混合型消费者的短生命周期产品动态定价

混合型消费者的短生命周期产品动态定价摘要： 研究了复杂市场环境下针对混合型消费者（策略型消费者和非策略型消费者并存）的一类短生命周期产品的动态定价问题,分析消费者与销售商间的博弈过程,确定了消费者的最优购买决策。建立不同时刻的需求模型,并对消费行为进行了分析。以销售商总体收益最大化为目标,确定了两阶段的最优价格策略。     

基于消费者选择和产品平均新鲜度的生鲜农产品两阶段定价研究

针对单零售商依次正常销售期和折扣期销售某生鲜农产品两种情况,假定消费者以产品价格和平均新鲜度决定产品购买阶段,构建了两阶段定价决策模型,进行了模型求解和参数敏感性分析,分析了单位产品单位时间存储成本、折扣期的效用折扣系数对最优定价和零售商利润的影响,给出了零售商实施两阶段定价的条件。研究表明:随着折扣期的效用折扣系数的增加,折扣期消费者购买产品的效用得到提升,导致折扣期的最优价格上升,零售商的利润和正常销售期的最优定价下降;随着单位产品单位时间存储成本的增加,正常销售期最优定价、折扣期最优定价和利润都具有单调性,其中折扣期的最优定价关于单位产品单位时间存储成本递增,正常销售期最优定价关于单位产品单位时间存储成本的单调性与产品的生命周期有关,而利润随着单位产品单位时间存储成本增加而减少。     

一类短生命周期产品的回购合同

在考虑短生命周期产品具有价格弹性的随机需求情况下,研究了基于供应链环境下的短生命周期产品回购合同策略,分别分析了零售商和供应商在没有协调情况下各自的最优决策以及在回购合同协调下双方的最优决策,推导出了在回购合同下零售商的最佳订货量和最优零售价,以及供应商的最优回购价格的取值范围,并通过数值分析,验证了在回购合同下双方的最优决策能使供应链的整体利润达到集中控制下的最优状态.     

考虑机器故障的短生命周期产品库存模型

在考虑机器故障、返修费用和担保费用以及短生命周期产品库存成本随着时间呈非线关系的情况下建立短生命周期产品经济制造批量模型,并提供了寻求上述模型唯一最优解的简便方法.举数字实例进行了说明,计算实例验证了该方法的有效性.研究分析了机器故障率、返修费用和担保费用对最优生产批量和单位时间总成本的影响,同时比较了一般产品与短生命周期产品在生产策略上的一些区别,得到了一些有价值的结论.     

BASS预测模型与库存控制集成研究

根据短生命周期产品的特征调整BASS扩散模型,并将其应用于短生命周期产品的需求预测,同时考虑产品需求对无形变质和短缺拖后量的影响,进而建立短生命周期产品多周期订货模型。通过算例分析获得短生命周期产品的成熟期开始时间和持续时间,进而求订货次数和订货量,给出多周期最优订货策略。数据实验结果显示基于BASS需求函数的库存控制模型可以提高需求预测精确度,有效降低库存成本,对企业库存控制具有指导意义。     

短生命周期产品新品上市时间优化模型

结合短生命周期产品进入衰退期后影响新老产品需求转移的因素,提出需求转移率的表达式,认为需求转移率分别与新产品上市时间和老产品价格成正比,与老产品剩余生命周期和新产品价格成反比.以最大化老产品剩余生命周期里新老产品的总收入为目标,在新产品价格处于的三个不同区间内分别建立数学模型,得到新产品最优上市时问的求解方法.通过灵敏度分析确定影响新产品上市时间的主要因素及其相关关系,得出老产品的剩余生命周期和价格是最主要的影响因素.     

弹性需求下一类国际供应链的最优价格契约

研究了在最终市场需求具有价格弹性的情况下,由单一制造商、单一零售商组成的国际供应链的最优价格折扣契约。首先建立了零售商和制造商在无折扣、有折扣时的利润模型：然后提出了求解最优价格折扣的算法;最后通过算例仿真,求出了在不同汇率下的最优价格折扣,对问题进行了实证研究。     

基于离散时间的短生命周期产品动态定价

研究了零售商销售短生命周期产品时的最优定价策略。零售商试图在一个有限计划期内将固定的存货全部售出,剩余存货在销售季节结束时价值变为零。提出了一个以顾客到达为泊松过程的连续时间最优定价模型。考虑到连续最优定价策略在实际中难以执行,提出了一种简化的离散时间最优定价策略。该策略允许零售商按预定的间隔周期调整价格,与实际生活中时装类商品零售商定期降价做法非常相似。分析了零售商最优初始存货水平决策问题,该问题可通过前面的连续时间模型较容易求解。     

