基于导频时分复用的多中继协同通信系统频域信道估计算法

针对频率选择性衰落环境下结合正交频分复用技术的放大转发多中继协同通信系统,提出了基于导频时分复用的频域信道估计算法,包括最小二乘(LS)估计算法和低阶近似的线性最小均方误差(Lr-LMMSE)估计算法.理论分析和仿真结果表明,该算法不仅能成功分辨多中继协同通信系统的所有频域信道衰落系数,避免各中继节点转发的导频符号在目...     

Comparison between time shifted non-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing and OFDM

通过将时移参数引入多载波调制,形成了一种具有全新思想的时移非正交频分复用(TS-NFDM)调制技术,并通过理论分析和仿真实验将该技术的性能与当前在无线通信中扮演重要角色的正交频分复用(OFDM)技术进行了比较.比较结果表明,TS-NFDM技术具有明显的优势,其时移特性使其表现出许多优良的性能,其中最突出的是频带利用率高,约为OFDM的4.29倍,另外,信号功率的峰值均值比也明显低于OFDM.     

Geometric superresolution by code division multiplexing

In many highly resolved optical systems the resolution is limited not by the optics but by the CCD's nonzero pixel size. As a result, overall resolution is decreased. Here we propose a novel approach to enhancing resolution beyond the limit set by the CCD's pixels. This method does not involve additional mechanical elements, such as those used for microscans. In this scheme neither the CCD nor additional elements are moved. The geometric superresolving procedure is based on code-division multiplexing, with all its inherent benefits, such as relative noise immunity to single-tone interference. A setup is proposed for coherent and incoherent illumination, with slight modifications for the latter. A theoretical analysis of the setup is presented and compared with empirical results. This scheme is shown to enhance one-dimensional image resolution with the use of only a simple mask that doubles image resolution. This method can easily be expanded to two-dimensional images and to resolution-enhancement factors greater than 2.     

Superresolving optical system with time multiplexing and computer decoding

Objects that have slow temporal variations may be superresolved with two moving masks such as pinhole or grating. The first mask is responsible for encoding the input image, and the second one performs the decoding operation. This approach is efficient for exceeding the resolving capability beyond Abbe's limit of resolution. However, the proposed setup requires two physical gratings that should move in a synchronized manner. We propose what is believed to be a novel configuration in which the second grating responsible for the information decoding is replaced with a detector array and some postprocessing digital procedures. In this way the synchronization problem that exists when two gratings are used is simplified. Experimental results are provided for illustrating the utility of the new approach.     

Hybrid detectors for wireless orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with code division multiplexing systems based on reliability information

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with code division multiplexing (OFDM-CDM) is attractive for the next generation high-speed wireless systems due to the fact that the performance of OFDM-CDM systems can be considerably improved by employing a joint detection scheme such as the maximum likelihood (ML) detector. However, the complexity of the ML detector increases rapidly as the number of orthogonal spreading codes and/or the number of bits per modulation symbol increase. In this study, the authors introduce a unified detection model and propose two hybrid detectors, which combine zero forcing (ZF) with successive interference cancellation (SIC) and sphere detection (SD) algorithms, respectively. After obtaining the initial solution from the front-end ZF receiver, the proposed back-end algorithms are adopted to extend the potential solution list and search for the final result. The objective is to utilise the combination of a simplified linear equaliser and a comprehensive detection scheme to achieve enhanced performance and offer alternatives to the more complex and channel-estimation-sensitive minimum mean squared error (MMSE) scheme. The results show that the proposed hybrid detectors are able to achieve superior performance compared to the MMSE scheme and provides a significant performance improvement compared to the conventional OFDM counterpart.     

Superresolution by use of code division multiplexing

Traditional methods for superresolution have sacrificed field of view for resolution. These methods multiplexed different parts of signals' spectrum on different carriers, and thus managed to transfer a wider range of frequency, in a manner that is similar to frequency division multiplexing in classical communication. We propose code division multiplexing for such an application, which has been shown to have superior capabilities. To enable such mutiplexing we propose a unique setup that creates an incoherent cosine transform of the image. A theoretical analysis of the setup is obtained and later compared with the empirical results.     

