双Fabry-Perot干涉腔型光纤声发射传感器

设计了一种新型的双Fabry-Perot腔光纤传感器用于材料损伤引起的声发射信号检测。基于低细度Fabry-Perot腔多光束干涉原理,建立了光纤Fabry-Perot传感器检测声发射信号的数学模型。分析双Fabry-Perot腔正交点稳定工作机制,设计并制作了具有双Fabry-Perot腔结构的光纤声发射传感器来保持传感器正交点的稳定性。通过模拟AE信号检测与热应力干扰实验对设计的传感器进行了实验验证。实验一通过冲击振动与折断铅笔芯产生两类模拟声发射信号,使用商用的压电传感器和光纤传感器进行对比实验,结果表明光纤传感器能够成功检测到两类模拟声发射信号,灵敏度为12.9nm,带宽达到30kHz。实验二对传感器进行工作点稳定测试,结果表明双F-P腔的控制机制能够保证传感器工作在正交点,解决了传感器输出信号衰减的问题。     

Performance of a newly developed torque-sensor motor

A new type of induction motor with a built-in torque sensor (called a ‘torque-sensor motor’) has been developed in order to monitor grinding torque. Its rotor shaft consists of a hollow shaft and torsion bar, each of which has a disc with equiangularly located magnets. The torque output is calculated by microcomputer from the time delay of pulses generated in detecting coils. This toque sensor has good linearity. Torque ripple and zero-point drift caused by rotational speed change are estimated to be less than 1 Nm. It is so sensitive that it can detect torque ripple from rotational error of the driving belts on the grinding machine. Further, it can accurately monitoring grinding torque by using a low pass filter to remove such torque ripple. It can also be used to estimated the time constant of the grinding wheel and workpiece system in the transient torque situation of a grinding cycle. The performance of the grinding wheel motor is as good as that of a conventional motor.     

Study on the mechanism and the suppression method of wrinkling in side wall using hydroforming of the fairing

Ultrasonic assisted grinding (UAG) is an outstanding technology suitable to machine advanced ceramics. During UAG, the effect of ultrasonic vibration on grinding process is mainly determined by matching performance between grinding and vibration parameters in theory. However, this problem is still lack of deep study. With an objective to study the matching performance deeply, conventional grinding (CG) and UAG tests were conducted. The effects of grinding parameters on grinding force, ground surface profile wave, and ground surface roughness between UAG and CG were studied. The results showed that the grinding force, ground surface profile wave height, and ground surface roughness during UAG were reduced in varying degrees compared to CG. Additionally, the reduction percentage that means the effect of ultrasonic vibration on grinding process decreased significantly with increasing grinding speed while affected slightly by increasing of feedrate and grinding depth. To deeply analyze this variety law of the ultrasonic vibration effect during UAG, a matching performance equation referred to grinding wheel diameter, grinding, and vibration parameters is proposed. When the grinding speed increases from 1.26 to 31.5 m/s for feedrate of 100 mm/min and grinding depth of 5 μm, reduction percentage in grinding force for UAG compared to CG (K _F) decreases from about 20 to 4 % and in ground surface roughness (K _R) decreases from 35 to 4 %. With regard to the average difference height (Δh) between the UAG and CG profile waves, it decreases from 2.77 μm almost to zero.     

Acoustic emission as an indicator of material-removal regime in glass micro-machining

Acoustic emission (AE) spectra were recorded during microgrinding of brittle materials. It was found that the specific AE energy (i.e., the measured AE energy divided by the material removal rate) was lower for fracture-dominated grinding than for plastic flow-dominated grinding. Two subsequent experiments were performed to measure AE energy while holding the material-removal rate constant. By controlling either the critical depth of cut (for ductile-brittle transition) of the workpiece material, or the actual depth of cut of the grinding machine, the sensitivity of AE energy to grinding regime was investigated for grinding with a constant material-removal rate. Contrary to conventional thinking about the relative contributions of plastic flow and fracture in generation of AE activity, it was found that the AE energy was larger in ductile-regime grinding than in brittle-regime grinding, for identical material removal rates. As a result of the experiments described in this paper, it can be concluded that AE energy measured during microgrinding is sensitive to changes in the mechanism of material removal. For a given volume of material removed, there is more AE energy in a plastic flow-dominated process than in a fracture-dominated process. The relationship found between AE energy and material removal regime could lead to an in-process sensing strategy for controlling grinding ductility.     