产能约束下多源供应商选择及订单分配研究

为有效解决在多产品、多价格折扣、考虑供应商负荷与产能状况及需求量为模糊值等多重约束条件下多供应商联合供货时的订单分配问题,考虑到进行供应商评价与选择时广泛存在的多目标及各目标的模糊性,基于产能约束条件下,对各评价指标及相关约束条件进行量化,建立了模糊多目标规划模型并采用模拟退火算法求解,确定了在多产品、多价格折扣及多供应商存在的条件下考虑供应商负荷与产能约束的订单最佳分配结果,并对结果进行了简要分析。     

新鲜度差异下两种可替代生鲜品的多阶段定价策略研究

研究单个零售商销售2种可替代生鲜产品时的价格决策,建立3种定价策略下的决策模型,得到2种产品的最优固定价格、最优折扣价格和最优捆绑价格售价;通过数值仿真分析影响零售商价格决策的因素及其影响大小。研究结果表明,3种策略下产品价格都与产品新鲜度临界值同方向变化;最优固定价格随销售期临近度的增大而变高;对比3种策略下零售商的利润发现,有时捆绑价格是占优策略,有时折扣价格是占优策略,参数的大小是关键因素。     

Dynamic pricing with ‘BOGO’ promotion in revenue management

We consider a dynamic pricing problem when a seller, facing uncertain demands, sells a single product in a finite horizon. The seller actively adopts dynamic pricing and quantity discount schemes. The proposed model is based on the assumption that each customer has random reservation prices and the purchase size depends on the posted price and discount. We particularly focus on the widely adopted promotional schemes ‘buy one get one free’ and ‘50% off’ and study the optimal strategic choices of the seller. Analytical results together with numerical experiments are presented to help us obtain managerial insights. Additional numerical results for a generalised model are provided so as to examine the effectiveness of promotional schemes.     

Optimal stocking strategies for inventory mechanism with a stochastic short-term price discount and partial backordering

Price discount is an important research topic in the field of inventory management. The existing research on this topic mainly considers fixed price discount, but ignores the situation in which stochastic short-term price discount may be involved. In this paper, we study an inventory problem considering stochastic short-term price discount and partial backordering. To address this problem, we propose an optimal replenishment and stocking model to maximise the retailers' profit. After that, a cost–benefit analysis-based heuristic method for solving the developed model is presented by considering two scenarios depending on whether a replenishment point belongs to a discount period or not. Furthermore, an algorithm is provided to elicit an optimal ordering policy from multiple solutions derived from the given heuristic solution method. Finally, a real case is offered to demonstrate the application of the proposed model, followed by a sensitivity analysis. The results indicate that a retailer can identify the optimal replenishment policy with the aim of achieving maximal profit in situations where stochastic short-term price discount and partial backordering are considered for certain inventory problems at hand. In addition, sensitivity analysis illustrates a fact that different values of the introduced parameters may influence the optimal replenishment policy.     

Improving a supplier's quantity discount gain from many different buyers

We consider the pricing and inventory decisions of a vendor who supplies a single product to multiple heterogeneous buyers. The problem is analyzed as a Stackelberg game in which the vendor acts as the leader by announcing its pricing policy to all the buyers in advance and the buyers act as followers by choosing their order quantity and the sassociated purchasing price independently under the vendors' pricing scheme. We propose in this paper a pricing policy for the vendor that offers price discounts based on the percentage increase from a buyers' order quantity before discount. The proposed policy is defined as a discrete all-unit quantity discount schedule with many break points. We show that: (i) the proposed policy offers a higher price discount to a buyer ordering a larger quantity and hence complies with general fair trade laws; (ii) an explicit solution is obtained for the vendors' optimal decision; and (iii) although suppliers in reality normally offer price discounts based on a buyers' unit increase in order quantity, the proposed policy is superior for the vendor when there are many different buyers. Other benefits of the proposed pricing policy are demonstrated by numerical examples.     

Improving Profitability with Quantity Discounts under Fixed Demand

Quantity discount schedules have been studied, in the past, from the retailer's, and not the supplier's, point of view. These studies address the problem of determining the economic order quantities for the retailer, given a quantity discount schedule set by the supplier. In this paper, this problem is addressed from the supplier's point of view, assuming that the retailer always uses his optimal order quantity. It is shown that under certain circumstances, quantity discounts could be of benefit to the supplier (and obviously to the retailer), even when retailer's demand is insensitive to price changes. An algorithm is developed to determine the optimal pricing policy for a linear quantity discount schedule. Numerical examples are provided, and sufficient conditions when no quantity discount should be offered are derived.     