基于短时傅里叶变换的水声OFDM时间同步方法

正交频分复用(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing,OFDM)技术具有抗多径、频带利用充分、传输数据率高的优点,在水声通信中具有重要的发展前景。由于多普勒频移和多径时延的存在,需对OFDM信号进行时间同步。同步不准会引起OFDM水声通信中符号间干扰和子载波间干扰,提出了一种基于叠加单频序列的短时傅里叶变换(STFT)时间同步方法,该方案首先提取叠加在OFDM符号上的单频信号,对该信号进行短时傅里叶变换,随后对其时频幅度谱进行分析,利用平坦区域确定同步时刻。仿真和试验结果表明,该方案有效可行。     

Impact of second-order PMD in a coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system

The second-order, polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) effect for coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CO-OFDM) system in long-haul transmission with single-mode fiber was analyzed in detail. The closed-form expression is presented for the time impulse response of an OFDM signal affected by second-order PMD. Analysis and simulation results show that, compared with polarization-dependent chromatic dispersion (PCD), CO-OFDM system performance is mainly influenced by depolarization rate (DR) which can moderate phase noise induced by chromatic dispersion. For a fiber link of 800 km and DR of 30 ps, the system Q value is improved by about 1.3 dB over the case of no DR.     

Transmission surveillance and self-restoration against fibre fault for time division multiplexing using passive optical network

This study proposes a practical transmission surveillance and self-protection scheme for time division multiplexing using passive optical network (TDM-PON) with centralised monitoring and self-restorable apparatus. Troubleshooting a TDM-PON involves locating and identifying the source of an optical problem in what may be a complex optical network topology that includes several optical line terminals (OLTs), optical splitters, fibres and optical network units (ONUs). Since most components in the network are passive, a large part of the issues are due to dirty/damaged/misaligned connectors or breaks/macrobends in optical fibre cables. These will affect one, some or all subscribers in the network, depending on the location of the problems. The proposed scheme is able to prevent and detect the occurrence of fibre faults in a network system through centralised monitoring and remotely operate from a central office via Ethernet connection. Even with fibre fault prevention mechanisms, failures will still occur. Therefore fibre fault detection is required in order to detect potential faults and precisely localise the exact failure location.Whenever any failure occurs on the primary entity, the proposed system can protect and switch the failure line to the protection line to ensure that traffic flows continuously. Meanwhile, the failure information will be delivered to field engineers for taking appropriate recovery action to treat the fibre fault and failure link. One suggestion in point-to-multipoint (P2PM) applications has been proposed with the experimental results as the feasibility approach. This approach has bright prospects for improving the survivability and reliability as well as increasing the efficiency and monitoring capabilities in TDM-PON.     

Multichannel wavelength division multiplexing with photonic crystals

A multichannel wavelength-division-multiplexing system consisting of a two-dimensional photonic crystal is proposed. The system consists of two parts, a waveguiding element, realized by defects in a photonic crystal, and frequency-selective elements, realized by photonic crystal microcavities. Simulations, performed with a two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain technique with a perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary condition, showed the ability to filter an incident pulse into six spectral channels with a FWHM of 2 nm.     

Reduced complexity detection technique for layered space time block coded multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

The combination of vertical Bell Labs layered space time (V-BLAST) and space time block coding (STBC), known as a Layered STBC (LSTBC) system, offers high spectral efficiency with a higher order of diversity. The system structure, computational complexity and error performance of the V-BLAST and LSTBC multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems are analysed and compared. It is shown that, compared with V-BLAST, the overall diversity order of LSTBC increases two fold. This diversity gain is achieved at the expense of a four?fold increase in the computational complexity of the QR decomposition (QRD) algorithm, required at the receiver of both LSTBC and V-BLAST. The authors propose a modified QRD algorithm which reduces this four-fold complexity to two fold.     

Joint transform correlator with spatial code division multiplexing

A joint transform correlator may suffer from overlapping of the zero diffraction order of the output, which does not contain relevant information, and the correlation peaks that appear in the first diffraction orders if objects are not sufficiently separated. Such overlapping significantly reduces the signal-to-noise ratio of the identification process. We propose a novel approach based on code division multiplexing technique in which the contrast of the identification peaks is significantly enhanced. The approach does not include placing the two objects side by side but rather includes code multiplexing them. Moreover, the code division multiplexing technique allows the space-bandwidth product to be improved. Optical implementation results are given.     

