热激发煤矸石活性组分的溶出

利用电感耦合等离子发射光谱(ICP)测定了热激发煤矸石在不同激发、溶出条件下活性组分(活性SiO2和活性Al2O3)溶出量.研究结果表明:在强碱性环境中,热激发煤矸石中的活性组分溶出量与煤矸石所经历的煅烧温度有关,存在一最佳煅烧温度;溶出温度和溶出时间对活性SiO2和活性Al2O3溶出所起的作用不同,溶出温度对活性Al2O3的溶出作用更大,而溶出时间对活性SiO2的溶出作用更大;采用快速溶出试验(90℃,3h)溶出的活性组分总量和热激发煤矸石的火山灰活性指数(PAI)具有较好的线性相关关系,因此可以用其来评价热激发煤矸石的火山灰活性.根据活性组分溶出量确定的热激发煤矸石的活性类型为:非活性煤矸石(＜30mg/g);低活性煤矸石(30～55mg/g);高活性煤矸石(55～90mg/g);极高活性煤矸石(＞90mg/g).     

硫酸氢铵焙烧高钛渣的溶出动力学研究

通过单因素实验,研究了溶出温度、液固比、搅拌强度和溶出时间对二氧化钛溶出率的影响。结果表明溶出实验的最佳条件为:液固比5∶1,溶出温度70℃,搅拌强度500r/min,溶出时间50min。按照最佳条件进行验证性实验,溶出率可达84%。并对硫酸氢铵焙烧高钛渣的溶出动力学进行了系统的研究,结果表明:焙烧产物的溶出过程受通过固体产物层的内扩散控制,并由阿伦尼乌斯方程得到反应的表观活化能为26.59kJ/mol。     

对于液态沥青实时计量方法的研究

本文通过对沥青的特殊形态、不同计量方法的分析比较,提出了利用超声波原理基于单片机控制的非接触性计量方式,根据超声波传播速度、传播距离的时间间隔得到罐内沥青空高,进而计算出实际沥青液位高度,根据沥青的实时密度,得到沥青的质量和体积.在单片机的控制下,对不间断的沥青收发作业,也可以实时显示出沥青的液面变化.此计量方法,既解决了沥青不同相态的计量问题,还能对不同温度下、不同相态的沥青实现计量的自动化,提升了沥青的现代化加工、管理水平,也为企业带来了良好的经济效益.     

液氮罐内低温氮气的温度场研究

对装有少量液氮的液氮罐内的温度分布进行了系统研究,提出了相应的温度分布模型.研究表明,在10 L容积的液氮罐内注入少量液氮时,罐内温度可保持低于-130℃持续约25天,适用于多种场合的超低温保存.通过调节距离液氮面的高度,可选择保存样品的温度范围并控制样品的升降温速度.理论计算的温度分布与测量的结果符合较好,证实了所建立模型的合理性和有效性.     

奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊体外溶出考察

目的:建立奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊溶出样品检测方法,考察6个不同厂家生产的奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊在5种不同溶出介质中的溶出行为,比较其体外溶出特性,为评价药品质量提供参考。方法:采用桨法,以5种不同溶剂作为溶出介质,转速100 r/min,温度37℃,以高效液相色谱法测定溶出曲线,并进行比较分析。结果:6种奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊在pH1.2、pH4.5的溶出介质中耐酸性较好;在pH6.0、pH6.8、水的溶出介质中国产厂家生产的胶囊与参比制剂的体外溶出不相似。结论:国产的奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊与参比制剂的溶出行为有差异,其质量存在差异,建议提高国产奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊的质量。     

