世界文化和自然遗产数字化保护及国际新动向

【目的】在《世界遗产公约》颁布51周年之际,识别世界遗产数字化保护的重点议题,梳理自然与文化遗产数字化保护的实践脉络,分析数字化保护的国际动向,解读数字化转型为世界遗产体系带来的变革性影响。【方法】对联合国教科文组织数字图书馆和世界遗产咨询机构数字档案等资源进行系统解析和知识图谱构建。【结果】识别了世界自然与文化遗产数字化保护的发展阶段和重点议题,归纳总结了以世界遗产记录与档案、监测与管理、阐释与展示、国际合作与能力建设等四大技术主题、12类技术方法和62个技术工具为核心的数字化保护技术体系。【结论】提出景观遗产数字技术集成与创新、遗产保护数据标准、数字行动规范、数字化可持续能力建设等未来发展的重点方向,为中国深入开展世界遗产数字化保护工作提供参考借鉴。     

《欧洲风景公约》:关于"文化景观"的一场思想革命

《欧洲风景公约》对欧洲的景观有了一个较之从前更为全面的理解。这个公约所包含的思想已开始反映在欧洲各国政府、环境机构以及欧洲大多数对景观感兴趣的相关团体的工作中。景观没有必要划分为"自然的"或"文化的"2类,因为欧洲所有的景观都已经或多或少地受到人类的影响。因而",文化景观"的术语显得过于累赘,所有欧洲景观都具有不同程度的文化性。然而,对景观进行分类仍然是个复杂的问题。不同的个人、组织和文化往往依据自身对自然长期的、不同程度的干预和联想发展出自身的价值。《欧洲风景公约》不期望一种景观价值凌驾于另一种之上,事实上《,欧洲风景公约》认识到,与那些通常被标识为具有全球重要性的景观一样,地方的和退化的景观对于社区或文化、社区居民或外来的造访者具有同样的重要性。这个公约在全欧洲的政府中将"普通"景观与"特殊"景观同等对待,这是具有革命性的创举。     

前言

在景观价值中,自然遗产和人文遗产均属于密不可分的部分,应对其加以有效保护。这一点在多个国际协议中均有所涉及。为保护自然景观和人文景观,2005年斯洛伐克批准实施了2000年签署的《欧盟景观公约》。随着该公约的推行,有关专家希望进一步细化景观规划方面的管理工作,让广大公众能积极参与到景观保护行动中。早在几十年前,西欧和美国景观生态学和景观规划领域就开始金星景观评估方面的科学辩论,而斯洛伐克的情况有所不同。20世纪80年代,景观生态学在景观分析和景观综合的基础上开始发展,在21世纪之初达到辉煌的顶峰。本文详     

景观过程视角下的风景园林规划设计 研究——以成都世园会申办方案为例

景观过程是风景园林学科长期以来不断研讨的重要议题。在此视角下,规划设计实践广泛关注场地的自然和人文过程,通过引导和利用其运转机制,发挥积极效益,保持过去与未来、自然与城市之间的平衡。在梳理相关理论与实践经验的基础上,探讨并提出了景观过程在场地价值识别、自然力量引入和弹性应对未来3个方面的实施途径,并以成都世园会申办方案为例,在景观过程视角下探究如何将传统农耕智慧延续、世园盛会承载、绿色产业培育与城市发展过程相融合,最终营造出富有地域性特色、低影响、可持续的景观。     

新西兰的景观评估

1991年,《资源管理法》在新西兰颁布,使得保护突出的自然特色和景观具有国家层面的重要意义,在资源管理法要求下,新西兰进行了大量的地区和区市景观评估,以及项目开发对环境造成的影响评估,风景园林师在其中起着关键的作用。在不断的发展完善中,景观评估逐渐形成了许多广泛认可的方法和过程。通过景观评估,保证了景观的有效和可持续管理和开发。     

风景遗产的价值与保护

<正>2022年是联合国教科文组织第17届大会通过《保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》（以下简称《公约》）50周年,也是我国加入《公约》37周年。《公约》规定了文化遗产和自然遗产的定义,基于此,我国“风景遗产”的概念是顺应《公约》价值趋向前提下,进一步结合我国研究实际,在风景园林学科体系下进行的界定。风景遗产是具有国家或世界突出普遍价值的地域空间综合体,包括但不限于具有自然科学价值、自然美学价值、历史文化价值。     

数字辅助下的风景园林：2000—2020年 中国数字景观技术的运用与发展态势研究

当下，“数字景观技术”已成为风景园林领域中辅助景观量化研究与实践的重要途径之一。纵观中国近20年间“数字景观技术”的发展历程，以检索出的中国知网收录的15 177篇相关研究论文为基础，对文本数据内在信息进行深入挖掘，将“数字景观技术”的运用与发展总结为兴起期、平稳期和蓬勃期3个阶段，由此对“数字景观技术”研究的区位拓展特征、所适用的热点议题，以及研究发展态势3个方面进行详细探讨，由此总结出我国“数字景观技术”在风景园林领域的运用与发展规律。1)研究发展途径：网状发展结构，院校间协同联动，跨学科趋势明显；2)研究关注热点：多元议题共生，战略规划引领，化解特定地域问题；3)研究发展态势：持续迅猛前行，结合科技革新，应对阶段发展。     

