肉毒梭菌培养液澄清过滤工艺的优化

目的优化肉毒梭菌培养液的澄清过滤工艺,并对过滤效果进行验证。方法选择不同型号的过滤器组合对A型肉毒梭菌培养液进行一级、二级澄清过滤,筛选最佳过滤器组合;用最佳过滤器组合对扩大培养批量的A、B、E、F型肉毒梭菌培养液进行澄清过滤。结果 P700K+50P过滤器组合对A型肉毒梭菌培养液进行一级、二级澄清过滤的效果最佳;用该过滤器组合对扩大培养批量的A、B、E、F型肉毒梭菌培养液进行澄清过滤,各型均可达到预期的试验目标。结论筛选出P700K+50P为A、B、E、F型肉毒梭菌培养液澄清过滤的最佳过滤器组合,为肉毒梭菌培养液澄清过滤工艺的进一步优化提供了实验依据。     

E玻璃纤维用复合澄清剂研究

研究了一种E玻璃纤维用的稀土类复合澄清剂。通过改变复合澄清剂、萤石和元明粉的比例,分析了玻璃的物理化学性质,主要从气泡、玻璃粘度、色差、拉丝运转率等方面进行测试研究,结果表明：复合澄清剂的使用有助于改善玻璃气泡,同时降低元明粉、萤石的用量,对环境也更加环保。复合澄清剂比例在30%和60%时,高温粘度明显降低。对比不同比例复合澄清剂的玻璃状态,最终确定澄清剂中含60%的复合澄清剂时,对玻璃的澄清效果最好,投入生产线后能提高拉丝运转率。     

国外电镀环保文摘

[H154]斜板沉淀装置Kompaktklāirer:E.Oswald;Gavacnotechnik,75(8),S.956—957,1984 本文叙述了一种新开发的斜板沉淀装置,用于连续澄清废水。它主要由预澄清区、后澄清区和吸泥区所组成。污泥出现在吸泥区,并从吸泥区排出装置外;湿污泥经压滤机脱水。该装置的优点是体积小、贮存处理能力大和污泥分离良好。     

催化裂化油浆的分离技术进展

综述了近年来催化油浆的澄清及澄清油的分离技术的研究进展。重点介绍了沉降分离法、过滤分离法、静电分离法、离心分离法等催化油浆澄清技术以及减压蒸馏法和溶剂萃取法澄清油分离方法的进展,并对这些分离技术的优缺点做了评述。     

提高玻璃澄清剂效果的研究

本文着重研究并讨论综合澄清剂的应用与作用机理问题。根据澄清剂的化学反应机理与对玻璃熔体性质(粘度与表面张力)的影响,讨论了熔制玻璃的澄清剂分类的方法。由于单一澄清剂的使用量往往有一临界值,文中提出了应用综合澄清剂的强化澄清过程,并在Na_2O-Al_2O_3-SiO_2系统玻璃的熔制实践中获得了证实。不同成分的综合澄清剂对玻璃的物理-化学性质有一定影响。通过对比熔制Na_2O-Al_2O_3-SiO_2系统玻璃的澄清效果,制定了几个综合澄清剂的成分。综合澄清剂中的各组分的含量必须考虑玻璃成分、熔制条件等并加以确定。根据配合料的热谱、澄清剂对粘度与表面张力的影响、气体间的化学反应、气泡内气体分压的改变等,讨论了综合澄清剂的澄清机理。综合澄清剂将为澄清剂的使用领域提供新的可能性。     

蜂窝型斜管澄清技术在联碱氨Ⅱ净化中的应用

根据蜂窝型斜管澄清技术的机理和特点,对蜂窝型斜管澄清桶进行了结构设计、工艺参数计算,并通过中间试验验证了有关技术参数,生产安装了蜂窝型斜管澄清桶,并投入使用。同时将蜂窝型斜管澄清桶和道尔型澄清桶作对比,介绍了蜂窝型澄清设备的优点。     

磷矿浮选药剂对尾矿澄清性能的影响

采用一种简易方法考察了常用磷矿浮选药剂对浮选尾矿澄清性能的影响.结果表明:该试验方法误差较小,可以用于评价浮选药剂对浮选尾矿澄清性能的影响.在海口磷矿浮选药剂中,调整剂水玻璃对浮选尾矿澄清性能影响最大,其次为MW.捕收剂用量对浮选尾矿澄清性能影响较小,但捕收剂的种类则对浮选尾矿的澄清性能影响较大.使用工业捕收剂H969浮选的尾矿澄清性能要远低于使用工业油酸时尾矿的澄清性能.增效剂的使用可提高浮选尾矿的澄清性能.     