Decentralised planning coordination with quantity discount contract in a divergent supply chain

This paper proposes to solve a supply chain planning problem with realistic features. The problem consists of planning productions, transportations and storage activities in a supply chain at a tactical level on a finite horizon. The main features considered are decentralised decision making and iteration of the planning process on a rolling horizon basis. In each planning process, the actors optimise their local planning and coordinate to achieve a good overall planning. A multi-agent system is used to model such supply chain behaviour. The study is conducted in a divergent two-echelon supply chain with one manufacturer and multiple independent retailers. Coordination is achieved using a standard contract in practice, known as the ‘quantity discount’ contract. The planning framework on the supply chain structure is detailed. Lot-sizing models integrating the quantity discount are presented for the local planning problems. Experimental tests are conducted with three major parameters: quantity discount price, quantity discount breakpoint and rolling horizon length. They are used to determine the quantity discount parameters in achieving the best supply chain profit, and to analyse the increasing profit of the actors. A decision-making tool which is able to consider realistic features of supply chain planning is therefore resulted.     

Analysis of supply contracts with total minimum commitment

In this paper we analyze a supply contract for a single product that specifies that the cumulative orders placed by a buyer, over a finite horizon, be at least as large as a (contracted upon) given quantity. We assume that the demand for the product is uncertain, and the buyer places orders periodically. We derive the optimal purchase policy for the buyer for a given total minimum quantity commitment and a discounted price. We show that the policy is characterized by the order-up-to levels of the corresponding finite horizon and a single-period standard newsboy problem with no commitment but with discounted price. We show that this policy can be computed easily. We can use this to evaluate any discount schedule characterized by a set of (price discount, minimum commitment) pairs.     

短缺量拖后率与价格折扣相关变质品VMI模型

考虑短缺量拖后率与订货商给予顾客的价格折扣正线性相关,提出一种需求指数时变的变质物品供应商管理库存模型,研究了供应链最优库存策略。数值仿真和主要参数灵敏度分析表明,订货商在缺货期间向顾客提供价格折扣有利于降低丢单损失和系统库存总成本;当需求增长因子变化时,VMI系统应保持库存控制策略不变;当变质系数和拖后率上限变大时,VMI系统则应保持订货商补货次数和价格折扣不变,同时适当降低订货商服务水平。     

社会福利最大化目标下的可再生能源最优价格路径研究

运用最优控制理论讨论了可再生能源资源的最优价格路径,通过建立社会福利最大化目标下考虑贴现的可再生能源资源消费模型,并将截断垂直终结线问题转化为固定终结点问题,分析了可再生能源资源再生率及贴现率对最优价格路径的影响。研究发现：1）再生性较强的能源资源可以承受持续恒量开采,且保证固定终结时间的资源储量非负;2）社会贴现率等于再生率时,能源资源最优价格路径为常量;3）社会贴现率等于两倍再生率时,最优价格路径呈指数增长,增长率等于再生率;4）其他一般情形下,最优价格路径以贴现率与再生率的差值为增长率呈指数增长运动。     

Economic production quantity (EPQ) model with partial backordering and a discount for imperfect quality batches

Economic production quantity (EPQ) models are traditionally used in operations management. Despite the large number of papers that describe the models, the classic EPQ model does not consider either imperfect quality batches or shortages. However, some industries may be able to sell imperfect items for a lower price, reducing the total production cost. This paper proposes an EPQ model with partial backordering and discount for imperfect quality batches and an algorithm that returns optimal values for the problem. From a numerical example, it is possible to analyse how the changes in the variables affect each part of the total cost function, which provides a useful tool for strategic decision-making. We conclude that it is better to sell imperfect items as soon as possible because the savings in holding costs results in a total cost reduction. It is more profitable for the producer to have planned shortages considering that some costumers are willing to wait. Furthermore, the reduction of the goodwill cost does not necessarily reduce the total cost.     

电子商务环境下无缺陷退货政策

研究电子商务环境下包含一个制造商和一组顾客群的单周期供应链系统,建立了无质量缺陷的退货问题决策模型。分析顾客购买及退货的策略性决策的特点,确定了3种退货政策下,制造商的最优定价、最优供货量、最优退货价格及网络销售成本的临界值。比较分析3种退货政策的优劣及其对供应链绩效的影响。结果表明,当商品的采购/制造成本或残值较低时,零退货政策优于全额退货政策;而实行部分款额退货政策的供应链绩效优于全额退货政策。