化工陶瓷的成型工艺

介绍了化工陶瓷产品成型操作经验及此工艺中造成半成品缺陷的诸因素。     

HISTORY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE: A BOSTONIAN'S ACCOUNT

An overview is given of the history of Biomedical Engineering in the Chemical Engineering education and research.     

HISTORY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE: A BOSTONIAN'S ACCOUNT

An overview is given of the history of Biomedical Engineering in the Chemical Engineering education and research.     

化学反应工程对石油化工技术发展的影响

本文通过若干实例，阐明了化学反应工程对我国石化工业发展的作用，并对提高石化工业技术水平的一些技术要点，如提高反应的选择性、节能及新技术路线的开发等问题特别作了强调。     

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING FOR TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION

Sustainability of human beings in the 21st century requires development of renewable energy systems based on technology innovation. Chemical engineering plays a key role in promoting technology innovation relating to environmental and energy systems. The technological domains to which chemical engineering has contributed have shift from petrochemicals to functional materials and devices. An example of the key devices expected in the future is a combination of solar cells and Li-ion batteries, in which the indispensable materials are silicon and carbon. The shape and nanostructure of materials must be controlled to fabricate highly efficient devices at a low cost. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) and spherical silicon solar cells (SSSC) with a semi-concentration reflector system are discussed as examples of future materials and devices. Chemical engineering is responsible for technology innovation through mass production, product quality control, materials recycling, high-quality device fabrication, and structuring knowledge.     

反应工程的工业实践

笔者以所了解的国内资料范围,论述了反应工程在工业应用方面所研究开发成果的种种事例,就其各具特色的研究开发的工作方法中,拟总结出一些经验,以作为后来者的借鉴,笔者尤其推崇以应用反应工程的理性认识,抓住主要关键,及半经验方法的做法,最终收到事半功倍之效。     

INSECT OLFACTORY RECEPTORS: CONTRIBUTIONS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY TO CHEMICAL ECOLOGY

Our understanding of the molecular basis of chemical signal recognition in insects has been greatly expanded by the recent discovery of olfactory receptors (Ors). Since the discovery of the complete repertoire of Drosophila melanogaster Ors, candidate Ors have been identified from at least 12 insect species from four orders (Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera), including species of economic or medical importance. Although all Ors share the same G-protein coupled receptor structure with seven transmembrane domains, they present poor sequence homologies within and between species, and have been identified mainly through genomic data analyses. To date, D. melanogaster remains the only insect species where Ors have been extensively studied, from expression pattern establishment to functional investigations. These studies have confirmed several observations made in vertebrates: one Or type is selectively expressed in a subtype of olfactory receptor neurons, and one olfactory neuron expresses only one type of Or. In addition, all olfactory neurons expressing one Or type converge to the same glomerulus in the antennal lobe. The olfactory mechanism, thus, appears to be conserved between insects and vertebrates. Although Or functional studies are in their initial stages in insects (mainly Drosophila), insects appear to be good models to establish fundamental concepts of olfaction with the development of powerful genetic, imaging, and behavioral tools. This new field of study will greatly contribute to the understanding of insect chemical communication mechanisms, particularly with agricultural pests and disease vectors, and could result in future strategies to reduce their negative effects.     

REACTION ENGINEERING OF CHEMICAL PCBs DECHLORINATION: AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

This paper deals with the application of some chemical reaction engineering principles in order to develop a supported liquid phase reagent (SLPR) able to dechlorinate PCBs contained in highly viscous media. The reagent consists of polyethyleneglycols containing a dissolved base and a radical initiator. Recently this mixture was proposed as CDP^(R) (Chemical Dechlorination Process) for PCBs detoxification. In this paper are reported several experimental tests designed to optimise configuration of reagents on inert support to dechlorinate the PCBs contained in the transformer oil. The main results are: the evaluation of optimum reagent load on support, the set up of dechlorination kinetics of commercial PCBs as AROCLOR 1260 in transformer oil tested in the 50-2500 ppm range. SLPR was tested in a “fixed-bed” as well as in “slurry” reactor configurations. The above results were used to design two mobile plants for on-site treatments.     