混合澄清槽数值模拟与实验研究进展

稀土是不可再生的重要战略资源,在高新技术材料中具有不可替代的战略作用。混合澄清槽具有操作稳定性好、级效率高、结构简单、易放大等优点,是稀土分离工业中使用最为广泛的萃取设备。本文概述并分析了应用于混合澄清槽模拟的数值模型,结果表明Eulerian-Eulerian多相流模型、k-?湍流模型和多参考系模型因使用简便、精度可靠、对计算机性能要求不高而被当前的研究者们大量采用。此外,针对混合澄清槽抽吸性能、混合特性和澄清特性三大重要性能指标,分别总结了影响各性能的主要参数和调控方法,分析表明在抽吸性能和混合时间方面的研究较为成熟,在液滴聚并破碎数值研究、澄清方式和改进等方面的研究相对薄弱,构建高精度网格、采用更细致分析流场时空发展趋势的大涡模拟和引入种群平衡模型等方法将是下一步深入研究混合澄清槽的重要方向。     

澄清桶设计的若干问题

以前在化工工艺生产澄清桶的设计中,认为它的能力只与其有效截面、沉降速度有关,却忽略了两个至关重要的条件。本文就澄清的工艺原理、澄清桶的主要工艺参数包括沉降速度、澄清面积和澄清高度等问题进行了阐述。文章提出了固体颗粒在液相中沉降和干扰沉降的基本理论,自由沉降又分为几个阶段,干扰沉降的计算并绘出了干扰沉降过程的曲线,又为澄清桶的设计提供了澄清桶面积及高度的计算式。笔者认为:按本文介绍的方法,实测所拟计算的物料在规定温度下的干扰沉降过程曲线,以及进入澄清桶的固体浓度,排出澄清桶的固体浓度及密实沉淀层和压缩脱水层中,悬浮液重度和溶液重度,就可以作出一个比较好的澄清桶工艺设计。     

高铝硅酸盐玻璃的复合澄清剂研究

通过高温观测系统,研究了澄清剂SnO2、CeO2和Na2SO4在高铝硅酸盐系统中的作用温度,并根据高温观测研究结果选用两组复合澄清剂进行对比,讨论了复合澄清剂对澄清效果的影响,分析了玻璃澄清过程中气泡数量和尺寸的变化规律.结果显示:三种澄清剂在高铝玻璃中的作用温度均略低于普通钠钙硅,采用SnO2和Na2SO4作为复合澄清剂时形成的梯度澄清比SnO2和CeO2组合形成的协同澄清作用更明显,澄清效果良好.     

天然橡胶湿法混炼的研究进展

根据补强填充体系种类,分别介绍炭黑、白炭黑和石墨烯等与天然橡胶的湿法混炼工艺技术,并对天然橡胶湿法混炼所面临的问题及发展趋势进行了分析和展望。湿法混炼研究包括不同补强填充体系水乳液的配制方式和配方优化及湿法混炼胶的后处理工艺。今后应对湿法混炼多组分复杂反应的特征和混炼胶结构与性能的关系开展深入研究,并加强自动化与连续化生产工艺的研发。     

A comparative study between biorefining combined with other processes and physical refining of high-acid mohua oil

The biorefining process under optimum conditions de-acidified the high-acid mohua oil by nearly 85% with considerable improvement of color. The process, in combination with alkali-refining, bleaching and deodorization, yielded excellent oil with respect to color, unsaponifiable matter content and triglyceride content. The combination of biorefining and physical refining significantly reduced the loss of oil, and the color, unsaponifiable matter and diglyceride content increased while triglyceride content decreased. The physical refining process alone, on the other hand, produced oil with considerably darker color, increased unsaponifiable matter and diglycerides, and decreased triglyceride. Biorefining followed by alkali-refining, bleaching and deodorizing steps or by physical refining can be regarded as a much better alternative refining process than the physical refining process alone for oils of high acidity.     

