聚氨酯泡沫材料在环保治理中的应用和研究进展

介绍了聚氨酯泡沫塑料,特别是软质聚氨酯泡沫塑料在环境保护领域的应用和研究进展,包括吸附处理废水中的有机污染物,对水中浮油的吸附处理,作为污水处理用有机物和微生物的固定化载体,吸附废水中重金属离子以及噪音治理。     

固定化微生物-曝气生物滤池（G-BAF）高效脱氮工艺

固定化微生物-曝气生物滤池（G-BAF）高效脱氮工艺是由北京大学环境工程研究所开发的生物脱氮新工艺。该工艺利用基因工程的手段,对自然微生物进行了强化与变异而产生的硝化菌、亚硝化菌和反硝化菌可适应各种水质,应用先进的微生物固定化技术,将高效微生物菌群固定在大孔网状载体,     

网状聚氨酯泡沫塑料在飞机燃油箱中的应用

介绍了用于飞机燃油箱防火抑爆用的网状聚氨酯泡沫塑料的发展状况及性能指标，分析了网状聚氨酯泡沫塑料的防火抑爆机理，给出了抑爆模型和填充设计，指出了该泡沫塑料广泛的应用前景及我国研究网状聚氨酯泡沫塑料的重要意义。     

聚氨酯固定化微生物处理医院污水

本文用聚氨酯材料为载体固定化污泥厂筛选驯化出的好厌氧菌群,并以传染病医院污水为原水,研究了游离菌群、聚氨酯载体与聚氨酯固定化微生物对传染病医院污水处理效果。结果表明,原水的pH值在6～9时,固定化微生物处理污水效果均好于游离菌群和单载体,pH为7时其浊度与COD去除率分别达到了97%和94%以上,经消毒处理后,原水水质达到了排放标准。     

微生物固定化技术处理水产养殖废水研究进展

综述了近年来微生物固定化（MIM）技术用于水产养殖废水处理的国内外研究进展,分析了MIM技术的固定化微生物、固定化方法、不同类型载体材料特点。指出了MIM技术处理水产养殖废水存在的载体可重复使用性、工艺成本和处理效率等问题。认为未来MIM技术应用于水产养殖废水处理的研究重点将是高效复合菌种构建、多孔结构新型载体材料开发、微生物与固定化载体和固定化方法协同优化等方面,以达到更高的处理效果。     

新型生化污水处理材料的制备及初步应用

介绍了大孔径网状聚氨酯泡沫塑料的制备工艺,着重讨论了催化剂、表面活性剂对泡沫孔径、经络的影响,分析了影响发泡反应的多种因素。实验结果表明:聚醚组份混合料预混时间应控制在2min以上为宜,物料温度控制在25±1℃为宜。调整L-580与T-7用量可制备不同孔径、不同密度、不同经络粗细的网状聚氨酯泡沫塑料;采用A-33与A-22或A-33与有机锡类催化剂配合体系,易于控制反应的平稳进行;在污水处理中,网状聚氨酯泡沫塑料附着的菌体最多,填料的形状和填充方式对污水处理效果影响较大。     

玉米基多元醇副产物树脂制备改性聚氨酯泡沫塑料及性能的研究

提出了由玉米基多元醇副产物树脂制备改性聚氨酯泡沫塑料的工艺,分别探讨了玉米基多元醇副产物树脂加入量对聚氨酯泡沫塑料外观、密度及力学性能的影响.当玉米副产物树脂加入量在5份左右时,制备的聚氨酯泡沫塑料可以满足保温材料的相关要求.利用此工艺使聚氨酯泡沫塑料的生产成本大幅度降低,同时也使玉米副产物树脂得到了综合利用.     

IMO-SBR处理高浓度氨氮废水的实验研究

IMO-SBR工艺是结合了固定化微生物技术与SBR工艺的一种全新污水处理工艺。该工艺充分利用了固定化微生物和SBR的优点,既保留了固定化微生物,又较好地利用了成熟的SBR工艺。在实验反应器内装填由聚氨酯泡沫制成的生物膜载体,并以实际高浓度氨氮废水为研究对象,通过考察温度、进水m(C)∶m(N)、pH对IMO-SBR工艺脱氮效果的影响,确定最佳的运行条件为:温度在30℃、m(C)∶m(N)=3∶1、pH=8,该工艺条件下,氨氮去除率稳定在55%以上。     