Turbulence effect on transmittance of atmospheric optics telecommunication system using dense wavelength division multiplexing

The effect of atmospheric turbulence on atmospheric optics telecommunication links employing dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) systems is examined. For this purpose, transmittance obtained by using the MODTRAN (MODerate resolution atmospheric TRANsmission) code is modified by the transmittance due to turbulence when the incidence is a partially coherent optical beam. The spanned wavelengths cover the range employed in a practical DWDM system operating in the range of 1550?nm. The effect of turbulence is manifest as a decrease in the transmittance calculated by MODTRAN, being more effective when the incidence becomes less coherent.     

Coded-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing in hybrid optical networks

Future Internet should be able to support a wide range of services containing large amount of multimedia over different network types at a high speed. The future optical networks will therefore be hybrid, composed of different single-mode fibre (SMF), multi-mode fibre (MMF) and free-space optical (FSO) links. In these networks, novel modulation and coding techniques are needed that are capable of dealing with different channel impairments, be it in SMF, MMF or FSO links. The authors propose a coded-modulation scheme suitable for use in hybrid FSO - fibre-optics networks. The proposed scheme is based on polarization-multiplexing and coded - orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with large girth quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes as channel codes. The proposed scheme is able to simultaneously deal with atmospheric turbulence, chromatic dispersion and polarisation mode dispersion (PMD). With a proper design for 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)-based polarisation-multiplexed coded-OFDM, the aggregate data rate of 100 Gb/s can be achieved for OFDM signal bandwidth of only 12.5 GHz, which represents a scheme compatible with 100 Gb/s per wavelength channel transmission and 100 Gb/s Ethernet.     

Fiber-optic Fabry-Perot sensors based on a combination of spatial-frequency division multiplexing and wavelength division multiplexing formed by chirped fiber Bragg grating pairs

Effective multiplexing for a very large number of fiber-optic fiber-Bragg-grating-based Fabry-Perot (FBGFP) sensors is proposed that is based on wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and spatial-frequency division multiplexing (SFDM). For WDM, FBGFP sensors are arranged in different wavelength domains formed by a series of chirped fiber Bragg gratings with different central wavelengths while the sensors with different cavity lengths within the same wavelength domain are multiplexed by use of SFDM because they have different spatial frequencies as a result of their different cavity lengths. In principle, a thousand FBGFP sensors could be multiplexed with such an approach. The experimental results show that a strain accuracy of better than +/-10 microepsilon has been achieved with little cross talk.     

Toward tunable thin-film filters for wavelength division multiplexing applications

We provide a detailed analysis of the various problems connected with the development of tunable thin-film filters for wavelength-division multiplexing applications. We examine the relation between the change in layer thickness and the central wavelength shift for various configurations and point out the significance of the structure of the reflectors, the spacer thickness, and the location of the active layers. We describe and compare practical arrangements using either temperature or an electric field as the driving parameter.     

双光纤波分复用网阻塞率研究

研究了双光纤波分复用互联网在不同网络容量使用率时的阻塞率,主要对单光纤网络使用波长变换器和双纤网络在波长数不同时对网络阻塞率的改善情况做了仿真比较,结果表明仅仅在低阻塞率时波长变换器给网络所带来的增益非常有限,双纤网络可以达到其效果。     

Wavelength division multiplexing based on apodized planar holographic Bragg reflectors

We report wavelength division multiplexing based on lithographically fabricated slab-waveguide-contained planar holographic Bragg reflectors (HBRs). Partial HBR diffractive contour writing and contour displacement are successfully demonstrated to enable precise bandpass engineering of multiplexer transfer functions and make possible compact-footprint devices based on hologram overlay. Four- and eight-channel multiplexers with channel spacings of approximately 50 and approximately 100 GHz, improved sidelobe suppression, and flattop passbands are demonstrated. When a second-order apodization effect, comprising effective waveguide refractive-index variation with written contour fraction, and the effect of hologram overlap on the hologram reflective amplitude are included in the simulation, excellent agreement between predicted and observed spectral passband profiles is obtained. With demonstrated simulation capability, the ability to fabricate general desired passband profiles becomes tractable.     

Wavelength division multiplexing addressed four-element fiber optical laser hydrophone array

A four-element hydrophone array system using a fiber Bragg grating laser system is described. The demodulation technique for the array combines a 3x3 coupler-based interferometer and three wavelength division multiplexers (WDMs). It is believed to be a new passive approach to use a WDM and a unique arithmetic method. The operational frequency limit depends only on the frequency of its electronic portion. The designed system has achieved a minimum of approximately 7.2x10(-7) pm/ radicalHz detectable wavelength perturbation for frequencies that are greater than 200 Hz.