塑料选材与应用讲座(第六讲)化工防腐用塑料的选材

介绍塑料作为防腐蚀材料在化学工业中的应用情况和塑料耐腐蚀性能的测定方法,概述了各类化工装置选用的塑料品种的特点。     

绿色化学与生态化工的研究内涵

基于绿色化学的发展历史,从多角度提出了生态化工的新概念及其研究内涵．同时根据我国国民经济发展的重大需求以及化学化工等相关学科研究前沿的进展情况,建议按照分层次、纵深部署的原则,从源头、过程、生态三个方面开展生态化工应用基础研究．     

ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION OF CHEMICAL SPECIES TO POLAR SNOW

Particles and gases can deposit from the atmosphere to polar snow by several mechanisms. Dry deposition can be considered to consist of three steps: aerodynamic transport from the free atmosphere to the viscous sublayer near the surface, boundary layer transport across the sublayer, and interactions with the surface. The particle dry deposition mass flux is dominated by the largest particles present in a size distribution. Wet deposition includes in-cloud and below-cloud scavenging, where the former refers to uptake of particles during nucleation of cloudwater as well as scavenging of particles and gases by existing droplets and ice crystals. Of all the wet deposition mechanisms, nucleation scavenging is often the most important mechanism for particles in the polar regions. Finally, incorporation of particles and gases into fog droplets and subsequent settling of the fog to the snow surface can be an important removal process in regions of frequent fog. For Summit, Greenland, the total deposition of MSA, SO₄^2-, Na⁺, K⁺, and Ca²⁺ during May 24-July 13, 1993 was dominated by wet deposition: this mechanism accounted for an average of 62% of the total deposition for these species. Fog and dry deposition accounted for 21% and 17% of the total, respectively. These results suggest that all three mechanisms may need to be considered when estimating total deposition of certain chemical species to polar snow.     

PROCESS CONTROL PERSPECTIVE FOR PROCESS ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGY: INTEGRATION OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PRACTICE INTO SEMICONDUCTOR AND PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES

FDA's Process Analytical Technology (PAT) initiative provides an unprecedented opportunity for chemical engineers to play significant roles in the pharmaceutical industry. In this article, the authors provide their perspectives on (1) the need for chemical engineering principles in pharmaceutical development for a thorough process understanding; (2) applications of chemical engineering principles to meet the challenges from the semiconductor and pharmaceutical industries; and (3) the integration of chemical engineering practice into the semiconductor and pharmaceutical industries to achieve process understanding and the desired state of quality-by-design. A real-world case study from the semiconductor industry is presented to demonstrate how a classic chemical engineering concept, mixing homogeneity, can be implemented by inducing forced flow to ensure an excellent copper electrochemical plating process performance and to improve product quality substantially. Further, a case study of brake system design is discussed with the concept of Dr. Taguchi's robust engineering design to illustrate how quality-by-design can be achieved through appropriate experimental design, in conjunction with the discussion on the concept of quality-by-design in pharmaceuticals. Third, a case study of freeze-dried sodium ethacrynate is presented to demonstrate the vital importance of controlling the processing factors to achieve the desired product stability. Finally, the problems of the current pharmaceutical manufacturing mode, the opportunities and engineering challenges during implementation of PAT in the pharmaceutical industry, and the role of chemical engineering in implementation of PAT is discussed in detail.     

