内河航道中船行波在岸坡爬高的数值模拟

该文基于RANS方程、RNG k-ε湍流模型建立数值波浪水池,用VOF法追踪自由面的位置,并模拟了内河航道中船行波的生成、传播、爬高和岸壁反射过程,且与典型断面航道中船行波在岸坡最大爬高和回落的现场测量值进行了比较,验证了数值模型的有效性。通过对航道中船行波进行数值模拟,获得了船行波的波形及其在岸坡上爬高与回落的最大值。分析了船舶吃水、航速和航道岸坡倾角对特征波高以及最大爬高与回落的影响。最后建立了计算船行波特征波高、爬高和回落的经验公式。     

基于物理模型试验的库区岩质滑坡涌浪爬高研究

库区滑坡涌浪会对附近岸坡造成不利影响,可能引发次生灾害。以岩质滑坡涌浪对岸坡的影响演变过程为研究对象,建立了相似比1∶70的三峡库区典型河道滑坡涌浪的三维地质力学模型,研究了滑坡体宽度、厚度、滑面倾角等27组不同组合工况下的滑坡涌浪爬高规律,提出了适用于岩质滑坡涌浪爬高估算公式。结果表明,涌浪爬高随着滑坡体宽度、厚度、滑面倾角增大而呈现不同幅度的增加,滑坡体宽度对涌浪爬高的影响最为显著,其次为滑坡体厚度和滑面倾角;现有波浪爬高估算公式结果与岩质滑坡模型试验值存在较大差异,在试验基础上,提出了有关相对水深、波坦和岸坡角度的波浪爬高的估算公式,为库区岩质滑坡涌浪爬高估算提供理论基础。     

Boussinesq方程的二阶椭圆余弦驻波解

等深浅水域中的流体运动可由Boussinesq方程描述.众所周知,该方程有行进波解(孤立波及椭圆余弦波).本文则以Boussinesq方程为控制方程,利用渐近匹配法对椭圆余弦波在直墙上反射进行研究,给出了反射过程中内、外场波形及速度变化的解析表达,从而得到了Boussinesq方程的二阶椭圆余弦驻波型的解析解,并讨论了这类驻波的若干性质.当波长无限增大时,所得解析解收敛于孤立波的情况.这些解析结果不仅有助于揭示岸坡对非线性浅水波影响的力学机理,在海岸防护和开发和岸壁附近结构物的设计条件等工程领域中也具有现实的指导意义.     

植物蜂巢护岸波浪爬高特性物模实验研究

植物蜂巢护岸兼顾绿化及水土保持加固等功能,是一种新型的生态护岸形式.该文通过大比尺物理模型实验,考虑波高、水深和滩地形态的影响,对规则波和孤立波在蜂巢生态护岸上的爬高特性进行了研究.结果 表明,参考抛石护岸,植物蜂巢护岸可以降低规则波爬高,但坡面材料对孤立波爬高的影响不明显.不发生越浪时,规则波经过缓坡滩地后,在护岸上...     

不规则波爬高分布及计算

本文根据室内模型试验,运用K-S法和矩法对几种常用的波浪爬高的理论分布进行了检验。建议采用韦伯分布为波浪爬高分布,并确定了不规则波在单坡、复坡上的爬高分布参数。最后,由试验资料得到不规则波爬高的计算式。     

九畹溪崩塌堆积体塌岸预测及对涌浪的影响分析

三峡水库蓄水后库区涉水崩塌堆积体前缘会产生新的塌岸,进而对崩塌堆积体涌浪产生影响。为科学预测塌岸对崩塌堆积体涌浪灾害的影响,以三峡库区九畹溪崩塌堆积体为研究对象,通过工程地质调查,查明了其塌岸类型及其特征;运用岸坡结构法预测了崩塌堆积体的塌岸范围;采用改进条分法计算了塌岸前后崩塌堆积体运动速度;运用潘家铮法预测了塌岸前后九畹溪崩塌堆积体产生涌浪的初始高度,并对崩塌堆积体涌浪对岸点爬高进行了计算和对比。研究表明,三峡水库蓄水会导致九畹溪崩塌堆积体塌岸加剧,塌岸后崩塌堆积体初始涌浪高度及对岸点涌浪爬高会大幅度降低,表明塌岸减小了涌浪灾害的危害。     

