20种中国蚕豆的烹煮加工适用性分析

为探索我国蚕豆烹煮加工的适用性,在前期选取了来自全国各主产区的20种蚕豆作为分析对象,对其化学组分、物理特性进行了测定和分析,在此基础上,继续对其烹煮品质进行评价,结果发现通鲜l号等5个品种的烹煮品质最佳.将蚕豆的理化性质与烹煮品质三者之间进行相关性分析,结果表明,蚕豆的灰分含量与蚕豆的物理性质、烹煮品质相关性最高,说明蚕豆的烹煮加工品质特性受地域土壤环境影响很大.影响烹煮品质的其他指标依次是子叶淀粉、皮重比例、皮粗纤维、子叶直链淀粉、子叶蛋白,而物理指标中的百粒体积可作为预测蚕豆烹煮品质的重要指标.     

THE EFFECT OF PHYTATE AND FIBER CONTENT ON COOKING QUALITY IN FABA BEANS

Seventy-six faba bean lines were analyzed for their phytic acid content in the whole seeds and in the cotyledons. The fiber content was also determined in 17 Faba bean lines. The seed weights; % testa weight-of the seeds; and % moisture uptake (water imbibition) after overnight soaking in distilled water or increasing concentrations of EDTA solutions were measured and recorded. The relation between the above mentioned dependent variables and the cooking time for seed softening (min.) in 76 faba bean lines was studied and simple and multiple correlation coefficients were computed with a total of 70 operations. Significant correlation coefficients were found between phytic acid content in the cotyledons, % testae weight of the seeds; moisture uptake after soaking the seeds in distilled water overnight and cooking time for 50% softening (min). The faba bean lines 606/ 303; 606/ 308, 608/ 334, 609/ 350, proved to be of excellent cooking quality, since their cooking time for 50% seed softening did not exceed 10 min.     

STUDIES ON EVALUATION OF GRAIN QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF SOME BASMATI AND NON‐BASMATI RICE CULTIVARS

ABSTRACT

Physical, chemical and cooking properties of some newly developed basmati and non‐basmati varieties of rice were studied, which showed significant variations within different quality parameters. The longer kernel length, intermediate amylose content, higher elongation after cooking, more water uptake ratio and strong aroma were found to be the distinctive features of evolved basmati rice cultivars like the traditional ones. There was significant correlation found between some of the important quality parameters of rice, such as paddy length breadth ratio showed a positive correlation with kernel length breadth ratio (r = 0.908), density (r = 0.801), cooked kernel length (r = 0.836) and a negative correlation with bulk density (r = −0.84). Amylose content showed a negative correlation with gel consistency (r = −0.974), solid loss in gruel (r = −0.856) while it is positively correlated with cooked kernel length (r = 0.937), elongation ratio (r = 0.829) and water uptake (r = 0.786) at 5% level of significance.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Oryza sativa has a broad range of genetic diversity within specific quality characters like physicochemical, cooking, eating and aroma. Some of these individual quality attributes got consumer's preference and became popular in different regions of the country. The quality characterization of newly developed rice cultivars from cereal chemistry approach and to find correlation between important properties is mandatory to study their quality attributes and to compare their different properties with already studied cultivars for further improvement in quality characteristics of under development varieties of rice. Thus, the present investigation reveals the morphological, physicochemical and cooking properties of some newly developed rice cultivars. These studies are of paramount importance in terms of evaluation of grain quality features of very long, long and medium grain size varieties of rice instead of focusing on only one type of variety, and thus suits different markets and consumer preferences.

     

Nutritive composition of broth from selected bean varieties cooked for various periods

Ten bean varieties with white, yellow, red and black seed coats were subjected to cooking regimes of 60, 90 and 120 min on a hot plate. The cooking broth was analysed for total soluble solids, dry matter, protein, tannin, calcium, magnesium, iron and available L-tyrosine during in-vitro protein digestion. The results indicated that tannin levels were high in cooking broth from bean varieties with red seed coats compared with broth from those with white and yellow seed coats. Digestibility was higher in white and yellow varieties than in red seed coat bean varieties, suggesting that tannins have a negative effect on bean protein digestibility. All parameters evaluated showed a significant increase with cooking time. Iron occurred in trace amounts and its concentration was not affected by cooking time.     