陶瓷釉层中铅溶出量的数学预测模型

目的探究陶瓷釉层中重金属铅溶出量的数学预测模型,建立重金属铅的快速溶出和检测方法。方法通过溶出实验测得在不同温度、不同时间下铅的溶出量数据,然后分析铅溶出量与溶出时间、溶出温度的关系,找到其中规律,通过数据拟合构建铅溶出量对时间、温度的数学预测模型,从而实现铅的快速溶出与测定。结果构建的铅溶出量预测模型对体积分数为4%的乙酸溶出实验数据进行拟合,得出相关系数(R^2)大于0.98;用体积分数为8%,14%的乙酸浸泡液中铅的溶出量实验数据对模型进行验证,结果发现R2均大于0.98;用前5 h实验数据拟合的模型参数,对8~24 h的铅溶出量进行预测,预测结果与实验数据的Pearson相关系数皆大于0.99。结论铅溶出量预测模型能够很好地拟合实验数据,通用性较强,可以预测出22℃下24 h时铅的溶出量,从而能够实现陶瓷釉层中铅的快速溶出与测定。     

山西铝厂拜尔法溶出系统温度检测存在的问题及解决办法

通过分析测量数据,本文找到了溶出系统温度测量的共性问题。就一个温度测点为例,找出了清除误差的方法,从而找到了解决溶出系统温度检测存在问题的办法。     

提高中低品位铝土矿拜耳法溶出率的试验研究

基于广西华银铝业有限公司目前所使用的铝土矿和已有的生产工艺流程,综述了在高压溶出铝土矿过程中,通过对铝土矿细度、石灰添加量、溶出温度以及溶出保温时间等因素的调整来进行溶出试验,最终能合理经济的指导实际生产。     

直接接触式蓄冷传热特性的试验研究

设计了直接接触式蓄冷试验台,观察了蓄冷罐内的蓄冷现象,对直接接触式蓄冷系统蓄冷罐内的传热特性进行了研究。通过试验对蓄冷罐水位、制冷节流阀的开度、罐内水的初温及系统充灌量对蓄冷罐内容积换热系数及温度分布迸行了研究,研究表明,蓄冷罐内的容积换热系数随罐内水位升高而降低,随初始水温的升高而增加,制冷节流阀的开度的增大将会增大蓄冷罐内的容积换热系数,而制冷剂的充罐量对容积换热系数影响不大。     

光纤布拉格光栅监测CF3052/5224复合材料成型过程研究

温度与应变是监测复合材料热压罐固化成型工艺两个最重要的表征参数,利用光纤布拉格光栅传感原理,采用毛细钢管封装的方法,制备了完全屏蔽应变信号的温度传感器,将温度传感器和应变传感器同时埋植在复合材料内部,实现了对热压罐成型全过程的实时监测,获得了复合材料成型过程中的内部温度和应变信息.对复合材料平板件和T型加筋板三角填充区域进行的温度监测结果表明,复合材料内部温度变化较罐内温度有一定滞后,传统成型工艺控制给出的加压点偏早,可能引起复合材料贫胶等缺陷.应变监测结果表明,平板件内部的应变变化主要反应树脂固化过程中的物理化学变化,在T型加筋板三角填充区域,应变监测在自然冷却阶段出现了不同于平板件的应变"回弹"现象,一定程度上反映出该区域在成型过程中容易出现缺陷的原因.     

电解质等离子抛光液中硫酸铵含量的检测方法

电解质等离子抛光过程中受抛光产生的金属微粒的干扰,无法使用电导法对抛光液中硫酸铵的含量进行检测,为了解决这一问题,基于实验提出了两种确定硫酸铵含量(质量分数)的方法.一种方法是利用抛光液中硫酸铵的含量低于2.5%以后抛光的电流密度会明显下降的现象,定时检测抛光过程中电流值和抛光液温度,以确定是否需要补充硫酸铵.另一种方法是通过实验得到一定抛光液温度下抛光量与硫酸铵消耗量的关系,再在抛光过程中记录抛光量计算抛光液中硫酸铵含量的方法.研究发现,前一种方法应用更为简便,适用于一般工业生产;后一种方法适用于对抛光效果要求更高的加工.经实验验证两种方法均具有可行性.     