康复景观研究前沿：热点议题与研究方法

文章基于近年来康复景观的研究成果,从理论、实证、实践、评价等4方面梳理了康复景观的热点议题,即景观的恢复作用机制、景观的健康效益测量、康复景观设计、景观的主观恢复性测量;并总结了康复景观实证研究基本范式中的常用方法和最新技术手段,包括环境刺激呈现方式、主观环境感受特征评价与客观健康数据测量;最后,文章提出了“建立基于东方文化的康复景观理论与实践体系”、“立足于风景园林学的康复景观研究”、“建立具有优化实践意义的康复景观评价体系”等3个康复景观研究与实践的未来发展方向。     

对新校区景观建设的几点思考

通过对校园景观建设内涵的思考,指出应以自然、和谐、生态的理念,高标准地建设校园的软质景观和硬质景观,提出构造植物景观的原则,强调了景观的维修和养护,从而为学校师生构建一个丰富多彩的景观环境。     

B本《景观法》评介

日本在2004年6月颁布并于同年12月正式实施了《景观法》。该文对《景观法》的基本构成、思想理念以及相关重要概念等进行了介绍、阐释和评述.     

New challenges in the field of spatial planning: landscapes

The European Landscape Convention (ELC) highlights the landscape as an holistic concept, which is important for individual and social well being and for quality of life. Landscape questions tend today to fall between the responsibilities of different sectors of society. The implications of the Convention for giving 'landscape' a higher status in spatial planning are discussed. Important challenges for planning that need to be focused from a landscape approach are discussed: the growing urbanization; the development and new roles of the urban fringe areas; new infrastructure landscapes; the mental landscapes of tomorrow; an holistic approach to landscape ecological planning and environmental policies and the need for co-ordination of European planning issues that concern landscapes. Planning for good landscape qualities is not a new issue; many landscape architects and landscape planners have worked in the spirit of the ELC for decades. The importance of educating landscape architects and planners with an holistic approach is particularly addressed. Efforts for a more integrated landscape education, such as the European network LE:NOTRE, already exist and contribute to the implementation of the ELC.     

New challenges in the field of spatial planning: landscapes

The European Landscape Convention (ELC) highlights the landscape as an holistic concept, which is important for individual and social well being and for quality of life. Landscape questions tend today to fall between the responsibilities of different sectors of society. The implications of the Convention for giving ‘landscape’ a higher status in spatial planning are discussed. Important challenges for planning that need to be focused from a landscape approach are discussed: the growing urbanization; the development and new roles of the urban fringe areas; new infrastructure landscapes; the mental landscapes of tomorrow; an holistic approach to landscape ecological planning and environmental policies and the need for co‐ordination of European planning issues that concern landscapes. Planning for good landscape qualities is not a new issue; many landscape architects and landscape planners have worked in the spirit of the ELC for decades. The importance of educating landscape architects and planners with an holistic approach is particularly addressed. Efforts for a more integrated landscape education, such as the European network LE:NOTRE, already exist and contribute to the implementation of the ELC.     

Evaluating Landscape for Shared Values: Tools, Principles, and Methods

The aim of the paper is to discuss the need for innovation in the landscape policies that were proclaimed by the European Landscape Convention (ELC), which promotes a change from policies stressing conservation to policies stressing a management approach to planning new landscapes. This change focuses on the need to define a new methodological approach to evaluate and promote landscape values as well as to define a process leading to shared values in reference to landscape. This article begins its research with the recent implementation of the ELC in some European Countries. On this basis, it presents an alternative definition of landscape, discusses the role of landscape evaluation, and identifies the different types of values involved in landscape.     

Evaluating Landscape for Shared Values: Tools,Principles, and Methods

The aim of the paper is to discuss the need for innovation in the landscape policies that were proclaimed by the European Landscape Convention (ELC), which promotes a change from policies stressing conservation to policies stressing a management approach to planning new landscapes. This change focuses on the need to define a new methodological approach to evaluate and promote landscape values as well as to define a process leading to shared values in reference to landscape. This article begins its research with the recent implementation of the ELC in some European Countries. On this basis, it presents an alternative definition of landscape, discusses the role of landscape evaluation, and identifies the different types of values involved in landscape.     