小麦粉溶剂保持力特性与挂面力学质地的关系

为了探究小麦粉溶剂保持力（solvent retention capacity,SRC）特性与挂面力学质地之间的相关性,选取品质性状差异较大的6 种小麦粉进行4 种SRC的测定,利用物性仪对其制作的挂面蒸煮前后力学质地进行测定。结果表明：乳酸溶液SRC与弹性模量、断裂位移、断裂应力、硬度、咀嚼性之间均呈显著或极显著正相关（r＝0.84～0.92）,与蒸煮损失率呈极显著负相关（r＝－0.99）;蔗糖溶液SRC与断裂应力、咀嚼性、蒸煮损失率之间均呈显著相关（r＝0.84、0.82、－0.83）;碳酸氢钠溶液SRC与内聚性、弹性、面条吸水率之间均呈显著或极显著相关（r＝－0.87、－0.85、0.98）;蒸馏水SRC与挂面品质指标之间相关性均不显著。SRC方法可以在一定程度上替代传统品质指标（蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、十二烷基硫酸钠沉降值和破损淀粉含量）测定方法,有效预测挂面力学质地。     

Interrelationships amongst carcass and meat quality characteristics of sheep

The relationships between various carcass and meat quality characteristics of sheep were studied. Relationships were determined by regression, using data obtained from sheep belonging to a wide range of breeds, sex types and slaughter weight (32-62 kg). The chilling rate of the M. longissimus dorsi (LD) post-mortem was negatively correlated with carcass weight (r=-0.42, P<0.01), back fat thickness (r=-0.54, P<0.001) and the cooking loss of the M. infraspinatus (IS) muscle (r=-0.44, P<0.001). Correlation between chilling rate and shear force of the IS muscle was not significant, which was also the case between chilling rate and the cooking loss and shear force of the LD and M. triceps brachii muscles. A positive relationship was observed between total collagen and cooking loss (r=0.34, P<0.05) and between heat-insoluble collagen and cooking loss of the LD muscle (r=0.37, P<0.01). Generally collagen content was positively correlated with lean content and negatively with fat content. Carcass weight was significantly (P<0.001) correlated with intramuscular fat (r=0.61), moisture (r=-0.76), cooking loss (r=-0.49), shear force (r=-0.41) and hue angle (r=-0.41). Shear force was positively associated with cooking loss (r=0.42, P<0.001), but negatively with intramuscular fat content (r=-0.55, P<0.001). Cooking loss was positively correlated with moisture content (r=0.55, P<0.001).     

淀粉组成对荞麦面条食用和烹调品质的影响

为比较不同品种荞麦挤压面条的煮制及食用品质差异,分析其与荞麦淀粉组成的关系,研究选取八种具有代表性的苦荞、甜荞麦品种,制成挤压面条,对其煮制损失、吸水率、质构特性及感官品质进行考察;同时测定荞麦粉的直链、支链淀粉含量,分析淀粉组成与荞麦挤压面条各品质间的相关性。结果表明:在粘性、拉伸力及感官评定三个食用品质评价指标中,甜荞面条优于苦荞面条;而在烹调品质方面,甜荞与苦荞间无显著差异。总的来看,面条品质甜荞以西农9976为最佳;苦荞以西农9920为最佳。相关性分析显示,直链淀粉含量与煮制损失间存在显著性正相关关系（r=0.878）;支链淀粉含量显著影响面条的吸水率（r=0.917）,粘性（r=0.740）和硬度评分（r=-0.689）。结果说明不同品种荞麦面条的食用品质差异显著,支链淀粉含量是影响荞麦挤压面条食用品质的重要因素。      

Physicochemical,cooking and textural characteristics of some Indian black gram (Phaseolus mungo L) varieties

Physicochemical, cooking and textural properties of black gram varieties were studied and related to each other using Pearson correlation. Different varieties showed significant variation in their physicochemical, cooking and textural properties. Varieties having higher seed weight and seed volume had higher values of cooking time, swelling capacity, hydration capacity and hardness. The relationships between textural parameters of cooked grains from different black gram varieties showed a significant positive correlation of hardness with cohesiveness (r = 0.472), gumminess (r = 0.938) and chewiness (r = 0.859). Swelling index, cohesiveness and gumminess of black gram varieties were observed to be related to their fibre content. Swelling capacity and swelling index correlated well with cooking time, hardness and gumminess. Cooking time had a positive correlation with hardness (p < 0.05) and gumminess (p < 0.05) and a negative correlation with springiness. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON THE QUALITY OF COOKED CARROTS

We investigated the effect of heat treatment on the quality of cooked carrots (texture, chemical, and sensory evaluation). Slices of three carrot varieties (Rubika, Kundulus, and Rothild) were cooked at 90–120°C for 2–70 min. Compressive failure stress and rupture work were a by a Zwick Universal Testing Machine. Textural softening could be expressed by an exponential equation of the type: S = A exp(-kt), where 6 = rupture stress, t = cooking time, and A and k are constants. Plotting k versus l/T (T = cooking temperature, °K) revealed an Arrhenius-type relationship with apparent activation energy of about 28, 27, and 22 Kcal/mole for Rubika, Rothild, and Kundulus varieties, respectively. Chemical analysis (dry matter and p-carotene) showed that the cooking process caused insignificant changes. Statistical analysis of the sensory assessments showed an overall significant preference for 3 mm slice thickness and 110°C cooking temperature.     