Recovery of H2SO4 from waste acid solution by a diffusion dialysis method

A diffusion dialysis method using anion exchange membrane was used to recover H2SO4 from waste sulfuric acid solution produced at the diamond manufacturing process. Effects of flow rate, operation temperature, and metal ion concentration on the recovery of H2SO4 were investigated. The recovery of H2SO4 increased with the concentration of H2SO4 and operation temperature. It also increased with the flow rate ratio of water/H2SO4 solution up to 1, above which no further increase was observed. The flow rate did not affect the rejection of Fe and Ni ions. About 80% of H2SO4 could be recovered from waste sulfuric acid which contained 4.5M free-H2SO4 at the flow rate of 0.26x10(-3) m3/hm3. The concentration of recovered H2SO4 was 4.3M and the total impurity was 2000 ppm. Preliminary economic evaluation has revealed that the dialysis system is highly attractive one that has payback period of only few months.     

Recycling of aluminum and caustic soda solution from waste effluents generated during the cleaning of the extruder matrixes of the aluminum industry

Anodising industries use a concentrated caustic soda solution to remove aluminum from extruder matrixes. This procedure produces very alkaline effluents containing high amounts of aluminum. The work reported here was focussed on recycling aluminum, as aluminum hydroxide, from these effluents and regenerating an alkaline sodium hydroxide solution. Briefly, the method comprises a dilution step (necessary for reducing the viscosity of the effluent and allowing the subsequent filtration) followed by a filtration to eliminate a substantial amount of the insoluble iron. Then, sulphuric acid was added to neutralize the waste solution down to pH 12 and induce aluminum precipitation. The purity of the aluminum salt was improved after washing the precipitate with deionised water. The characterization of the solid recovered, performed by thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, indicated characteristics typical of bayerite. The proposal method allowed recovering 82% of the aluminum present in the wastewater with high purity (99.5%). Additionally, a sufficiently concentrated caustic soda solution was also recovered, which can be reused in the anodising industries. This procedure can be easily implemented and ensures economy by recycling reagents (concentrated caustic soda solution) and by recovering commercial by-products (aluminum hydroxide), while avoiding environmental pollution.     

On the effect of acetic acid on physical properties of chemically sprayed fluorine-doped ZnO thin films

Fluorine-doped zinc oxide (ZnO:F) thin films onto sodocalcic glass substrates, starting from a highly concentrated starting solution (0.4 M) containing zinc acetate and hydrofluoric acid diluted in a mixture of deionized water, acetic acid , and methanol, using the chemical spray deposition technique, were deposited and characterized. The effect of the acetic acid content in the starting solution, and the substrate temperature on the electrical resistivity, structure, morphology and optical characteristics was studied. The samples were polycrystalline in nature, but as the acetic acid content in the starting solution increases, the preferential orientation shows a switching from (002) to (101). For a predetermined deposition temperature, as the acetic acid content increases, the film resistivity values show an increase. The minimum resistivity in the order of 6 × 10^− 3 Ω cm was found for the films deposited with the lowest acetic acid content used. The surface morphology varies from agglomerated grains to rod-like shaped grains as a function of the acetic acid content.     

Adsorption of hydrazoic acid from aqueous solution by macroreticular resin

Sodium azide is a key component in the automobile air bag. When dissolved in aqueous solution, it reacts rapidly with water to form hydrazoic acid which is a highly toxic chemical and is strongly regulated by government. In the present study, adsorption of hydrazoic acid from aqueous solution by macroreticular resin is investigated. This method can provides a convenient means for dealing with the toxic hydrazoic acid. Experimental tests of batch equilibrium adsorption and continuous column adsorption of hydrazoic acid were conducted and the test results were employed to establish adsorption isotherm and to evaluate the column adsorption efficiency. The test results revealed that the multilayer adsorption isotherms, like the modified Langmuir or Jossens model, are needed to adequately describe the hydrazoic acid adsorption equilibrium between the liquid and solid (resin) phases. In the column adsorption process, a theoretical model was adopted for representing the hydrazoic acid change in the aqueous solution exiting the column and the verified theoretical model significantly facilitates prediction of adsorption breakthroughs and column design. Regeneration of exhausted resin was investigated. Solution of 10% (w/w) NaCl was found to be a very efficient regenerant.     