三孤立波的斜坡爬高特征

该文采用推板式造波机和改进的Goring造波方法在波浪水槽中生成了由三个等波高孤立波组成的波列,首先在坡度为1/10的斜坡上进行了多个孤立波连续爬高的实验研究。实验测量了等波高双孤立波和三孤立波在等水深波浪水槽中传播和在斜坡上的爬高过程,给出了沿程多点浪高仪测量的波面时间序列和高速摄像记录的水线在斜坡上爬高与回落过程影像。分析了来波相对波高和无量纲波峰间距对每个孤立波爬高放大系数的影响。在基于RANS方程和VOF方法的数值波浪水槽中,模拟了三孤立波爬高过程,给出了最大爬高与破碎特征。实验和数值模拟结果表明,孤立波在斜坡上回落时会产生强劲的回流水流,该反向流动导致后随孤立波破碎,消耗波动能量,使得后随孤立波的爬高放大系数明显小于没有回落水流影响的首个孤立波的爬高放大系数。当孤立的波峰间较大时,若来波相对波高较小,后两个的孤立波爬高基本相同;若来波相对波高较大时,第三个孤立波的爬高大于第二个孤立波的爬高。     

三孤立波在缓坡上爬高及相互作用的实验研究

海啸波经极缓的大陆架传播至近岸浅水区时可激发由多个孤立波组成的波列。为了研究多个孤立波在斜坡上爬高和相互作用规律,该文选择坡度为1/20的斜坡模型在波浪水槽进行了等波幅三孤立波爬高的物理模型实验。采用大冲程推板式造波机和改进的Goring造波方法,有效地实现了不同波峰间距和不同相对波幅时等波幅三孤立波的造波。采用高速摄像机记录每个孤立波的爬高过程,得到每个孤立波的爬高值;定性分析了爬高过程中孤立波破碎及其相互作用对爬高的影响规律。实验结果表明:第二个孤立波和第三个孤立波受先导波回落水流的影响,破碎位置向离岸方向移动;首波的爬高放大系数基本不受后续来波的影响,其爬高放大系数与同等工况下单孤立波的测量值一致;第二个孤立波和第三个孤立波的爬高放大系数与相邻的波峰间距有关,当波峰间距增大时,爬高放大系数先减少后增加;当波峰间距增至某临界值后时,第三个孤立波的爬高放大系数将大于第二个波的爬高放大系数。最后,依据本次实验结果,提出了等波幅三孤立波在缓坡上爬高的经验公式。     

双孤立波直墙爬高的实验研究

海啸波在近海传播过程中有可能会演化成若干个孤立波组成的波列.为了研究孤立波波列对海岸结构物的作用机理,本文在波浪水槽中进行了双孤立波的直墙爬高实验.通过控制推板式造波机的运动,有效地实现了不同波峰间距双孤立波的造波方法.在复演并验证单孤立波直墙爬高的基础上,完成了不同相对波高、相对波峰间距的双孤立波爬高系列实验,给出了双孤立波平底传播及直墙爬高过程的波面时间序列及爬高过程水线运动时间序列.实验结果表明:对两个等波高的双孤立波而言,当相对波峰间距降到某临界值时,跟随在后孤立波的爬高放大系数将小于先导孤立波的爬高放大系数;当先导孤立波的波高大于跟随孤立波的波高,先导孤立波将更加显著地抑制对跟随孤立波的爬高过程,使得后者的最高爬放大系数显著减小;若在直墙爬高前两个波已明显重叠,即呈双峰瞬态波形,爬高放大系数不会大于具有相同波高的单孤立波的爬高放大系数.     

