松木屑生物质热解特性研究

以氮气为载气,采用热重分析仪对松木屑进行热解实验,考察了载气流速、升温速率等对松木屑热解过程的影响,求解了热解表观动力学参数。研究表明,松木屑的热解过程分三个阶段,主要热解温度为200～450℃,600℃后热解反应基本完成;载气流速对热解反应影响较小,升温速率对热解反应影响较大;松木屑热解表观活化能在40～70 kJ/mol范围内。     

吐哈盆地褐煤的热解和燃烧特性及动力学分析

吐哈盆地褐煤的热解和燃烧特性研究利于煤的清洁高效利用及煤炭地下气化的开展,为探究吐哈盆地褐煤煤粉颗粒的热解特性和燃烧特性及动力学特性,通过热重实验、热解特征指数计算、综合燃烧指数计算及动力学软件Kinetics Neo模型拟合法,研究了煤粉在不同升温速率(5℃/min, 10℃/min, 20℃/min)和不同粒径(大于0.8 mm, 0.2 mm～0.6 mm,小于0.1 mm)下分别在氮气气氛中的热解特性和空气气氛中的燃烧特性,获得了不同条件下煤粉颗粒热解和燃烧过程的动力学参数。结果表明：升温速率升高有利于煤粉颗粒热解和燃烧,显著提升了热解和燃烧性能;煤粉颗粒粒径增大有利于煤粉热解,不利于煤粉燃烧;不同粒径煤样热解和燃烧焦产率没有明显区别,粒径增加对于挥发分释放的影响不大;热解与燃烧过程中活化能与指前因子分别在一次热解阶段和干燥挥发阶段较高,说明在这两个阶段反应速率较慢,单位时间内化学反应程度较高。     

废塑料热解特性研究

采用热重分析法及差示扫描量热法,在氮气气氛下分别以5,10,15,20℃/min的升温速率对四种废弃塑料(PP、PS、PE、PET)热解过程及其动力学进行了研究。实验结果表明:四种塑料聚合物的非等温热解只有1个剧烈失重阶段,热稳定性的排序为:PSPETPPPE。随升温速率的提高,塑料的最大热解速度线性减小,对应的峰值温度线性升高,失重率基本不变。聚合物的热解机理满足一级反应动力学方程,且随着升温速率的提高,其活化能(E)和指前因子(A)线性增大,ln A与E之间存在近似的线性关系。     

富氧气氛下升温速率对煤燃烧及动力学的研究

在同步热分析仪上对小龙潭褐煤进行了不同升温速率(5K/min,10K/min和20K/min)下的O2/CO2燃烧特性实验,确定不同升温速率下煤粉的燃烧特性参数及动力学参数.实验结果表明,随着升温速率的增大,煤粉的TG曲线和DTG曲线均向低温区偏移,煤样的着火温度和燃尽温度升高,燃烧时间延长,可燃性指数和综合燃烧特性指数增大,同时,反应动力学参数随升温速率的变化而不同,频率因子呈上升趋势.     

几种不同变质程度煤的热重分析研究

采用热重分析法(TGA)对黑龙江几种常见的不同变质程度煤(无烟煤、烟煤、褐煤)的热解过程及其表观动力学进行了研究。实验是在氮气气氛中分别以10、20、30、40、50℃/min等加热速率和40~60,60~80,80~100,100目等粒径条件下进行的。实验结果表明:不同变质程度煤的非等温热解只有1个剧烈失重阶段。随升温速率的提高,粒径的增大,则煤的最大热解速度提高,对应的峰值温度升高。不同变质程度煤的热解机理均满足一级反应动力学方程,且随着升温速率的提高,粒径的增大,其活化能(E)和指前因子(A)增大,lnA与E之间存在近似的线性关系。     

废旧轮胎热解的动力学研究与特性分析

热解作为一种清洁有效的废旧轮胎处理工艺,被广泛研究与应用。本文基于化学动力学理论建立热解动力学模型,并结合热重分析实验得到了低温(400℃以下)和高温(400℃以上)废旧轮胎热解的反应速率与失重率之间的关联式和热解动力学参数。对热重实验结果分析表明废旧轮胎热解过程可以分为有机添加剂析出阶段(295℃)、以天然橡胶热解为主的低温热解阶段(295~400℃)和以合成橡胶热解为主的高温热解阶段(400℃),因此在温度区间300~400℃和450~500℃会分别出现1个失重峰。而升温速率对热解结果的分析显示升温速率虽不改变废轮胎最终热解失重率,但可改变热解的最大失重速率,从而影响最终产物。     

废弃碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的热解特性及动力学研究

采用热重分析仪对废弃碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料(CF/EP复合材料),分别在升温速率为6. 67℃·min~(-1)、10℃·min~(-1)和13. 33℃·min~(-1)下进行热解,考察了不同气氛及不同升温速率对CF/EP复合材料热解的影响。结果表明:升温速率和反应气氛对废弃CF/EP复合材料热解过程及特性有重要影响;废弃CF/EP复合材料在氮气氛下热解反应速率较快阶段只有一个阶段,为第一失重阶段,且为一级反应模式。废弃CF/EP复合材料在空气氛下的热解反应速率较快阶段有两个阶段,第一失重阶段为二级反应模式,第二失重阶段为0. 5级反应模式;空气氛下热解第一失重阶段在相同分解温度下与氮气氛下热解反应机理不同;提高升温速率可显著增加废弃CF/EP复合材料热解的表观活化能和指前因子;经外推法可知,氮气氛表观活化能为55. 84 kJ·mol~(-1),空气氛第一失重阶段表观活化能为39. 24 kJ·mol~(-1),第二失重阶段表观活化能为-8. 62 kJ·mol~(-1)。     

东胜煤非等温热解特性与动力学参数确定

采用热重法考察了升温速率对高挥发分弱黏结性东胜煤热解特性的影响,结果表明:煤热解的3个阶段特征明显,最大失重速率温度(Tp)介于430℃￣480℃之间,由回归方程得到Tp和升温速率Ф之间的关系式为:Tp=1.124 4Ф+426.95;并采用非等温热重法对东胜煤的热解动力学参数进行了计算,结果表明其热解动力学参数能很好地反映煤的热解状况,东胜煤的反应级数确定为3。     

竹材热解动力学特性分析

采用热重分析法研究了氮气气氛下竹材的热解行为及其动力学特性,分析了升温速率和粒径对竹材热解过程及动力学参数的影响. 结果表明,竹材热解分为干燥、预热解、热解和缓慢热解４个阶段;升温速率对竹材的热失重特性有显著影响,当升温速率从40℃/min增加到100℃/min时,竹材热解出现了滞后现象,热解活化能从130.87 kJ/mol下降到73.85 kJ/mol,频率因子及反应级数单调减小;不同升温速率下计算的活化能和频率因子之间存在良好的补偿效应;当粒径大于380 mm时,竹材的热解不仅受动力学控制,受颗粒传热、传质影响也较大.     

利用热重-红外联用对生物质热解特性研究

采用热重-红外(TG-FTIR)联用技术研究不同升温速率对生物质热解特性影响。以氮气为载气,在室温和600℃区间,以3种升温速率(10,30,50℃/min)对生物质试样(麦秆)进行热解实验,确定了生物质起始分解温度,热解失重主要发生在快速热解阶段,升温速率越高,热解起始温度和失重速率越大;热解气体通过FTIR分析结果表明,热解初始阶段的气态产物主要是水蒸气和少量的CO及CO2,随着温度的升高,热解的主要气态产物变为CO、CO2、CH4以及小分子烃类。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。