THE RELATIONSHIP OF FATTY ACID COMPOSITION AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS TO MEAT FLAVOR IN LAMB1

The relationship of 20 fatty acids and carcass quality characteristics to meat flavor in lamb was studied. Subcutaneous fat samples obtained from 64 lamb carcasses were analyzed for fatty acid composition. A taste panel evaluated flavor of a ground lean-fat mixture of meat. Flavor was most highly correlated with amounts of fatty acids 18:1 and 18:3 (r =—0.33 and r = 0.33, respectively). The remaining fatty acids were not associated with flavor. Quality grade, carcass weight, fat softness, maturity and fat color were not associated with lamb flavor. Carcass softness was not associated with quality grades. Greater quantities of 17:0, 18:1, and 18:2 were associated with increased carcass fatness.     

薏米预熟化工艺研究

针对粮食的熟化时间不同,采用常压蒸煮、高温高压蒸煮和微波熟化技术分别对薏米进行预熟化研究,并对比分析3种预熟化工艺对薏米营养成分、质构和色泽的影响。结果表明:常压蒸煮工艺条件为40℃恒温浸泡2.5 h,物料厚度0.7 cm,蒸煮时间15 min;高温高压蒸煮工艺条件为40℃恒温浸泡1 h,蒸煮温度115℃,蒸煮时间3 min;微波预熟化工艺条件为40℃恒温浸泡1.5 h,微波功率539 W,物料厚度2.8 cm,时间5 min。与原料薏米相比,3种预熟化方式制得预熟化薏米中脂肪含量均明显升高,常压蒸煮和高压蒸煮的蛋白质含量升高,而微波预熟化蛋白质含量与原料接近;沸水中煮15 min,焖5 min后,预熟化后薏米的弹性、胶黏性和咀嚼性均明显升高,能与小米共煮同熟;3种预熟化工艺均不同程度改变薏米的色泽。     

Effects of harvesting procedure,storage time and climatic conditions on cooking time of lentils (Lens culinaris Medikus)

In an experiment conducted over 2 years in Larissa, the effects on the cooking times of six lentil varieties of different harvest periods (early and late), seed storage for 1 year and climatic conditions prevailing during seed production were studied. Cooking time was estimated by measuring seed hardness using a penetrometer (PNR‐6). Late harvesting (when the plants were completely dry) increased cooking times by 6–16% in comparison with early harvesting (when the plants were partly green). This increase was less for the short‐cooking genotypes ‘Dimitra’, ‘Samos’ and ‘Thessalia’ than for the long‐cooking genotypes ‘Arachova’ and ‘Nikaia’. After 1 year of seed storage, cooking times increased on average by 6–9%. Seeds produced during a dry year (1995) required on average 38% less time to cook than seeds produced during a wet year (1996), irrespective of harvest period or duration of seed storage. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同蔬菜粉添加比例对鲶鱼肉饼品质的影响

以鲶鱼鱼糜和蔬菜粉(胡萝卜、芹菜、香菜、黄瓜、菠菜)为主要原料加工成蔬菜鲶鱼肉饼。通过蒸煮损失率、色差、质构、失水率和感官评定等指标探讨不同原料种类和不同添加量的蔬菜粉对鲶鱼肉饼品质的影响。结果表明：胡萝卜、菠菜、芹菜、黄瓜和香菜粉的添加质量分数为4%～6%为宜,胡萝卜鲶鱼肉饼的品质最好。     

不同品种糯玉米组分对其煮制后食用品质的影响

为了研究影响糯玉米的感官品质的主要因素,对11种糯玉米的鲜食感官品质、组分特征及种皮厚度之间的相关性进行分析。感官评定结果表明:11种糯玉米在味道和口感方面差异不显著,但是在香气和色泽方面差异显著。色差分析结合感官数据结果显示,除了彩糯以外,白糯玉米品种中亮度和黄度值高的品种作为鲜食品种更受人们欢迎。还原糖与玉米棒的色泽呈现极显著正相关(P<0.01)。11种鲜糯玉米的组分差异比较大,水分、直链淀粉、支链淀粉、还原糖和总糖含量各个品种间都有较大差异,其余组分如游离氨基酸、脂肪、灰分等差异相对较小;各个品种的种皮厚度也有较大差异。但是组分变量与感官结果之间相关性不显著,种皮厚度与感官结果之间的相关性也不显著。     

Cooking quality of pulses

The main factor affecting the cooking quality of seeds of several pea and bean varieties was found to be the composition of the cell wall as expressed by a ‘PCMP number’ relating the contents of phytin, Ca, Mg and free pectin. Other factors probably involved were the thickness of the seed-coat palisade layer, and the contents of lignin and alpha-cellulose in the seed coats. Cell contents had no detectable effect.     