凯膜过滤技术在一次盐水精制中的应用

介绍了凯膜过滤技术在一次盐水精制过程中的应用,总结了凯膜的原理、特点及其与传统工艺的区别,为盐水精制找到了一条行之有效的工艺路线。     

Effect of caustic refining,solvent refining and steam refining on the deacidification and color of rice bran oil

Degummed rice bran oil was deacidified by caustic, solvent and steam refining processes. The steam refining process was optimized through a series of experiments with varying refining times (1–5 hr), temperatures (220–280 C) and amounts of steam (4–20%), at a pressure of 4 mmHg. The most significant factors affecting the degree of deacidification were the refining temperature and amount of steam. The correlation coefficient between quadratic equation obtained and experimental results was 0.96. Acid value and color of steam refined oil were not as good as those of caustic refined oil, but steam refining showed better retention of natural antioxidants than caustic or solvent refining. Steam refining is preferred for deacidification of rice bran oil because of reduced neutral oil loss and elimination of soap production. The important criteria in selecting a deacidification process are known to be the degree of deacidification, neutral oil loss, effect on bleaching and production of soapstock (2,8–10). In comparing caustic refining, solvent refining and steam refining, caustic refining of degummed rice bran oil resulted in satisfactory acid values and color but showed the worst result in neutral oil loss and produced large amounts of soapstock. Solvent refining was not shown to be efficient because of poor deacidification, high losses of neutral oil and darkening of color. Steam refining also was less effective than caustic refining in deacidification and bleaching. However, the degree of deacidification could be improved by development of a process to remove all the free fatty acids (8), and the color problem could be eliminated by including a preliminary bleaching step before steam distillation (10). The application of steam refining to rice bran oil will result in many advantages such as reduced neutral oil loss, no production of soap, and the production of high purity, industrial fatty acids.     

一次盐水工序添加精制剂磷酸或其钠盐的工艺分析

分析一次盐水工序添加精制剂磷酸或其钠盐对螯合树脂塔运行周期和离子膜电解过程的影响.精制剂磷酸或其钠盐能降低盐水中钙离子含量,但同时带入杂质磷酸根,恶化了二次盐水质量,对离子膜造成污染,引起槽电压升高.不建议在一次盐水工序采用磷酸或其钠盐作为精制剂.     

提高柴油安定性的研究进展

论述了影响催化裂化柴油的氧化安定性的因素,介绍了多种非临氢精制方法的原理及最新的工艺技术进展,如酸碱精制、溶剂精制、吸附精制、加稳定剂法、盐精制和生物精制等,对各种精制方法进行了评价,提出FCC柴油非加氢精制的发展趋势是将各种精制工艺进行有机组合,形成新的非加氢精制工艺,以改善柴油的质量。     

铜精炼过程铜液温度软测量模型及应用

为了解决铜精炼过程中高温铜液温度的测量难题,确保铜精炼过程的阳极铜产品质量,基于铜精炼过程中不同阶段的热工机理,分别建立了保温过程、氧化过程以及还原过程的高温铜液温度的机理软测量模型,并采用数据预处理、黄金分割法搜索区间及其函数链神经网络校正等技术对其进行了算法设计以及编程实现.实际应用结果表明,铜精炼过程铜液温度软测量可以反映铜精炼过程铜液温度的真实变化,有助于实现铜精炼过程铜液温度软控制以及提高铜精炼过程的生产效率和生产质量.     

复合吸附剂精制润滑油的工艺研究及应用

以玉门炼油厂FCC废催化剂作为吸附剂,掺入白土复配成复合吸附剂精制润滑油.实验室和工业化试生产结果表明:FCC废催化剂对润滑油有一定的吸附精制作用.在精制过程中,可用一定量的废催化剂代替部分白土,在达到纯白土的精制效果时,可减少白土0.6%左右,提高产品收率0.1%以上,过滤速度也有不同程度的提高,具有一定的经济效益和社会效益.     

Kinetics of emulsification and rheological properties of highly concentrated explosive emulsions

Engineering properties of highly concentrated emulsions depend on their refining behaviour. The refining of highly concentrated “water-in-oil” emulsions used as “liquid explosives” during emulsification was studied. It was shown that droplet size distribution during the emulsification process becomes narrower, although remains of the Gauss type and the average droplet size decreases. Fitting equations for this process were proposed. The energy consumption was treated as the determining factor in the refinement process. A number of surfactant types and concentrations were examined and their refining behaviour was compared. Expectedly, the increase of the refining efficiency with the increase of the surfactant concentration was observed. Droplet refinement is accompanied by the evolution of rheological properties of emulsions that are visco-plastic materials. It was found that the droplet refinement occurs at high values of the Capillary Number lying above the stability curve.     

Current practices in continuous cottonseed miscella refining

Miscella refining of crude cottonseed oil has become a generally accepted commercial process for the past 20 years. The simple and efficient continuous process for removal of undesirable impurities is described, having changed little in its basic form since discovery 40 years ago. The individual unit processes, control systems, process flow charts, chemical reactions and oil-to-hexane ratios used in miscella refining are described. The several advantages to miscella refining vs conventional oil refining are noted.