固定化降解菌处理模拟苯系物污染地下水的最佳参数研究

聚氨酯泡沫对微生物、水环境友好,且成本相对低廉,来源广泛,适用于大规模的应用,是一种国内外普遍应用的微生物固定化载体材料.将优势菌株使用聚乙烯醇(PVA)固定化处理后,模拟大庆地区浅层地下水环境,耦合聚氨酯泡沫分析BTEX降解反应的量效关系,得到最佳工艺参数.初始苯系物质量浓度为400 mg·L-1,pH值为6.5,最适温度为10℃,Fe离子质量浓度为16 mg·L-1、Mn离子质量浓度为12 mg·L-1,最适接种量为3块,所占体积比为40.5％,该固定化体系培养48 h后,对苯系物的降解率达91.86％.模拟低温地下水苯系物的去除实验表明,在苯系物初始质量浓度为400 mg·L-1的模拟水样中,48 h苯系物的去除率最高,达98.92％,苯系物最终质量浓度为4.19 mg·L-1.固定化体系前期聚氨酯泡沫的吸附作用对苯系物的去除贡献较大,吸附达到饱和时,生物降解才是更为重要的去除机理.通过扫描电镜观察载体内部的微生物,聚氨酯泡沫上纵横交错分布的孔隙为菌胶团的生长提供了支撑骨架;并利用分光光度计测定不同苯系物初始质量浓度的载体内的生物量的变化,苯系物质量浓度为400 mg·L-1时,聚氨酯泡沫载体附着生物量可达6734.41μg·g-1.在不固定条件下的菌液中蛋白质质量浓度为71.48μg·mL-1,固定化菌能够较好适应低温条件下地下水中苯系物的污染环境,生物载体填料为工业化应用提供了基础.     

电沉积法制备泡沫银工艺

以聚氨酯泡沫塑料为基材,探索电沉积法制备泡沫银的工艺条件.结果表明,聚氨酯泡沫塑料经化学镀、电沉积、还原烧结等,可制得三维网状的通孔泡沫银材料,其抗拉强度大于0.72 MPa,孔隙率大于98%,比表面积大于0.6 m2·g-1(BET 法).     

低密度及难燃低密度高回弹聚氨酯泡沫的研制

分别采用高活性聚醚多元醇和阻燃聚合物多元醇(TM-300)为主要原料,制备了低密度及难燃低密度高回弹泡沫.介绍了低密度高回弹泡沫的性能,讨论了TM-300的用量对难燃低密度高回弹泡沫性能的影响.结果表明,低密度高回弹泡沫密度可低至35 kg/m3,性能与一般密度高回弹聚氨酯泡沫相当;随着TM-300用量的增加,难燃低密度高回弹聚氨酯泡沫的硬度和拉伸强度增加,撕裂强度和伸长率下降;当TM-300用量为50份时,难燃低密度高回弹聚氨酯泡沫密度为40 kg/m3,氧指数达32,各项性能优于使用添加阻燃剂型泡沫.     

A flame‐retardant composite foam: foaming polyurethane in melamine formaldehyde foam skeleton

A composite foam, polyurethane–melamine formaldehyde (PU/MF) foam, was prepared through foaming PU resins in the three‐dimensional netlike skeleton of MF foam. The chemical structure, morphology, cell size and distribution, flame retardancy, thermal properties and mechanical properties of such composite foam were systematically investigated. It was found that the PU/MF foam possessed better fire retardancy than pristine PU foam and achieved self‐extinguishment. Moreover, no melt dripping occurred due to the contribution of the carbonized MF skeleton network. In order to further improve the flame retardancy of the composite foam, a small amount of a phosphorus flame retardant (ammonium polyphosphate) and a char‐forming agent (pentaerythritol) were incorporated into the foam, together with the nitrogen‐rich MF, thus constituting an intumescent flame‐retardant (IFR) system. Owing to the IFR system, the flame‐retardant PU/MF foam can generate a large bulk of expanded char acting as an efficient shielding layer to hold back the diffusion of heat and oxygen. As a result, the flame‐retardant PU/MF foam achieved a higher limiting oxygen index of 31.2% and exhibited immediate self‐extinguishment. It exhibited significantly reduced peak heat release rate and total heat release, as well as higher char residual ratio compared to PU foam. Furthermore, the composite foam also showed obviously improved mechanical performance in comparison with PU foam. Overall, the present investigation provided a new approach for fabricating a polymer composite foam with satisfactory flame retardancy and good comprehensive properties. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

Mechanical properties and fire retardant behavior of polyurethane foam reinforced with oil palm empty fruit bunch

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of isocyanate/hydroxyl ratio and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) content on the properties of polyurethane foam. Polyurethane (PU) foam was prepared from polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate and polyethylene glycol with molecular weight of 200, reinforced with oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) using one shot process. The effect of EFB content on the properties of PU foam was also studied. It was noticed that EFB enhanced the properties of the PU foam. This was due to EFB acting as hard segment in PU foam system. The NCO/OH ratio played an important role in determining the properties of the PU foam produced. However, since EFB is a highly flammable material, APP was introduced to the PU foam system. From the results, APP improved the fire retardant behavior of the PU foam. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