非淹没刚性植被影响下孤立波在岸滩上的爬高

为探究海岸刚性植被对海啸波的削弱效应,通过物理模型试验和数值模拟研究了孤立波与不同坡度岸滩上非淹没刚性植被的相互作用问题。物理模型试验在波浪槽中进行,测试了不同的入射波波高、植被密度和岸滩坡度对孤立波爬高的影响,并运用物理模型试验数据校核改进后的Boussinesq方程,得到植被的拖曳力系数。结果表明:拖曳力系数随植被密度的增大而增大,随坡度增大而减小;植被后的无量纲透射波高和无量纲岸滩爬高随着无量纲的入射波高的增大而减小,随着植被密度的增大而减小;当岸滩坡度增大时,无量纲透射波高增大而无量纲爬高并无显著差异。最后根据回归分析得出了岸滩爬高与相对入射波高、植被密度和岸滩坡度的幂函数型经验关系式。     

Run-up of non-breaking double solitary waves with equal wave heights on a plane beach

The evolution and run-up of double solitary waves on a plane beach were studied numerically using the nonlinear shallow water equations(NSWEs) and the Godunov scheme. The numerical model was validated through comparing the present numerical results with analytical solutions and laboratory measurements available for propagation and run-up of single solitary wave. Two successive solitary waves with equal wave heights and variable separation distance of two crests were used as the incoming wave on the open boundary at the toe of a slope beach. The run-ups of the first wave and the second wave with different separation distances were investigated. It is found that the run-up of the first wave does not change with the separation distance and the run-up of the second wave is affected slightly by the separation distance when the separation distance is gradually shortening. The ratio of the maximum run-up of the second wave to one of the first wave is related to the separation distance as well as wave height and slope. The run-ups of double solitary waves were compared with the linearly superposed results of two individual solitary-wave run-ups. The comparison reveals that linear superposition gives reasonable prediction when the separation distance is large, but it may overestimate the actual run-up when two waves are close.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SOLITARY WAVE RUN-UP AND OVER-TOPPING USING BOUSSINESQ-TYPE MODEL

In this article,the use of a high-order Boussinesq-type model and sets of laboratory experiments in a large scale flume of breaking solitary waves climbing up slopes with two inclinations are presented to study the shoreline behavior of breaking and non-breaking solitary waves on plane slopes.The scale effect on run-up height is briefly discussed.The model simulation capability is well validated against the available laboratory data and present experiments.Then,serial numerical tests are conducted to study the shoreline motion correlated with the effects of beach slope and wave nonlinearity for breaking and non-breaking waves.The empirical formula proposed by Hsiao et al.for predicting the maximum run-up height of a breaking solitary wave on plane slopes with a wide range of slope inclinations is confirmed to be cautious.Furthermore,solitary waves impacting and overtopping an impermeable sloping seawall at various water depths are investigated.Laboratory data of run-up height,shoreline motion,free surface elevation and overtopping discharge are presented.Comparisons of run-up,run-down,shoreline trajectory and wave overtopping discharge are made.A fairly good agreement is seen between numerical results and experimental data.It elucidates that the present depth-integrated model can be used as an efficient tool for predicting a wide spectrum of coastal problems.     

AN EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATION OF A SOLITARY WAVE IMPINGE-MENT,RUN-UP AND OVERTOPPING ON A SEAWALL

A sequence of laboratory experiments using solitary waves was performed to model the effect of leading form of three types of tsunamis(a bore,an impinging wave and an overtopping wave)on a seawall on a sloping beach.The wave evolution process,impinging pressure along the seawall surface,total overtopping discharge behind the seawall and the maximum run-up height on the rear slope were measured and compared.Laboratory data were employed to re-examine relevant empirical formulae in the literature.The effect of the presence of the seawall in reducing maximum run-up height using the present setup was briefly discussed.The present data can be used for calibrating numerical and mathematical models.     

