A survey of the occurrence of deoxynivalenol in wheat from 1986-1988 harvests in the USSR

The occurrence of deoxynivalenol (DON; vomitoxin) in wheat from 1986-1988 harvests in the USSR was surveyed. A significant frequency of DON contamination (81.3% of samples analyzed) was observed. A correlation between levels of DON contamination and percentage of Fusarium-damaged kernels was demonstrated. It was shown that DON contamination did not exceed the maximum tolerated level (MTL) established in the USSR (1.0 mg/kg) if samples contained no more than 0.6% of Fusarium-damaged kernels.     

Fusarium toxins in wheat from an area in Henan Province, PR China, with a previous human red mould intoxication episode.

Wheat samples of the 1998 and 1999 crops from Puyang, an area in Henan Province, PR China with a previous human red mould intoxication episode, were analysed for trichothecenes and zearalenone (ZEA). For the 1998 Puyang crop, deoxynivalenol (DON) was the predominant toxin detected abundantly and frequently at a level of up to 14,000 microg kg(-1) (mean 2850 microgkg(-1)) in 30 of 31 (97%) wheat samples. Among these were 21 (70%) with a DON level that exceeded the Chinese regulation of 1,000 microg kg(-1). Nivalenol (NIV) and 15-acetyl-DON (15-ADON) were also found at 578 microg kg(-1) (one sample) and 59-1,800 microg kg(-1) (mean 365 microg kg(-1), 20 samples), respectively. ZEA co-occurred in 21 samples at 9-1,400 microg kg(-1) (mean 209 microg kg(-1)). Twenty-five (89%) wheat samples from Zhumadian, a region without a history of human red mould intoxication in the same province, contained low levels of DON (53-1240, mean 223 microg kg(-1)) with seven (25%) co-contaminated with ZEA (10-217, mean 108 microg kg(-1)). All were free from 15-ADON and NIV. Significant differences in DON, 15-ADON and ZEA concentrations between both areas were found. DON (<1000 microg kg(-1)) and ZEA (5-111 microg kg(-1)) were also detected in the 1999 Puyang wheat. Proper environmental conditions for Fusarium species surviving winter combined with unusual high precipitation during wheat flowering were responsible for a high concentration of Fusarium mycotoxins in the 1998 Puyang wheat.     

Distribution of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol in milling fractions from fusarium-infected Japanese wheat cultivars

The fate of the Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and nivalenol during the milling of Japanese wheat cultivars artificially infected with Fusarium was investigated. Grain samples with different mycotoxin concentrations were milled using a laboratory-scale test mill to produce eight fractions: three breaking flours (1B, 2B, and 3B), three reduction flours (1M, 2M, and 3M), wheat bran, and wheat shorts. Patent flour for human consumption was made from the 1B, 2B, 1M, and 2M flours, and low-grade flour was made from 3B and 3M flours. The four resulting samples (patent flour, low-grade flour, bran, and shorts) were analyzed for deoxynivalenol and/or nivalenol with an in-house validated analytical method using high-performance liquid chromatography with UV absorbance detection. In samples with different mycotoxin concentrations, the distribution of those toxins differed among the milling fractions. Grains with a lower level of contamination produced bran and shorts samples with a high relative concentration of nivalenol. A high percentage of nivalenol was found in patent flour, followed by bran. Contrary to the less-contaminated sample, the concentration of nivalenol in moderately contaminated grain was high only in the shorts sample. The highest percentage of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol was observed in the patent flour. The results of this study indicate that the distribution of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol in milled Japanese wheat could be influenced by the contamination level of the original grain, and the milling process is not always effective for removal of toxins from wheat grains.     