Synthesizing a composite material of amorphous calcium carbonate and aspartic acid

A composite material of amorphous calcium carbonate and aspartic acid (Asp) was synthesized using a highly concentrated solution of calcium aspartate: a new approach. A transparent and amorphous solid with approximately 1 mm thickness was obtained. UV-vis transmittance spectrum of the composite shows no characteristic absorption in visible region. A Raman spectrum of the composite revealed a peak assigned to the symmetric stretching of carbonate ion. This study demonstrated that amorphous calcium carbonate could be stabilized using not only organic artificial macromolecules but also using Asp, a small biomolecule. This result is expected to engender development of new biomimetic materials.     

Analytical solution for three-dimensional model predicting temperature in the welding cavity of electron beam

This paper provides an analytical solution for three-dimensional model predicting temperature in the welding cavity of electron beam. It is not easy to measure the temperature on the keyhole of electron-beam welding. Therefore it is essential to develop an analytical model that can accurately predict the temperature in the keyhole. In this study, the keyhole produced by an electron beam is assumed to be a paraboloid of revolution and the intensity of electron beam is supposed to be Gaussian profile. In order to obtain an analytical solution, the parabolic coordinate system is utilized to analyze the temperature in the keyhole and the parameter approximating convection is proposed to account for the effect of convection of molten metal. Considering the momentum balance at the bottom of the keyhole but neglecting the absorption in the plume, an analytical solution is developed for semi-infinite workpieces. As compared with other analytical solutions, the analytical solution obtained by this model provides the temperature distribution more consistent with the experimental data. The effects of various parameters on the temperature distribution in the keyhole are also discussed in this study.     

Recovery of sulfuric acid from waste aluminum surface processing solution by diffusion dialysis

Diffusion dialysis with anionic ion exchange membranes was employed to recover sulfuric acid from the waste acid solution of aluminum surface processing plant. Experiments were conducted to examine the dialyzer performances under various operating conditions, including feed flow rates, sulfuric acid concentration in the feed solution, temperature and number of pieces of ion exchange membrane. Diffusion dialysis was found very efficient for this purpose. Based on the test results, optimum operating conditions of these variables were identified. Preliminary economic evaluation of the process indicated that diffusion dialysis is highly viable for sulfuric acid recovery due to its short payback period.     

Optical sensors and the salt effect: a dual-transducer approach to acidity determination in a salt-containing concentrated strong acid

A dual-transducer approach has been developed to decompose the optical signals of acid sensors in salt-containing concentrated acid solutions and to give acid and salt concentrations in concentrated LiCl-HCl, CaCl2-HCl, and AICl3-HCl solutions, respectively. The optical acid sensors in this approach are films of porous sol-gel SiO2 or SiO2-Nafion composite doped with low-pKa indicators. A novel linear relationship (dA/dCsalt)cCacid = beta x (dA0/dCacid)Csalt = 0 (A = absorbance of the sensor in a salt-containing HCl solution; A0 = absorbance of the sensor in a salt-free acid solution) was found, and the current approach is based on a set of nonlinear equations derived from this relationship.     

Vacuum freezing type ice slurry production using ethanol solution 1st report: Measurement of vapor–liquid equilibrium data of ethanol solution at 20 °C and at the freezing temperature

In this study, an original method for the production of ice slurry from ethanol solution without using a refrigerator is proposed. This system has advantages compared with similar existing systems using materials other than ethanol solution. In this paper, the vapor–liquid equilibrium data of ethanol solution at 20 °C and at the freezing temperature are measured, which is necessary to calculate the COP of this ice slurry producing system. In the experiments, two experimental methods are proposed to measure the saturated pressure and the vapor composition of ethanol solution. Each method has an advantage in their operating temperature range. As a result, the vapor–liquid equilibrium diagrams of ethanol solution at 20 °C and at the freezing temperature, and approximations of saturated pressure of various concentrations of ethanol solution for varying liquid temperature, are obtained.