基于进给速度敏感点识别的NURBS曲线平滑插补算法研究

提出了一种基于进给速度敏感点识别的NURBS曲线插补算法,该方法对于兼容NURBS形式的高档数控系统至关重要。粗插补计算造成的轮廓误差与插补经过该点时的进给速度大小有关,敏感点则可根据插补微段逼近时的弓高误差来界定。进而,根据相邻敏感点之间的距离,通过增设安全缓冲区等方法,进行速度曲线自适应规划。整体进给速度曲线可以由各部分进给速度曲线连接而成。为评价算法的有效性,采用3次NURBS曲线在三种不同进给速度指令下进行仿真计算。仿真结果证明,该算法很好地将轮廓精度和进给速度的平滑性进行了系统考虑,能在相邻危险点复杂分布的情况下执行柔性的插补控制。     

磨削砂轮状态在线监测方法研究

提出了用声发射（AE）信号在线监测砂轮状态的方法.利用该方法可以监测工件材料、加工要求和磨削参数经常变化环境下的砂轮钝化程度和破碎情况;并采用神经网络建立了传感器信号与砂轮状态之间的非线性关系.     

Grinding wheel wear monitoring based on wavelet analysis and support vector machine

A novel grinding wheel wear monitoring system based on discrete wavelet decomposition and support vector machine is proposed. The grinding signals are collected by an acoustic emission (AE) sensor. A preprocessing method is presented to identify the grinding period signals from raw AE signals. Root mean square and variance of each decomposition level are designated as the feature vector using discrete wavelet decomposition. Various grinding experiments were performed on a surface grinder to validate the proposed classification system. The results indicate that the proposed monitoring system could achieve a classification accuracy of 99.39% with a cut depth of 10?μm, and 100% with a cut depth of 20?μm. Finally, several factors that may affect the classification results were discussed as well.     

环形腔全光纤F-P干涉仪的声发射检测实验研究

提出了一种新型结构的用于声发射检测的全光纤F-P干涉仪。选用2×2光纤耦合器,将耦合器的一个入射端与一个出射端焊接相连,以耦合器代替传统的反射腔面,构成光纤环形传输腔,腔体贴附或埋入待测固体中检测声发射信号。通过理论推导和计算机仿真,确定了此结构光纤传感器的检测特性。实验以大理石板作为待测介质,对利用信号发生器驱动PZT（压电陶瓷）作为已知超声源在大理石板中产生的连续型声发射信号,及冲击波作用下大理石板中产生的突发型声发射信号进行了检测,并利用Fourier变换,得到了声发射信号的特征频率。实验结果表明,此种结构传感器能够检测材料结构中促使光纤轴向伸缩长度的量级为10-8m的声发射信号并识别其特征频率,该结构光纤传感器无需光程的匹配,适用于大尺度构件的监测,为材料结构健康检测与监控提供了一种新的方法。     

Experimental study of burn classification and prediction using indirect method in surface grinding of AISI 1045 steel

Grinding burn is a discoloration phenomenon according to the thickness of oxide layer on the ground surface. This study tries to establish an automatic grinding burn detection system with robust burn features that are caused by burn and not by the design parameters. To address this issue, a method based on acoustic emission sensor, accelerator, electric current transducers, and voltage transducers was proposed in an attempt to extract burn signatures. A trial-and-error experimental procedure was presented to find out burn threshold. Vitrified aluminum oxide grinding wheel and AISI 1045 steel workpiece were used in the grinding test, as they were the most commonly used wheel–workpiece combinations in conventional grinding process. With the help of fast Fourier transform and discrete wavelet transform, the spectral centroid of AE signal, the maximum value of power signal, and the RMS of the AE wavelet decomposition transform from wavelet decomposition levels d1 to d5 were extracted as burn features. The spectral centroid of AE signal was believed not to be affected by grinding parameters. A classification and prediction system based on support vector machine was established in order to identify grinding burn automatically. Results indicate that the classification system performs quite well on grinding burn classification and prediction.     