A survey on the occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in Bavarian cereals from the 1987 harvest

Bavarian cereals and wheat flour from the 1987 harvest were analysed for nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON) using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and for T-2 toxin and zearalenone (ZEA) by enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The study included 190 field samples of wheat, barley, rye and oat with visibly damaged ears, 45 samples of wheat intended for feed production and two series of wheat flour (type 550) and whole wheat flour collected in October 1987 and June 1988. The field samples examined showed a high DON contamination of wheat (87%) with an average of 3.96 mg/kg and a maximum of 43.8 mg/kg. Mean levels between 0.33 mg/kg and 0.27 mg/kg DON could be detected in barley, rye and oat. Of the wheat samples, 58% contained ZEA with a maximum of 1.560 mg/kg. The highest levels of ZEA were detected in samples which also showed high concentrations of DON. The NIV and T-2 toxin levels were comparatively low. Thirty percent of the samples showed NIV concentrations between 0.04 mg/kg and 0.29 mg/kg and 38% contained between 0.005 and 0.60 mg/kg of T-2. In the wheat samples for feed production, only DON was detected with an average of 0.190 mg/kg and a maximum of 0.75 mg/kg. The highest DON levels (0.58 mg/kg) from October 1987 were found in the wheat flour samples which were lower than the highest DON concentration (3.24 mg/kg) detected in the samples collected during June 1988. This fact was probably due to a substantial amount of non-contaminated wheat from 1986. The toxin concentrations in the whole wheat flour were not higher than in the type 550 flour.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

粮食真菌DNA快速高通量提取方法的建立与应用

目的 建立一种高效、快速、高通量的粮食中真菌DNA提取和分析方法,并应用于小麦产脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol, DON)镰刀菌污染状况研究。方法 基于磁珠纯化技术,开发了一种粮食基质中真菌DNA的快速提取方法—月桂酰肌氨酸钠(sodium lauroyl sarcosine, SLS)磁珠法,结合前期采用实时荧光定量PCR法(quantitative real-time PCR, qPCR)和微滴式数字PCR法(droplet digital PCR, ddPCR)建立的小麦中3-乙酰基脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 3-ADON)和15-乙酰基脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-ADON)两种产DON毒素化学型镰刀菌及禾谷镰刀菌复合群分析方法,对其提取效果进行了验证并分析了我国2021年新收获小麦产DON镰刀菌的污染水平。结果 与十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide,CTAB)法、柱式法试剂盒和磁珠法试剂盒相比较,本研究建立的SLS磁珠法裂解过程无需水浴,配合自动化提取设备工作,整个提取时间小于1 h,对禾谷镰刀菌复合群的提取率最优,而对3-ADON和15-ADON化学型镰刀菌的提取率与经典CTAB法、磁珠法试剂盒没有显著性差异,并且显著性优于柱式法试剂盒。在对2021年收获的120个小麦样品监测结果显示,产DON镰刀菌的生物量与DON毒素水平之间具有极显著的相关性(P<0.01)。结论 SLS磁珠法适用于从基质复杂的粮食样品中提取真菌DNA,操作简便快速、提取率高,更易实现大样本量的分子生物学准确定量检测需求。     

Climatic models to predict occurrence of Fusarium toxins in wheat and maize

Although forecasting Fusarium infections have useful implications, it may be argued that forecasting Fusarium toxins is more useful to help reduce their entry into the food chain. Several disease incidence models have been commercialized for wheat, but only one toxin prediction model from Ontario, Canada, "DONcast", has been validated extensively and commercialized to date for wheat, and another has been proposed for maize. In the development of these predictive tools, the variation in toxin levels associated with year and agronomic effects was estimated from simple linear models using wheat and maize samples taken from farm fields. In wheat, environment effects accounted for 48% of the variation in deoxynivalenol (DON) across all fields, followed by variety (27%), and previous crop (14 to 28%). In maize, hybrid accounted for 25% of the variation of either DON or fumonisin, followed by environment (12%), and when combined 42% of the variability was accounted for. The robust site-specific, DON forecast model accounted for up to 80% of the variation in DON, and has been used commercially for 5 years in Canada. Forecasting DON and fumonisins in maize is more difficult, because of its greater exposure to infection, the role of wounding in infection, the more important role of hybrid susceptibility, and the vast array of uncharacterized hybrids available in the marketplace. Nevertheless, using data collected from controlled experiments conducted in Argentina and the Philippines, a model was developed to predict fumonisin concentration using insect damage and weather variables, accounting for 82% of the variability of fumonisins. Using mycotoxins as a measure of disease outcome, as opposed to disease symptoms, offers a more robust prediction of mycotoxin risk, and it accounts for mycotoxin accumulation that occurs frequently in the absence of any change in Fusarium symptoms.     

