿锥齿轮切齿参数在刀具成形半径受限、展成链传动比受限、刀具成形半径和展成链传动比同时受限3种条件下机床调整的计算方法,为满足弧齿锥齿轮传动啮合质量,即局部接触斑点尺寸范围、旋转传动相对均匀性,提供了切实可行的思路,并用典型计算实例,演示了弧齿锥齿轮磨齿机床参数调整的步骤和方法.     

轿车半轴齿轮冷摆辗成形及三维有限元数值模拟

对轿车差速器半轴锥齿轮塑性成形进行了可行性分析,采用冷摆辗方法成形齿轮锻件.利用三维有限元软件DEFORM模拟其变形过程,在变形瞬间状态及力学量场可视化环境下,得到金属流动充填规律、应力应变状况及载荷分布等.模拟结果表明,当采用阶梯状的实心毛坯,摆角1.5°,转速25.13 rad·s-1,下模进给速度5 mm·s-1时,成形效果最好.用冷摆辗方法成形高精度轿车锥齿轮锻件的方法是可行的.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.