Process monitoring in precision cylindrical traverse grinding of slender bar using acoustic emission technology

The precision cylindrical traverse grinding process of slender bar is very complex for the strongly time dependent properties of the wheel. Therefore, it is very difficult for operators to properly judge the grinding state using naked eyes and ears. This calls for automatic monitoring technology that can monitor the process in precision cylindrical traverse grinding to guarantee machining quality and productivity as well as reduction in cost. This study developed an automatic monitoring system for precision cylindrical traverse grinding of slender bar using Acoustic emission (AE) technology. Grinding tests on molybdenum were conducted under traverse conditions in a conventional cylindrical grinder. It was found that larger radial material removal depth results in larger root mean square value of Acoustic emission signals (AE_RMS). Based on this, the AE_RMS was analyzed and used to determine the finishing of spark-out process and the pre-processing of tool alignment. The variation tendency of AE_RMS in one spark-out process was applied to determine when a wheel wears out and has to be dressed. The experimental results showed that the AE system was effective to monitor the pre-processing of tool alignment, spark-out and wheel wear in precision cylindrical traverse grinding of slender bar.

     

点激光测头激光束方向标定

为了使点激光测头能在任意方向上实现测量功能,提出一种逆向工程中标定激光束方向的方法,设计了一种标定面方向可调的标定块配合标定。标定过程中,让激光测头在标定面上分别沿X、Y、Z3个轴方向做等间距运动,根据进给步长与激光束长度变化量之间的关系确定激光束的方向。以三坐标测量机为平台,给出了以任意方向安置点激光测头时,测量值从传感器坐标系到基准坐标系的转换过程,并对标定算法及整个标定过程进行了详细描述。最后,通过与接触式测量进行对比实验,验证标定后点激光测头的测量效果。实验结果表明,用该方法标定的点激光测头在3σ范围内沿任意方向的测量误差为(0.0452±0.0168)mm,满足逆向工程的测量要求。     

Influence of wheel speed on surface finish and chip geometry in precision contour grinding

A geometric computer model of a precision grinding operation was developed to calculate the surface features generated during contour grinding with a radiused wheel. This simulation includes the influence of the wheel (rotational speed, diameter, and nose radius), the workpiece (radius at cutting point, rotational speed), and the feedrate of the grinding wheel over the part. The model indicates that small changes in the wheel speed relative to the workpiece can have a dramatic effect on the surface finish over a specific area. Analysis of ground surfaces reveals uniform surface profiles and easily distinguished features that could only be produced by a constant wheel speed. This occurs for an air-bearing, air-turbude grinding spindle that has limited torque and is driven under open-loop control. The effects of the relative speeds are analyzed and an energy-based “phase locking” mechanism is proposed that can provide feedback to the grinding spindle from the material removal operation. By monitoring the spindle speeds during the grinding process and evaluating the resulting surface features, the phase effect has been experimentally verified.     

Evaluation of grinding wheel loading phenomena by using acoustic emission signals

In the industrial manufacturing field, machining is a major process. Machining operations involve grinding, drilling, milling, turning, pressing, molding, and so on. Among these operations, grinding is the most precise and complicated process. The surface condition of the grinding wheel plays an important role in grinding performance, and the identification of grinding wheel loading phenomena during the grinding process is critical. Accordingly, this present study describes a measurement method based on the acoustic emission (AE) technique to characterize the loading phenomena of a Si₂O₃ grinding wheel for the grinding mass production process. The proposed measurement method combines the process-integrated measurement of AE signals, offline digital image processing, and surface roughness measurement of the ground workpieces for the evaluation of grinding wheel loading phenomena. The experimental results show that the proposed measurement method provides a quantitative index from the AE signals to evaluate the grinding wheel loading phenomena online for the grinding mass production process, and this quantitative index is determined via some experiments in advance in the same grinding environment to help the monitoring and controlling of the grinding process.     

基于声发射信号的外圆切入磨削去除率监测

针对精密外圆切入磨削加工的在线监测需求,提出一种采用声发射信号实现轴类零件材料去除率在线监测的方法。根据声发射信号强度与磨削力之间的联系,建立了声发射信号均方根曲线的预测模型,利用该预测模型研究了砂轮进给阶段和驻留阶段磨削系统时间常数的理论计算方法,推导了声发射信号均方根曲线与工件材料去除率的关系;编写了在线监测软件,利用声发射传感器实现了精密外圆切入磨削的材料去除率预测。实验证明,所建立的声发射信号均方根曲线模型具有良好的预测精度,基于该模型能够实现磨削系统时间常数在线评估,并实现精密轴类零件材料去除率的实时在线监测。     