Fusariotoxins in kernels of winter wheat cultivars field samples collected during 1993 in Poland

In South-Eastern region of Poland (near Lublin), where frequency of scab (fusariosis) is much higher than in other parts of the country, during harvest of 1993 kernels of 25 winter wheat cultivars were collected. On the basis of morphological studies Fusarium graminearum was found in 42% of investigated samples while other fungi appeared less frequently: F. nivale and F. poae (35%), F. avenaceum (31%) and F. culmorum (12%). Chemical analysis (by HPLC) revealed that the tested cultivars were contaminated with deoxynivalenol (96% of investigated samples), its acetyl derivatives (48%), nivalenol (76%) and moniliformin (28%). The average levels of the metabolite concentrations were as follows: 104; 16; 97; and 63 micrograms/kg, respectively. Co-occurrence of 2 toxic metabolites was found in the following percentage of the positive samples: deoxynivalenol and nivalenol (72%), deoxynivalenol and moniliformin, as well as nivalenol and moniliformin (24%). Usually (71-83% of contaminated samples) mycotoxins were accumulated in the concentration range > or = 10, < 100 micrograms/kg.     

Occurrence of Fusarium Head Blight species and Fusarium mycotoxins in winter wheat in the Netherlands in 2009

Most recent information on the occurrence of Fusarium Head Blight species and related mycotoxins in wheat grown in the Netherlands dates from 2001. This aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and levels of Fusarium Head Blight species and Fusarium mycotoxins, as well as their possible relationships, in winter wheat cultivated in the Netherlands in 2009. Samples were collected from individual fields of 88 commercial wheat growers. Samples were collected at harvest from 86 fields, and 2 weeks before the expected harvest date from 21 fields. In all, 128 samples, the levels of each of seven Fusarium Head Blight species and of 12 related mycotoxins were quantified. The results showed that F. graminearum was the most frequently observed species at harvest, followed by F. avenaceum and M. nivale. In the pre-harvest samples, only F. graminearum and M. nivale were relevant. The highest incidence and concentrations of mycotoxins were found for deoxynivalenol, followed by zearalenone and beauvericin, both pre-harvest and at harvest. Other toxins frequently found - for the first time in the Netherlands - included T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and moniliformin. The levels of deoxynivalenol were positively related to F. graminearum levels, as well as to zearalenone levels. Other relationships could not be established. The current approach taken in collecting wheat samples and quantifying the presence of Fusarium Head Blight species and related mycotoxins is an efficient method to obtain insight into the occurrence of these species and toxins in wheat grown under natural environmental conditions. It is recommended that this survey be repeated for several years to establish inter-annual variability in both species composition and mycotoxin occurrence.     

Mycotoxins in cereal grain. Part 13. Deoxynivalenol and 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol in wheat kernels and chaff with head fusariosis symptoms

In the period of harvest at 1987 field samples of wheat heads with fusariosis symptoms were collected in 18 provinces of Poland. Subsamples of heads infected with Fusarium culmorum (W.G.Sm) Sacc. and Fusarium graminearum Schwabe were analyzed for Fusarium metabolites. In fractions of kernels with visible Fusarium-damage deoxynivalenol (DON) was present in average amount of 18.7 mg/kg (range 9.6-25.3 mg/kg) and 3-acetyl DON 1.9 mg/kg. Fractions of kernels without symptoms of visible Fusarium-damage contained only DON at average 2 mg/kg (range 0.8-3.6 mg/kg). A method of approximate calculation of DON content in a given lot of grain is proposed which may be realized during samples grading.     

A survey on the occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in Bavarian cereals from the 1987 harvest