《欧洲风景公约》及其实施导则解析：迈向综合整体的风景园林规划管理

《欧洲风景公约》是第一个将风景作为规范对象的国际公约,这标志着"风景"概念从科学知识转化为行为规范,并成为跨国治理的政策工具。欧洲风景公约作为"软法"的本质特征是其规定性与确定性,精确的概念和严密的逻辑是公约文件的基石。从法规文本解读的角度全面阐释了公约的风景定义及其重要意义;深入解析了公约的总体措施与行动框架,评述了风景知识与风景行动的相互关系;并对公约在国家层面实施的干预机制、具体的实施方法进行了详细的阐述与解释。     

Landscape’s physiognomic structure: conceptual development and practical applications

The past decade has seen an increased interest in approaches for the identification and assessment of landscapes, which has been, in part, a response to the European Landscape Convention (ELC). In this article, we review landscape physiognomy, an important component of the Polish approach to the assessment and identification of its landscape. We address the relevance of physiognomy both in relation to the ELC and to the landscape character assessments approach, and then explore the theoretical basis of landscape physiognomic structure. We also expand the existing classification of landscape interiors; this is followed by combining three approaches: (1) physical geography in the field of comprehensive classification of natural landscapes; (2) landscape ecology studies on the spatial structure of land cover patches against the ‘landscape matrix’ and (3) the theory of landscape interiors. Presented ideas create the outline of the concept of landscape’s physiognomic structure.     

Analysing Visual Landscape Complexity: Theory and Application

The experience of landscape has, through the development of the European Landscape Convention, been highlighted as an important aspect to be incorporated in the management and planning of future landscapes. Complexity is a concept that appears in the development of indicators for several landscape functions, including visual quality and biodiversity. In environmental psychology, complexity has been used as an explanatory factor for landscape preference. This paper outlines the factors which constitute the dimensions of complexity perception and how these relate to coherence—a factor which seems to interact with complexity as regards to landscape experience. The paper further explores how indicators of landscape complexity developed within the framework of landscape ecology may be applied and used to capture relevant information on visually experienced landscape complexity. Particular attention is paid to the dimensional transitions which must be considered in order for map based indicators and perceived environmental qualities to be readily related in an applied setting. The paper concludes with some suggested models for how to link landscape indicators with landscape preference in future research.     

From urban beautification to a holistic approach: the discourses of ‘landscape’ in the Arab Middle East

The English word and Western idea of landscape was introduced during the colonial restructuring of Arab cities in the early decades of the twentieth century. Thereafter, landscape came to be understood predominantly in the context of urban modernity, associated with the Western picturesque tradition adopted in landscaping municipal parks and public urban spaces. The formal conception that prevails today precludes a broader appreciation of landscape as a source of livelihood, the fabric of lived-in experiences and collective identities, just as it reduces the scope of landscape architecture, an emerging profession in the Arab Middle East, to urban beautification. Inspired by the integrative and community-centred conception advanced by the European Landscape Convention, this paper argues for a holistic landscape approach that contributes to development while responding to regional environmental and ecological constraints. The methodology of ecological landscape design is applied to secure a holistic reading of people and place and to engender integrative solutions that address socio-economic, environmental and heritage concerns. A selection of projects are cited to demonstrate the potential of a holistic approach in changing current limited perceptions of landscape and in expanding the discourse of landscape in the region beyond the current focus on appearance and beautification.     

上海园林土壤标准及管理现状与 对策研究

上海园林土壤的标准化管理发端于《园林栽植土质量标准》(DBJ 08-231—98),在一定历史时期对上海的园林土壤管理具有重要作用。但是,随着生态文明建设的持续推进,现有园林土壤的标准化管理已无法适应目前的工作需要。系统梳理上海现行园林土壤标准体系,发现园林土壤标准主要存在部分标准内容相互重复和冲突、国标与地标间层次关系不明确,以及技术标准未及时更新等问题。提出完善上海园林土壤标准体系的优化方案,包括针对技术指标进行细化和优化,以及统一土壤指标测定方法避免标准间的冲突。此外,需要提出符合中国园林土壤特点的技术标准,并予以及时修订和完善。在标准化管理对策方面,要进一步重视园林土壤质量,在园林绿化工程设计中,首先针对土壤质量进行控制,同时分类管理园林土壤及土壤改良材料,并进一步提高园林绿化行业财政支撑力度,加强园林土壤的相关科技研发。     

Applicability of European landscape typology in Turkey (Çakırlar Watershed case/Antalya)

The aim of this study is to put forward Turkey as a case study of the applicability of the European approach to landscape characterisation studies at the local scale within the context of the European Landscape Convention. For this purpose, a classification of landscape types with the help of LANMAP typology is suggested at the European scale in a basin in Turkey where there are obvious differences in terms of landscape characteristics. In particular, this study examines the usability of a countrywide thematic database when making this classification. It is understood that a mapping system as well as a common nomenclature of types of land covered at the country scale is insufficient for the suggested methodology for Europe. Later, results of the continuation of a classification system at the local scale for landscape characterisation are discussed, and some deficiencies of LANMAP when characterising the landscapes at this scale are mentioned.