凸轮廓形数控加工研究

根据凸轮廓形成形机理 ,分析推导了极坐标式凸轮轴磨床凸轮轮廓数控加工两轴联动数学模型 ,建立了在凸轮磨削点的移动速度为常量时 ,凸轮数控加工的插补算法模型 ,为研制数控凸轮轴磨床提供了理论基础     

新型点磨削砂轮磨削力模型及试验研究

点磨削砂轮轴线与工件轴线之间存在倾斜角α,磨削过程中磨粒的运动轨迹改变,点磨削力及理论模型也随之变化。以传统磨削力理论为基础,利用点磨削模型的转换,建立点磨削力理论模型,通过试验验证理论模型的正确性。试验结果表明:模型的计算值与试验结果的趋势一致,数值相近。点磨削力模型为实际加工提供一种辅助和验证方法。同时提出一种带有粗磨区倾角θ的新型点磨削砂轮,在点磨削力模型的基础上,做了进一步研究,建立新型砂轮的磨削力分配模型。通过点磨削试验对该模型进行试验验证,用不同θ角的砂轮在一系列磨削参数条件下磨削阶梯轴。试验表明:模型分析结果与试验结果一致,在相同磨削参数下,带有粗磨区倾角θ的新型点磨削砂轮的磨削力要小于θ=0°的传统点磨削砂轮磨削力,磨削力随着θ角的增大而减小。此外,还可以得出磨削参数倾斜角α、磨削深度ap和砂轮速度vs对点磨削力的影响规律。     

Analysis of acoustic emission in precision and high-efficiency grinding technology

Current demands of machining hard and brittle materials at very small tolerances have predicated the need for precision and high-efficiency grinding. In situ monitoring systems based on acoustic emission (AE) provide a new way to control the surface damage and integrality of the components. However, a high degree of confidence and reliability in characterizing the manufacturing process is required for AE to be utilized as a monitoring tool. The authors established AE based online monitoring system and studied technique parameters versus the waveforms of AE under different working conditions. The results show that there are obvious mapping relations between the technique parameters of grinding and the effective values of the AE signals. Grinding along different directions would result in different strength of AE signal. Comparing with grinding along first longitude, fewer AE signal is released when grinding along latitude and better surface quality is generated. Similar variation tendency is observed no matter between AE root mean square (RMS) and linear speed or between surface roughness and linear speed which justify some kind of correlation may exist between AE RMS and surface roughness. The distance between the AE transducer and the AE source should be less than 80 mm while monitoring the process of grinding composite ceramics.     

Real‐Time Monitoring of Tool Fracture in Turning Using Sensor Fusion

The sensor fusion method using both an acoustic emission (AE) sensor and a built-in force sensor is introduced for on-line tool condition monitoring during turning. The cutting force was measured by a built-in piezoelectric force sensor, which was inserted in the tool turret housing of an NC lathe. FEM analysis was carried out to locate the most sensitive position for the sensor. A burst of AE signal was used as a triggering signal to inspect the cutting force. A significant drop in cutting force indicated tool breakage. The algorithm was implemented in a DSP board and the monitoring system was installed on a CNC lathe in an FMS line for in-process tool-breakage detection. The proposed system showed an excellent monitoring capability.     

基于CAN总线的网络智能液位传感器

介绍了以两个超声波换能器为检测探头的基于CAN总线的网络化智能液位传感器的实现,具有温度补偿和自诊断功能.传感器以PIC18F258单片机为核心,驱动超声波探头发出脉冲信号,回波信号被超声探头接收,转换成脉冲电压,利用单片机内嵌的捕捉功能测出时间,从而测得距离;通过两个探头获得数据的比较,实现系统的自诊断和校正功能;用单片机内嵌的CAN总线控制模块实现传感器的网络化,用软件保证传感器在网络上通信时有最大传输速率.软、硬件上采用了抗干扰措施,使传感器能在环境恶劣的工业现场长时间稳定运行.核心部分已申报发明专利(200610097403.8)和实用新型专利(200620124925.8).     

氧化锆陶瓷材料的旋转超声加工

研究了用旋转超声加工的方法对氧化锆陶瓷材料进行磨削,探讨了旋转超声磨削的机理,并采用正交组合试验方法,进行了旋转超声磨削加工试验。通过试验探讨了工艺参数对表面粗糙度的影响,从而确定了一组最佳的磨削工艺参数。