Summary Bavarian cereals and wheat flour from the 1987 harvest were analysed for nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON) using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and for T-2 toxin and zearalenone (ZEA) by enzyme-linked-immunosorbent as say (ELISA). The study included 190 field samples of wheat, barley, rye and oat with visibly damaged ears, 45 samples of wheat intended for feed production and two series of wheat flour (type 550) and whole wheat flour collected in October 1987 and June 1988. The field samples examined showed a high DON contamination of wheat (87%) with an average of 3.96 mg/kg and a maximum of 43.8 mg/kg. Mean levels between 0.33 mg/kg and 0.27 mg/kg DON could be detected in barley, rye and oat. Of the wheat samples, 58% contained ZEA with a maximum of 1.560 mg/kg. The highest levels of ZEA were detected in samples which also showed high concentrations of DON. The NIV and T-2 toxin levels were comparatively low. Thirty percent of the samples showed NIV concentrations between 0.04 mg/kg and 0.29 mg/kg and 38% contained between 0.005 and 0.60 mg/kg of T-2. In the wheat samples for feed production, only DON was detected with an average of 0.190 mg/kg and a maximum of 0.75 mg/kg. The highest DON levels (0.58 mg/kg) from October 1987 were found in the wheat flour samples which were lower than the highest DON concentration (3.24 mg/kg) detected in the samples collected during June 1988. This fact was probably due to a substantial amount of non-contaminated wheat from 1986. The toxin concentrations in the whole wheat flour were not higher than in the type 550 flour. The regional distribution of the mean DON concentrations showed the highest levels in Middle and Lower-Franconia.

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Vorkommen von Fusarium Mykotoxinen in bayerischem Getreide der Ernte 1987

Zusammenfassung Cerealien und Weizenmehle der bayerischen Ernte 1987 wurden mittels hochauflösender Flüssigchromatographie (HPLC) auf Nivalenol (NIV) und Deoxynivalenol (DON) Bowie mit Enzymimmunoassay auf T-2 Toxin und Zearalenon (ZEA) analysiert. Die Untersuchungen umfaßten 190 Feldproben von Weizen, Gerste, Roggen und Hafer, die alle optisch erkennbaren Fusarienbefall aufwiesen, 45 Futterweizenproben Bowie zwei Probenserien von Weizenmehlen der Type 550 und Vollkornweizenmehlen, die im October 1987 und im Juni 1988 gezogenwurden. — Die Untersuchungen der Feldproben ergaben eine hohe DON-Kontamination des Weizens (87%) mit einem durchschnittlichen Gehalt von 3,96 mg/kg und einem Maximalgehalt von 43,8 mg/kg. In Gerste, Roggen und Hafer konnten durchschnittlich zwischen 0,33 mg/kg und 0,27 mg/kg DON-nachgewiesen werden. 58% der Winterweizenproben wiesen Zearalenon mit einem Maximalgehalt von 1,56 mg/kg auf. Die höchsten ZEA-Werte wurden in Proben ermittelt, die gleichzeitig einen hohen DON-Gehalt aufwiesen. Die Konzentrationen von NIV und T-2 Toxin waren vergleichsweise niedrig. 30% der Proben hatten NIV-Gehalte zwischen 0,04 mg/kg und 0,29 mg/kg und 38% enthielten T-2 Toxin zwischen 0,005 mg/kg und 0,06 mg/kg. In den Futterweizenproben konnte DON als einziges Toxin mit einem Gehalt von durchschnittlich 0,19 mg/kg und maximal 0,75 mg/kg festgestellt werden. Die Weizenmehle, die im October 1987 gezogen wurden, wiesen maximal 0,58 mg/kg DON auf. Die Gehalte lagen damit medriger als die der Mehlproben vom Juni 1988, die maximal 3,24 mg/kg und durchschnittlich 0,26 mg/kg DON enthielten. Dieser Sachverhalt könnte auf Anteile von nicht kontaminiertem Weizen der Ernte 86 an den im October gezogenen Mehlproben zurückgeführt werden. Die Toxingehalte der Vollkornmehle waren nicht höher als die der Weizenmehle der Type 550. Die höchsten Durchschnittsgehalte von DON wurden in Mittel- und Unterfranken festgestellt.

     

A limited survey of Fusarium mycotoxins nivalenol, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in 1984 UK harvested wheat and barley

A limited survey for the occurrence of nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) in 1984 UK-grown cereals (31 samples) have been carried out using a new procedure, which is a rapid and sensitive method for Fusarium mycotoxins. NIV, DON and ZEN were detected in 17 (55%), 20 (65%) and 4 (13%) out of 31 samples, and average levels in positive samples were 101 micrograms/kg, 31 micrograms/kg and 1 microgram/kg, respectively. Additional surveys on two wheat and eight barley samples harvested in Scotland have shown that 30%, 60% and 100% of the samples were contaminated with NIV, DON and ZEN, respectively. The contents averaged 391 micrograms/kg of NIV, 39 micrograms/kg of DON and 9 micrograms/kg of ZEN. The results of this survey show that UK-grown cereals were significantly contaminated with NIV, DON and ZEN in a similar way to that observed in Japan, Korea and China. This is the first evidence of the natural occurrence of NIV in UK cereals.     