低密度及阻燃低密度高回弹聚氨酯泡沫研制

采用聚醚多元醇和阻燃聚合物多元醇为主要原料,制备了低密度及阻燃低密度高回弹聚氨酯泡沫,讨论了低密度高回弹聚氨酯泡沫性能及阻燃聚合物多元醇TM-300用量对聚氨酯泡沫性能的影响。结果表明,低密度高回弹泡沫密度可低至35kg/m3,性能与一般密度聚氨酯泡沫相当。随着TM-300用量增加,阻燃低密度高回弹聚氨酯泡沫的硬度和拉伸强度增加,撕裂强度和伸长率下降;TM-300可有效提高聚氨酯泡沫的阻燃性能,氧指数可达到32,各项性能均较优异。     

环戊烷发泡剂/组合聚醚体系的研究

通过相容性、自由发泡、模具发泡和流动性实验对环戊烷发泡剂/组合聚醚体系进行了研究。探讨了聚醚多元醇、催化剂和泡沫稳定剂对聚氨酯发泡体系性能的影响。结果表明:用环戊烷发泡剂/组合聚醚体系制备的聚氨酯泡沫流动性好成,本低泡,沫性能符合冰箱及冰柜指标要求。     

液态耐黄变剂在聚氨酯软泡中的应用

介绍了耐黄变剂EVERSORB(R)PU665与EVERSORB(R)PU667在聚氨酯软泡中的应用,讨论了其用量对聚氨酯软泡耐热压加工、紫外线和工业废气(NOx)黄变性能的影响.结果表明,在聚氨酯软泡中加入EVERSORB(R)PU665或EVERSORB(R)PU667均可明显提高耐黄变性能,可解决聚氨酯软泡在不同...     

催化剂对废旧PU硬泡回收再利用的影响

用含有小分子醇的交联剂和催化剂使废旧聚氨酯（PU）硬泡进行降解能够获得多元醇,将降解料与聚醚多元醇、催化剂和发泡剂共混以制备白料,然后与黑料异氰酸酯混合均匀,得到再生PU硬泡。通过对降解产物的黏度、羟值以及获得的再生PU硬泡材料的密度、强度、吸水率、热稳定性、扫描电子显微镜、红外光谱和热失重等进行测试分析,得出了催化剂添加量对废旧PU材料回收再利用的影响因素。结果表明,催化剂（KOH）用量为0.9 g时废旧PU的降解效果最好,获得的再生PU硬泡的密度为37.6 kg/cm³,压缩强度为164.2 kPa,热导率为0.015 24 W/（m·K）,吸水率为0.429 5 %。     

The effect of the trimerization catalyst on the thermal stability and the fire performance of the polyisocyanurate‐polyurethane foam

In this work, 3 currently used trimerization catalysts, TMR‐2 (quaternary ammonium), K‐15 (potassium octoate), and PU‐1792 (potassium acetate) were used to produce rigid polyisocyanurate (PIR) foams with certain amounts of isocyanurate contents. The results from Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) quantitative analysis showed that PU‐1792 had the highest catalytic efficiency in isocyanurate formation. Then, the effect of different amounts of PU‐1792 catalyst on isocyanurate ring output was further investigated, and the result showed that the highest amount of isocyanurate ring formation could be attained by the 5 pphp of PU‐1792 catalyst. It was also found that the increased amount of isocyanurate ring could result in reduced cell size, improved compressive strength, and lowered thermal conductivity of PIR foam. The results from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and cone calorimeter (CONE) test revealed that the thermal stability and fire performance of PIR foam could be improved with the increased amount of isocyanurate ring. Furthermore, the CONE test indicated that the smoke production of PIR foam decreased approximately 51.7% in comparison to the reference polyurethane (PU) foam, and the SEM image of char morphology showed that the char of PIR foam was more compact than PU foam.     

聚酰亚胺泡沫材料吸声性能对比研究

通过阻抗管法研究了聚酰亚胺(PI)、三聚氰胺(MFF)和聚氨酯(PU)3种泡沫材料对声音的吸收特性。结果表明:与MFF和PU泡沫材料相比,PI泡沫材料具有优异的吸声降噪性能;随着材料密度的增大,3种泡沫的吸声降噪性能都有相应提高。     

Investigations on the adhesion and interfacial properties of polyurethane foam/thermoplastic materials

The adhesion and interfacial properties of polyurethane (PU) foams with thermoplastic (TP) materials were investigated using different techniques. The adhesion performance of PU foam with TP materials was evaluated using the peel test method, and the adhesion durability was checked after different climate treatments. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and contact angle measurements were used to study the surface and interface morphology of PU foam and TP material system. Three types of PU foam samples which differ in their composition and also five commercially available TP blends systems, based on poly(carbonate), poly(styrene‐co‐maleic anhydride), poly(acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene), and silicone acrylate rubber have been used. The slow reacting foam shows the best adhesion properties with all the TP materials. The climate treatments strongly effected the PU foam adhesion durability with poly(carbonate) containing TP materials (70–80% loss in adhesion), but nearly no effect with poly(styrene‐co‐maleic anhydride). The samples with lowered adhesion could be separated by peeling without visible foam residues on the TP surface. AFM, XPS, and surface tension studies have shown that the surface properties of the TP material are still governed by the PU foam. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 479–488, 2007