Evaluation of cooking time and quality of seven diverse cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) varieties

Seven cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) varieties, which were part of a larger collection evaluated in agronomic field trials in Botswana, were selected for characterization of cooking time and quality. Newly harvested seed was kept in the open air for 2 weeks, then stored at 4°C and 40% relative humidity for 3 months. Duplicate samples were tested for cooking time with and without 12-h prior soaking. Varieties showed differences ( P < 0.01) in cooking time and response to soaking, although the overall effect of soaking was insignificant. Cooking times ranged from 29 to 64 min without soaking and 36 to 56 min after soaking, with small-seeded varieties having the longer cooking times. The seed coat of some varieties readily became soft, but others remained tough or split before finally softening.     

稻米三点弯曲力学特性与蒸煮食用品质的关联性探讨

为探究稻米三点弯曲力学特性与其食用品质的关系,采用物性测试仪对9种大米样品的三点弯曲破碎力学特性进行测试,测定其蒸煮特性、质构特性和品尝评分值,并分析它们之间的相关性。结果表明:大米的破碎力与其吸水率和膨胀体积呈极显著负相关(r=-0.781、-0.829);与硬度呈极显著负相关(r=-0.836),与弹性呈极显著正相关(r=0.744);与品尝评分值呈显著正相关(r=0.709)。破碎变形与膨胀体积呈极显著负相关(r=-0.832);与硬度呈显著负相关(r=0.686);与品尝评分值呈正相关,但相关性不显著。破碎强度与膨胀体积呈显著正相关(r=0.747);与硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、品尝评分值的相关性不显著。破碎能与膨胀体积呈极显著负相关(r=-0.765);与硬度呈显著负相关(r=-0.659),与弹性呈显著正相关(r=0.681);与品尝评分值呈正相关,但相关性不显著。稻米的三点弯曲破碎力越大,其蒸煮食用品质越好。     

Effects of Ageing on Selected Cooking Quality Parameters of Rice

Ageing can improve cooking quality of rice by influencing major cooking quality parameters i.e., kernel expansion, water absorption, alkali digestion value, and gelatinization temperature along with changes in internal structure of rice grains. In this research, the effects of natural and artificial ageing on the selected cooking quality parameters of two Malaysian rice cultivars, named Mahsuri and Puteri, were studied. A relation was observed between water absorption and elongation ratio in both varieties under different aging conditions. Alkali digestion value and gelatinization temperature were also influenced by varieties and ageing conditions. This study revealed the potentiality of ageing for the improvement of rice cooking quality.     

不同烹煮方式对米饭食味品质的影响

以4种市售大米为研究对象,利用质构仪、气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)及感官评价等检测和评价手段,对不同烹煮方式的米饭进行基本蒸煮品质、质构特性以及风味物质等食味品质的评价,并探究其与感官评价的相关性。旨在探究不同大米品种(粳米和籼米),以及不同蒸煮工艺(高压烹煮、电饭锅烹煮、微波烹煮和电蒸锅烹煮)对米饭食味品质的影响,寻找一种能够综合评价米饭食味品质的方法,为米饭的制作及米饭食味品质的改善提供理论参考。结果表明:经高压烹煮后的米饭吸水率、膨胀率、碘蓝值均高于其他方式,且米饭硬度小,弹性和黏性较大,感官品质评价最优,而微波烹煮米饭食味品质最差。米饭膨胀率与感官评价中米饭的滋味和形态呈显著正相关(P0.05,P0.01),硬度与口感呈极显著负相关(P0.01),弹性与米饭形态呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。此外,米饭风味物质分析表明经高压烹煮和电饭锅烹煮的米饭,醛、醇、酮等主要的米饭风味物质含量和种类均高于其他烹煮方式,且因品种不同大米的香气有所差异。     

Selected Quality Attributes of Fine Basmati Rice: Effect of Storage History and Varieties

Storage period, temperature and moisture are the key traits, accountable for variation in chemical, cooking and sensory attributes of rice. The study of two promising varieties of fine Basmati rice stored at various temperatures revealed pronounced influence of storage on various quality traits i.e. volume expansion ratio, water absorption ratio, elongation ratio, alkali spreading value, amylose contents and sensory attributes. The cooking quality was affected significantly in the months following harvesting. Freshly harvested Basmati varieties (Basmati Super and Basmati-385) were aged for a period of sixteen weeks (4 months) at different temperatures (5, 25, 35, and 45°C). Aging of rice played imperative role in establishing the aforesaid quality traits. Storage condition resulted in increased moisture, water absorption ratio, volume expansion ratio and elongation ratio while amylose content and alkali spreading value of both rice varieties were decreased. The protein content showed insignificant differences. Storage of both varieties at 35°C gave best results for sensory attributes like taste and over all acceptability. Basmati Super showed better performance in cooking and eating quality than that of Basmati-385 during storage.