Fusarium DNA traceability along the bread production chain

Wheat grain contamination with toxigenic Fusarium spp. is of great economic concern to cereal producers and to the grain processing industry and is of great relevance for the quality and safety of the final products. In particular, the bread production chain can potentially be a vehicle for mycotoxin ingestion above the tolerable total daily intake. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction‐based analytical approach has been developed as a possible tool to estimate and control the risk of mycotoxins, particularly deoxynivalenol (DON). This DNA‐based analytical method has been applied to detect and quantify contamination levels of Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum in naturally infected wheat grain samples. The persistence of Fusarium contamination was also detected along the bread production chain in wholemeal, flour and bread. A significant correlation was found between Fusarium DNA and DON concentration in all samples.     

A survey of the occurrence of the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) in UK grown barley and in imported maize by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

A UK survey for the occurrence of the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) in 87 samples of both feeding and malting barleys has shown levels of less than 0.02 mg kg^?1 in 90% of the samples. The barleys containing deoxynivalenol (0.02–0.36 mg kg^?1) were mostly feeding samples and showed no geographical trend within the UK. In contrast, for imported maize and brewers maize, only 25% of the samples showed levels less than 0.02 mg kg^?1 deoxynivalenol, the remainder ranging from 0.02-1.4 mg kg^?1 with ten samples (36% of the total number analysed) having levels greater than 0.1 mg kg^?1. All samples were analysed by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (selected ion monitoring) of the TMS deoxynivalenol derivative. For two of the maize samples full mass spectra were obtained of the deoxynivalenol showing very good agreement with reference spectra and confirming the identity of the trichothecene.     

The coexistence of the Fusarium mycotoxins nivalenol, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in Korean cereals harvested in 1983

A survey for the occurrence of nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) in Korean cereals (totalling 53 samples) harvested in 1983, showed that 96%, 72% and 57% of the samples were contaminated with NIV, DON and ZEN, respectively. Average concentrations (micrograms/kg) in unpolished barley were 546 (NIV), 117 (DON) and 110 (ZEN), and those in polished barley were 130 (NIV) and 21 (DON). The ZEN levels were below the detection limit (1 microgram/kg). Malt, wheat and rye were also heavily contaminated with these Fusarium mycotoxins. The results of this survey show that Korean cereals harvested in 1983 were significantly contaminated with NIV, DON and ZEN, and the incidence and levels, where observed, are similar to those reported in Japan.     

酶联免疫吸附法测定小麦中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇

目的 建立小麦中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol, DON)含量测定的酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)分析方法。方法 选取山东省4地区小麦样品80份, 用不同溶剂对小麦中的DON进行提取后,构建小麦中DON的ELISA检测方法, 根据国家标准对检测结果进行评价。结果 选用84%的乙腈水溶液作为提取溶剂, 其平均回收率可达100.2%, 较为理想。该ELISA方法检测小麦中DON, 线性范围是5~5000 ng/g, 回归方程Y= 0.0419X 0.0222, 相关系数r=0.9868, 样品中DON含量为5.27~3639.38 ng/g , 中位数为79.25 ng/g, 在所检测的80份样品中, 有4份超出了国家规定的上限标准(1000 ng/g), 76份符合国家规定, 合格率为95％。结论 该方法灵敏、快捷, 适用于小麦中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的检测。     

小麦中呕吐毒素研究进展

小麦是全球三大谷物之一。由镰刀菌引起的小麦赤霉病是我国最主要的小麦病害之一,能造成小麦严重减产、品质下降,而且镰刀菌还能产生多种真菌毒素,进一步危害小麦及其制品的质量安全,其中,呕吐毒素(deoxynivalenol, DON)是小麦中检出率最高、危害最严重的真菌毒素之一,已成为关系小麦及其制品食用安全的重要问题。DON在小麦等谷物及其制品中的污染和防控是全球面临的严峻挑战,对DON进行定期检测和污染分析,研究高效、安全的降解技术,确保消费者安全,已成为目前世界各国政府和公众广泛关注和高度重视的热点问题。本文综述了DON的理化性质及毒性、影响产生的因素、污染现状及防控与脱毒方面的研究进展情况,以期为小麦中DON的风险评估及防控策略的制定提供有利参考。     