数值模拟波浪翻越直立方柱

本文应用ＶＯＦ方法研究了孤立波翻越直立方柱流动的全过程。用人工压缩法和差分法求解二维Ｎａｖｉｅｒ－Ｓｔｏｋｅｓ方程，用施主－受主法求解流体体积函数控制方程。通过数值计算得到了孤立波翻越直立方柱的流场和压力值，并成功地模拟出波浪涌顶，水柱喷射，冲击和界面破碎的过程。     

改进的非线性波传播数值模型的验证和应用

基于吸收入射边界上反射波的方法,并通过将统一边界条件表达式推广到适应不规则波的情况,改进了非线性波传播的数值模型.将利用模型的线性版本(略去非线性项)所计算得到的台阶地形上波浪的反射和透射系数与相应的解析解进行了定量比较.在斜坡地形上数值模拟了不规则波的传播,并将数值结果和物理模型实验值进行了比较.在下游边界分别为开边界和全反射边界的等水深的水槽内数值模拟了不规则波的传播变形,讨论了非线性作用的影响.在侧边界和下游边界均为全反射的固壁边界、二维的等水深水域内,数值模拟了波浪斜向入射时所产生的波浪变形.计算结果表明,对上述各种算例,改进后的非线性波传播数值模型均能进行有效地数值模拟.     

Effects of turbulence models on numerical simulations of wave breaking and run-up on a mild slope beach

The performance of the standard k−ε model, the high-Reynolds-number k−ω model, the 1-equation k model, and the non-friction Euler model is examined against the case of wave run-up on a mild slope. A numerical model based on N-S equations and Volume Of Fluids (VOF) method is employed. Comparisons of elevation, velocity and shear stress are made among the four turbulence models against experimental data of wave run-up on a mild slope beach. It is found that before wave breaking on the slope, the outputs of the four different turbulence models agree reasonably well with each other. This suggests that during the run-up process the turbulence effect is negligible before wave breaking. Moreover, in the wave breaking zone, both the standard k−ε model and the high-Reynolds-number k−ω model predict the mean velocity field quite well, but generally under-predict the velocity and turbulent kinetic energy using wall functions on the solid slope surface.

     

An experimental study on runup of two solitary waves on plane beaches

Experiments of the runup of two solitary waves on a plane beach are carried out in a wave flume. The two solitary waves with the same amplitude and the crest separating distances are generated by using an improved wave generation method. It is found that, with regard to the two solitary waves with same wave amplitude, the runup amplification of the second wave is less than that of the first wave if the relative crest separating distance is reduced to a certain threshold value. The rundown of the first solitary wave depresses the maximum runup of the second wave. If the leading solitary wave is of relatively smaller amplitude for the two solitary waves, the runup amplification is affected by the overtaking process of two solitary waves. It turns out that the runup amplification of the second wave is larger than that of the first wave if the similarity factor is approximately larger than 15, which means the larger wave overtakes the smaller one before the waves runup on a beach.     

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON WAVE RUN-UP CHARACTERISTICS ALONG COLUMNS AND AIR GAP RESPONSE OF SEMI-SUBMERSIBLE PLATFORM

This article mainly concentrates on a large-volume drilling semi-submersible platform,aiming to reveal wave run-up characteristics along square columns and give the relationship between air gap distributions and wave parameters.The tests with fixed model were conducted firstly on its encountering a series of monochromatic waves.A wide range of wave slope (H /L) were selected to investigate the air gap response in detail.As can be seen,larger wave steepness will generally cause smaller air gap in the same wave period,which indicates nonlinear effects of incoming wave can amplify wave elevation.Model tests with mooring condition were also conducted in the same wave conditions.As was expected,the maximum relative wave elevation reduces obviously compared with the fixed one.However,wave shape close to columns show higher harmonic characteristics due to interaction between waves and the columns of semi-submersible platform.Meaningful conclusions from the model tests are drawn in this article,which is helpful in air gap design of floating offshore platform to a certain extent.In addition,the experimental results will provide an important reference for further research on validation and update of theoretical models of air gap.