PROCESS CONTROL PERSPECTIVE FOR PROCESS ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGY: INTEGRATION OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PRACTICE INTO SEMICONDUCTOR AND PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES

FDA's Process Analytical Technology (PAT) initiative provides an unprecedented opportunity for chemical engineers to play significant roles in the pharmaceutical industry. In this article, the authors provide their perspectives on (1) the need for chemical engineering principles in pharmaceutical development for a thorough process understanding; (2) applications of chemical engineering principles to meet the challenges from the semiconductor and pharmaceutical industries; and (3) the integration of chemical engineering practice into the semiconductor and pharmaceutical industries to achieve process understanding and the desired state of quality-by-design. A real-world case study from the semiconductor industry is presented to demonstrate how a classic chemical engineering concept, mixing homogeneity, can be implemented by inducing forced flow to ensure an excellent copper electrochemical plating process performance and to improve product quality substantially. Further, a case study of brake system design is discussed with the concept of Dr. Taguchi's robust engineering design to illustrate how quality-by-design can be achieved through appropriate experimental design, in conjunction with the discussion on the concept of quality-by-design in pharmaceuticals. Third, a case study of freeze-dried sodium ethacrynate is presented to demonstrate the vital importance of controlling the processing factors to achieve the desired product stability. Finally, the problems of the current pharmaceutical manufacturing mode, the opportunities and engineering challenges during implementation of PAT in the pharmaceutical industry, and the role of chemical engineering in implementation of PAT is discussed in detail.     

MASS TRANSFER TO A DROPLET WITH A FIRST-ORDER CHEMICAL REACTION

The steady-state mass transfer to a droplet with a first-order chemical reaction is i nvestigated as a function of the Damkohler number (Da₁₁) for the special case of very high Peclet number flow. The flow field in the droplet employed in this work is Hill's spherical vortex. The resistance to mass transfer is assumed to occur inside the droplet with negligible resistance to mass transfer in the continuous phase.     

A GENERALIZED PERTURBATION APPROACH TO THE ANALYSIS OF MASS TRANSFER WITH CHEMICAL REACTION

A generalized perturbation approach is presented for the analysis of the simultaneous absorption of two gases in a liquid accompanied by a chemical reaction. The main objective is to derive approximate analytical solutions for the enhancement factors of the solute gases, for all reaction rates. The method consists of constructing a regular perturbation solution for slow reaction, whose convergence is accelerated by means of an Euler transformation, thereby extending its range of utility for larger reaction rates. Convergence is further improved by suppressing the leading singularity of the Euler-transformed series. The accelerated solution is found to predict the enhancement factors very accurately in the slow, intermediate and fast reaction regimes, and in particular, approach the boundary layer limit associated with fast reaction.     

碳纳米管吸附去除水中大肠杆菌研究

选取常见细菌大肠杆菌E.coil作为对象,研究了碳纳米管(CNTs)对水中微生物的吸附去除效果,探讨了CNTs投加量、溶液pH和温度对吸附过程的影响。结果表明,CNTs对E.coil具有强的吸附能力,在初始1.0 h内保持较高的吸附速率,CNTs投加量为1.0 g.L-1时,吸附去除率高达99.99%。当溶液pH=7.0时,CNTs具有最大吸附去除率;低温有利于CNTs吸附过程的进行。CNTs对E.coil的吸附符合Freundlich和Langmuir等温吸附方程。     

狭瓣鹰爪总黄酮含量的测定

利用分光光度法测定了狭瓣鹰爪枝和叶中的总黄酮含量,结果表明狭瓣鹰爪枝和叶中的总黄酮质量分数分别为2．32％和6．95％。回归方程为A=7．9014C＋0．0028,r=0．9999。平均回收率为98．1％,RSD=2．01％。本法操作简便,可行,重现性好。     

SBR工艺在化工废水治理中的试运行情况

介绍序批式活性污泥法(SBR)处理化工废水的工程应用,设计的SBR工艺简单,占地面积小,当主装置运行正常时,经SBR处理的化工废水,其出水可达GB8979—1996所规定的一级排放标准。     

化工设计管道材料表的计算机管理系统

用ＦＯＸＢＡＳＥ建立了化工设计管道材料表的计算机管理系统。只需设计人员将图纸上一些原始数据，诸如管子、阀门、法兰、垫片、管件等的名称及规格提供给计算机，即能自动生成管道材料表。系统大大节约了设计工时，提高了工作效率，保证了设计质量。对于涉外项目，系统能自动生成中英文对照的管道材料表，满足工程设计规范。