小麦产毒病原菌及其毒素防控的研究进展

小麦是全球第二大粮食作物,每年因病害造成小麦严重减产,品质下降。一些病原菌还能够产生真菌毒素,进一步危害小麦及其制品的质量安全,对人畜健康造成巨大危害。由镰刀菌引起的小麦赤霉病是我国最主要的小麦病害之一,由交链孢引起的小麦黑胚病也备受关注。这2种真菌既能引起小麦病害,又能产生真菌毒素,故称之为产毒病害。镰刀菌产生的脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol,DON)、玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone,ZEN)、伏马菌素等和交链孢产生的交链孢酚(alternariol,AOH)、交链孢酚单甲醚(alternariol monomethyl ether,AME)和细交链格孢酮酸(tenuazonic acid,Te A)等是2类病原菌产生的主要真菌毒素。本文综述了能引起小麦产毒病害的镰刀菌和交链孢的特点、真菌毒素以及病害和毒素的防控技术,尤其是2类病原菌引起的小麦病害和真菌毒素的防控。这将为后期防治小麦产毒病害及控制毒素产生的研究提供有利参考。     

小麦赤霉病源呕吐毒素的合成、检测及防控

赤霉病是主要由禾谷镰刀菌侵染小麦、大麦和其他小谷类作物而造成作物减产的世界性病害。小麦赤霉病发病需要高温和高湿的环境条件,感染程度及发病范围主要由寄主自身的抗性决定,对粮食产业以及人类健康的危害主要来源于籽粒中积累的呕吐毒素(deoxynivalenol, DON)。赤霉病需要多层次、全流程的防治,而降低DON毒素的危害是防治赤霉病需要重点突破的环节。本文概述了DON的合成过程、致病机制、检测方法和脱毒策略,并提出防治赤霉病的思路,重点挖掘与DON毒素诱导、运输和转化相关的基因资源,为通过生物育种途径培育DON低积累小麦品种、减少DON危害提供参考。     

安徽河南粮食中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇和玉米赤霉烯酮的污染调查

目的：调查安徽、河南两省粮食中镰刀菌毒素污染情况。方法：以玉米、小麦为材料,分别采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)和高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测了脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)和玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)的含量,采用SPSS软件对检测结果进行统计学分析。结果：安徽河南两省玉米、小麦中的DON和ZEN含量平均值分别为424.0μg/kg和187.2μg/kg,检出率分别为76.7%和75.3%。其他省份的玉米、小麦中DON和ZEN含量的平均值为52.2μg/kg和24.1μg/kg,检出率分别为60%和70%。结论：和其他省份相比,安徽、河南两省的粮食受镰刀菌毒素污染程度更严重。根据现有的国家限量标准,ZEN的超标率比DON更高。     

Phylogenetic analyses and toxigenic profiles of Fusarium equiseti and Fusarium acuminatum isolated from cereals from Southern Europe

Fusarium equiseti and Fusarium acuminatum are toxigenic species that contaminate cereal crops from diverse climatic regions. They are common in Spanish cereals. The information available on their phylogenetics and toxigenic profiles is, however, insufficient to assist risk evaluation. In this work, phylogenetic analyses were performed using partial sequences of the translation elongation factor gene (EF-1α) of F. equiseti and F. acuminatum strains isolated from barley and wheat from Spain and other countries. The Northern and Southern European F. equiseti strains largely separated into two phylogenetically distinct clusters. This suggests the existence of two distinct populations within this species, explaining its presence in these regions of markedly different climate. Production of type A and B trichothecenes by the Spanish strains, examined in wheat cultures using a multitoxin analytical method, indicated that F. equiseti could produce deoxynivalenol and nivalenol and other trichothecenes, at concentrations that might represent a significant risk of toxin contamination for Southern European cereals. F. acuminatum showed low intraspecific genetic variability and 58% of the strains could produce deoxynivalenol at low level. Neither species was found to produce T-2 or HT-2 toxins. The present results provide important phylogenetic and toxigenic information essential for the accurate prediction of toxigenic risk.